Texas Longhorn

A Texas Longhorn cow

The Texas Longhorn is a breed of cattle known for its characteristic horns, which can extend to over 6 ft (1.8 m) tip to tip for bulls, and 7 ft (2.1 m) tip to tip for steers and exceptional cows.[1]

They are descendants of the first cattle in the New World, brought by Christopher Columbus and the Spanish colonists, and have a high drought-stress tolerance. Texas Longhorns are known for their diverse coloring, and can be any color or mix of colors, but dark red and white color mixes are the most dominant.

Registries for the breed include the Texas Longhorn Breeders Association of America, founded in 1913 by the Kerr County rancher Charles Schreiner, III; the International Texas Longhorn Association, and the Cattlemen’s Texas Longhorn Registry.[2]

History of the breed

A Texas Longhorn steer

Genetic analyses show the Longhorn originated from an Iberian hybrid of two ancient cattle lineages: "taurine" descending from the domestication of the wild aurochs in the Middle East, and "indicine", descending from the domestication of the aurochs in India, 85% and 15% respectively by proportion.[3] The Texas Longhorns are direct descendants of the first cattle in the New World. The ancestral cattle were first brought over by Christopher Columbus in 1493 to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. Between 1493 and 1512, Spanish colonists brought additional cattle in subsequent expeditions.[4] The cattle consisted of three different breeds; Barrenda, Retinto and Grande Pieto.[5] Over the next two centuries the Spanish moved the cattle north, arriving in the area that would become Texas near the end of the 17th century. The cattle escaped or were turned loose on the open range, where they remained mostly feral for the next two centuries. Over several generations, descendants of these cattle evolved the high feed- and drought-stress tolerance and other "hardy" characteristics that Longhorns have become known for.[6][7]

Early US settlers in Texas obtained feral Mexican cattle from the borderland between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande and mixed them with their own eastern cattle. The result was a tough, rangy animal with long legs and long horns extending up to seven feet. Although this interbreeding was of little consequence to the makeup of a Longhorn, it did alter color. The varieties of color ranged from bluish-grey, and various yellowish hues, to browns, black, ruddy and white, both cleanly bright and dirty-speckled.[8] Portuguese cattle breeds, such as Alentejana and Mertolenga, are the closest relatives of Texas Longhorns.[9][10]

Decline and revival

As Texas became more heavily settled following annexation by the US, the frontier gave way to established farms and ranch lands. The leaner longhorn beef was not as attractive in an era where tallow was highly prized, and the longhorn's ability to survive on the poor vegetation of the open range was no longer as much of an issue. Other breeds demonstrated traits more highly valued by the modern rancher, such as the ability to gain weight quickly. The Texas Longhorn stock slowly dwindled, until in 1927 the breed was saved from near extinction by enthusiasts from the United States Forest Service, who collected a small herd of stock to breed on the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge in Lawton, Oklahoma.[11] The breed also received significant attention after a longhorn named "Bevo" was adopted as the mascot of The University of Texas in 1917, and an image of the animal became commonly associated with Texas Longhorns sports teams.

Texas Longhorn logo
Bevo at the Tower

A few years later, J. Frank Dobie and others gathered small herds to keep in Texas state parks. They were cared for largely as curiosities, but the stock's longevity, resistance to disease and ability to thrive on marginal pastures quickly revived the breed as beef stock and for their link to Texas history. Texas Longhorns with elite genetics can often fetch $40,000 or more at auction with the record of $170,000 in recent history for a cow.[12]

Commercial ranchers cross-breed longhorns with other breeds for increasing hybrid vigor and easy calving characteristics. Smaller birth weights reduce dystocia for first-calf heifers.

Due to their innate gentle disposition and intelligence, Texas Longhorns are also increasingly being trained as riding steers.

References

  1. ↑ Siebert, Charles (July 2011). "Food Ark". National Geographic.
  2. ↑ "Cattlemen’s Texas Longhorn Registry". Cattlemen’s Texas Longhorn Registry. Retrieved 2013-12-13.
  3. ↑ McTavish, Emily Jane; Jared E. Decker; Robert D. Schnabel; Jeremy F. Taylor; David M. Hillis (2013). "New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events". PNAS 110: E1398–406. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303367110. PMC 3625352. PMID 23530234.
  4. ↑ Rouse, John E. (1977). The Criollo: Spanish Cattle in the Americas. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
  5. ↑ Stacy, Lee (2003). Mexico and the United States. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 233. ISBN 0761474021.
  6. ↑ Barragy, Terrence J. (2003). Gathering Texas Gold. Cayo del Grullo, TX: Cayo Del Grullo Press. ISBN 9780961160487.
  7. ↑ University of Texas at Austin (2013-03-25). "Decoding the genetic history of the Texas longhorn.". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  8. ↑ Hoyt, Alan M. "History of the Texas Longhorns". Double Helix Ranch.
  9. ↑ Hillis, David M. "Frequently Asked Questions about Texas Longhorn Cattle". Double Helix Ranch.
  10. ↑ Kidd, K. K.; et al. (1980). "Immunogenetic and Population Genetic Analyses of Iberian Cattle". Animal Blood Groups, Biochemistry and Genetics 11 (1): 21–38. PMID 7396241.
  11. ↑ Donald E. Worcester. "LONGHORN CATTLE," Handbook of Texas Online. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
  12. ↑ Herskovitz, John. Texas Returns to Passion of the Longhorn Reuters via Environmental News Network. November 26, 2004. Archived February 13, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.

Additional Reading

Media related to Texas Longhorn cattle at Wikimedia Commons

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