Constitution of Texas

The Texas Constitution of 1876.

The Constitution of the State of Texas is the document that describes the structure and function of the government of the U.S. state of Texas.

The current document took effect on February 15, 1876, and is the eighth (including the Mexican constitution) constitution in Texas history. The previous six were adopted in 1827 (while Texas was still part of Mexico) 1836 (as the Republic of Texas), 1845, 1861, 1866 and 1869.

The current constitution is among the longest of state constitutions in the United States. Since its initial adoption in 1876, the legislature has proposed 666 constitutional amendments of which 662 have gone before Texas voters; of the 662 which Texas voters have been asked to adopt, 483 have been approved by the electorate and 179 have been defeated.

Most of the amendments are due to the document's highly restrictive nature: the State of Texas has only those powers explicitly granted to it by the Constitution. However, despite its length, it is not nearly as long as the Alabama Constitution (which has been amended over 800 times despite having been adopted 25 years after Texas' current constitution) nor the California Constitution (which, due to provisions allowing amendments via initiative, is subject to frequent revision).

As with many state constitutions, it explicitly provides for the separation of powers and incorporates its bill of rights directly into the text of the constitution (as Article I). The bill of rights is considerably lengthier and more detailed than the federal Bill of Rights, and includes some provisions unique to Texas.

Articles of the Texas Constitution of 1876

Article 1: "Bill of Rights"

Article One is the Texas Constitution's bill of rights. The article originally contained 29 sections; four sections have since been added. Some of the article's provisions concern specific fundamental limitations on the power of the state.

The provisions of the Texas constitution apply only against the government of Texas. However, a number of the provisions of the U.S. Constitution are held to apply both to the states as well under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Section 4 purports to prohibit office holders from the requirements of any religious test, provided they "acknowledge the existence of a Supreme Being". The latter requirement, as well as similar provisions in several other state constitutions, violates the First Amendment prohibition on establishment of religion and the free exercise thereof (which includes the right to not hold a religious belief), and more particularly violates Article VI, which prohibits any religious test for office. Since it would almost certainly be struck down by the courts if challenged, it has not been enforced in modern times. A similar position in Maryland was struck down by the Supreme Court of the United States on First Amendment grounds in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins.^[1]

Section 32 denies state recognition to same-sex unions. It was adopted in November 2005 but like Section 4 has been made ineffective by the Supreme Court's decision legalizing same-sex unions nationwide in 2015.

Article 2: "The Powers of Government"

Provides for the separation of the powers of the government. It also states that the government is not allowed to take over the other facets of government, and that all power must be separated equally between governments.

Article 3: "Legislative Department"

Article 3 vests the legislative power of the state in the "Legislature of the State of Texas", and establishes that the legislature consists of the state Senate and House of Representatives. It also lists the qualifications required of senators and representatives and regulates the details of the legislative process.

As with the United States Constitution, either house may originate bills (Section 31), but bills to raise revenue must originate in the House of Representatives (Section 33).

Section 39 allows a bill to take effect immediately upon the Governor's signature if the bill passes both chambers by 2/3 vote unless otherwise specified in the bill; if the bill does not pass by this majority it takes effect on September 1 (the beginning day of the state's fiscal year).

Section 66 created the state's "Rainy Day Fund".

The article contains many substantive limitations on the power of the legislature and a large number of exceptions to those limitations. This is especially true within Section 49. The Section limits the power of the Legislature to incur debt to only specific purposes as stated in the Constitution; this has necessitated numerous amendments to this section in order to permit the Legislature (including two sections, both added in 2003 and both curiously numbered as "49-n"). In addition, Section 49a requires the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts to certify the amount of available cash on hand and anticipated revenues for the next biennium; no appropriation may exceed this amount (except in cases of emergency and then only with a 4/5ths vote of both chambers), and the Comptroller is required to reject and return to the Legislature any appropriation in violation of this requirement.

Article 4: "Executive Department"

Describes the powers and duties of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller, Commissioner of the General Land Office, and Attorney General. With the exception of the secretary of state the above officials are directly elected in what is known as a "plural executive" system.

Under section 16 of this article, the Lieutenant Governor automatically assumes the power of Governor if and when the Governor travels outside of the state of Texas.

Article 5: "Judicial Department"

Describes the composition, powers, and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, the Court of Criminal Appeals, the District, County, and Commissioners Courts, and the Justice of the Peace Courts.

Article 6: "Suffrage"

Denies voting rights to minors, felons, and people who are deemed mentally incompetent by a court (though the Legislature may make exceptions in the latter two cases). Describes rules for elections.

Article 7: "Education"

Establishes provisions for public schools, asylums, and universities. ". . . it shall be DUTY OF THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE to establish and make suitable provision for the support and maintenance of an efficient system of public free schools" (Article 7, Texas Constitution). This issue has surfaced in lawsuits involving the State's funding of education and restrictions it has placed on local school districts.

This Article also discusses the creation and maintenance of the Permanent University Fund (Sections 11, 11a, and 11b) and mandates the establishment of "a University of the first class" (Section 10, today's University of Texas at Austin) as well as an agricultural and mechanical college (Section 13, today's Texas A&M University, which opened seven years prior to UT) as well as Prairie View A&M University (Section 14).

Article 8: "Taxation and Revenue"

Article 8 places various restrictions on the ability of the Legislature and local governments to impose taxes. Most of these restrictions concern local property taxes. (Section 1-e prohibits statewide property taxes.)

Texas does not have a personal income tax. Section 24 of the article, added by an amendment adopted in 1993, restricts the ability of the Legislature to impose such a tax. Under the section, a law imposing a personal income tax must be ratified in a statewide referendum to take effect; any further change in the tax must also be ratified to take effect, if it would increase the "collective liability" of all persons subject to the tax. The proceeds from the tax must first be used to reduce local school property taxes, with any remainder being used for the support of education.

No such restriction exists on imposition of a corporate income tax or similar tax; in May 2006 the Legislature replaced the existing franchise tax with a gross receipts tax.

Article 9: "Counties"

Provides rules for the creation of counties and determining the location of county seats. It also includes several provisions regarding the creation of county-wide hospital districts in specified counties, as well as other miscellaneous provisions regarding airports and mental health.

Article 10: "Railroads"

Contains a single section declaring that railroads are considered "public highways" and railroad carriers "common carriers". (This section may not have much force of law, as railroad operations, even those where a railroad physically exists in only one state, are governed by the Surface Transportation Board, a federal agency.) Eight other sections were repealed in 1969.

Article 11: "Municipal Corporations"

Recognizes counties as legal political subunits of the State, grants certain powers to cities and counties, empowers the legislature to form school districts.

Sections 4 and 5 discuss the operation of cities based on population. Section 4 states that a city with a population of 5,000 or fewer has only those powers granted to it by general law. Section 5 permits a city, once its population exceeds 5,000, to adopt a charter under home rule provided the charter is not inconsistent with limits placed by the Texas Constitution or general law. The city may amend maintain home rule status even if its population subsequently falls to 5,000 or fewer. The Constitution does not grant home rule privileges to counties or other special districts. As such, Texas operates primarily under Dillon's Rule.

Article 12: "Private Corporations"

Article 12 contains two sections directing the legislature to enact general laws for the creation of private corporations and prohibiting the creation of private corporations by special law. Four other sections were repealed in 1969 and a fifth section in 1993.

Article 13: "Spanish and Mexican Land Titles"

Established provisions for Spanish and Mexican land titles from the Mexican War Era to please the Mexican government. This article was repealed in its entirety in 1969.

Article 14: "Public Lands and Land Office"

Article 14 contains a single section establishing the General Land Office and the office of commissioner of the General Land Office. Seven other sections were repealed in 1969.

Article 15: "Impeachment"

Describes the process of impeachment and lists grounds on which to impeach judges. The House of Representatives is granted the power of impeachment.

Article 16: "General Provisions"

Contains miscellaneous provisions, including limits on interest rates, civil penalties for murder, and the punishment for bribery.

Section 28 prohibits garnishment of wages, except for spousal maintenance and child support payments (however, this does not limit Federal garnishment for items such as student loan payments or income taxes).

Section 37 provides for the constitutional protection of the mechanic's lien.

Section 50 provides for protection of a homestead against forced sale to pay debts, except for foreclosure on debts related to the homestead (mortgage, taxes, mechanic's liens, and home equity loans). This section also limits the amount of a home equity loan, when combined with all other loans against a home, to no more than 80 percent of the home's fair market value at the time of the loan. It also requires that the advance on a home equity line of credit be at least $4,000 (even if the borrower wants to borrow less than that amount, though nothing prohibits a borrower from immediately repaying the credit line with a portion of said advance), requires a 14-day waiting period before any loan or line of credit is effective (initially; later borrowings against a line of credit can still be made in less time), and places restrictions on where closing can take place.

Although Texas is a right-to-work state, such protections are governed by law; Texas does not have a constitutional provision related to right-to-work.

Article 17: "Mode of amending the Constitution of this State"

Notwithstanding the large number of amendments (and proposed amendments) that the constitution has had since its inception, the only method of amending the constitution prescribed by Article 17 is via the legislature, subject to voter approval. The constitution does not provide for amendment by initiative, constitutional convention, or any other means. A 1974 constitutional convention required the voters to amend the Constitution to add a separate section to this Article; the section was later repealed in 1999.

The section also prescribes specific details for notifying the public of elections to approve amendments. It requires that the legislature publish a notice in officially approved newspapers that briefly summarizes each amendment and shows how each amendment will be described on the ballot. It also requires that the full text of each amendment be posted at each county courthouse at least 50 days (but no sooner than 60 days) before the election date.

Once an amendment passes it is compiled into the existing framework (i.e., text is either added or deleted), unlike the United States Constitution.

Attempts at revision

Because of the unwieldiness of the state constitution, there have been attempts to draft a new constitution or to significantly revise the existing one:

• The most successful of the attempts took place in 1969, when 56 separate obsolete provisions (including the entirety of Article 13 and 22 entire sections from Articles 10, 12, and 14) were successfully repealed.^[2]
• In 1971 the Texas Legislature placed on the November 1972 ballot an Amendment which called for the Legislature to meet in January 1974 for 90 days as a constitutional convention, for purposes of drafting a new state Constitution. The measure passed (thus adding Section 2 to Article 17; the section was later repealed in November 1999) and the Legislature met. However, even with an additional 60 days added to the session, the convention failed by a mere three votes to propose a new constitution.^[2]
• In 1975, the Legislature, meeting in regular session, revived much of the work of the 1974 convention and proposed it as a set of eight amendments to the existing constitution. All eight of the amendments were overwhelmingly rejected by the voters (in 250 the state's 254 counties, all eight amendments were defeated; only in Duval and Webb counties did all eight amendments pass).^[2]
• In 1979 the Legislature placed on the ballot four amendments which had their origins in the 1974 convention; of which three were approved by the voters:^[3]
  • One amendment created a single property tax "appraisal district" in each county (for purposes of providing a single appraised value for all property in a county; previously, each taxing authority could assess property at dissimilar values)
  • Another amendment gave to the Texas Court of Appeals criminal appellate jurisdiction (previously, the Courts had jurisdiction over civil matters only; though death penalty cases still bypass this level)
  • The last amendment gave the Governor of Texas limited authority to remove appointed statewide officials
• In 1995, Senator John Montford drafted a streamlined constitution similar to the 1974 version. However, Montford resigned his seat to become chancellor of the Texas Tech University System, and his initiative subsequently died.^[3] Later that year, though, voters approved an amendment abolishing the office of State Treasurer and moving its duties to the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts office.
• In 1998, a bipartisan effort (led by Republican Senator Bill Ratliff and Democratic Representative Rob Junell) produced a rewritten constitution, with the help of students from Angelo State University (Junell's district included the San Angelo area). The second draft was submitted to the 76th Legislature, but failed to gain support in committee.^[3]

History

On March 1, 1845, the US enacted a congressional joint resolution proposing the annexation of Texas to the United States (Joint Resolution for annexing Texas to the United States, J.Res. 8, enacted March 1, 1845, 5 Stat. 797). On June 23, 1845, the Texan Congress accepted the US Congress's joint resolution, and consented to President Jones' calling of a convention to be held on July 4, 1845.^[4][5] A Texas convention debated the annexation offer and almost unanimously passed an ordinance assenting to it on July 4, 1845.^[6] The convention debated through August 28th, and adopted the Constitution of the State of Texas on August 27, 1845.^[7] The citizens of Texas approved an annexation ordinance and new constitution on October 13, 1845. On December 29, 1845, the United States admitted the State of Texas to the Union (Joint Resolution for the admission of the state of Texas into the Union, J.Res. 1, enacted December 29, 1845, 9 Stat. 108).

On June 17, 1865, President Andrew Johnson appointed Andrew Jackson Hamilton as the provisional civilian governor of the state and directed him to convene a constitutional convention restricted to loyal Americans.^[8] A referendum was held on June 25, 1866, pursuant to the laws then in force on March 29, for the ratification of the amendments proposed by the convention.^[9]

See also

• Texas Declaration of Independence
• Constitution of the Republic of Texas
• Law of Texas

References

• Braden, George (1972). Citizens' guide to the Texas Constitution. Austin: Texas Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. ISBN 0-88408-070-6.
• Hill, John L., ed. (1976). Constitution of the State of Texas. Austin: [Office of the Attorney General of Texas].
  • Includes the text of the constitution as of November 2, 1976, along with a brief informational introduction.

1. 367 U.S. 488 (1961).
2. "Constitutional Revision, 1971-1975". Texas Politics. University of Texas College of Liberal Arts. 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-11-23. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
3. "Recent Attempts at Constitutional Revision". Texas Politics. University of Texas College of Liberal Arts. 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-11-23. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
4. Gammel, H.P.N. (1898). The Laws of Texas, 1822-1897 2. pp. 1225–1227.
5. Weeks 1846.
6. Gammel 1898, pp. 1228-1230.
7. Weeks, Wm. F. (1846). Debates of the Texas Convention.
8. Presidential Proclamation No. 42, 17 June 1865, 13 Stat. 765
9. Gammel, H.P.N., ed. (1898). The Laws of Texas, 1822-1897 5. University of North Texas. pp. 888–895.

External links

• "Texas Constitution and Statutes". Texas Legislature. November 2011. Retrieved 2013-07-31. Text of Constitution current as of cited date; includes additional (searchable) resources about amendments.
• "The Constitution". Texas Politics. Liberal Arts Instructional Technology Services, College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas at Austin. 31 July 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-31. Part of a larger website about Texas government and politics.
• Braden, George D.; et al. (August 1977). "The Constitution of the State of Texas: An Annotated and Comparative Analysis" (PDFs). Texas State Law Library. Retrieved 2013-07-31. Constitution text as of April 22, 1975, including "information regarding the origins, historical development, and contemporary meaning of each section" along with "interpretive comments" (annotations completed 1973–1976).
• "Texas Constitutions 1824-1876" (searchable text and JPEG images). Tarlton Law Library, Jamail Center for Legal Research. 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-31. Historic constitutions and constitutional convention materials, 1824–1876, including the original, unamended text of the 1876 constitution.
• Gammel, H. P. N. (1898–1939). "Gammel's Laws of Texas" (JPEG images only). Portal to Texas History. University of North Texas Libraries. Retrieved 2013-07-31. 32-volume "compilation of the laws and political documents of Texas" covering 1822–1939; includes the 1836 Constitution of the Republic of Texas, as well as the state constitutions of 1861 and 1866.