Thai nationality law

Thai nationality law includes principles of both jus sanguinis and jus soli. Thailand's first Nationality Act was passed in 1913. The most recent law dates to 2008.

Jus sanguinis

Persons born anywhere in the world to at least one parent with Thai citizenship themselves are entitled to Thai citizenship at birth. [1]

Jus soli

Fongchan Suksaneh was one of the first people to gain Jus soli citizenship under the 2008 Nationality Act

The first Thai Nationality Act of 1913 and most subsequent acts have included the principle of jus soli, though at times with various restrictions.[2] The 1952 Nationality Act rescinded the 1913 Act's provisions for jus soli, in response to concerns over the integration of the children of Chinese immigrants, but unlimited jus soli was restored just four years later by the 1956 Nationality Act.[3] In 1972, due to illegal immigration from Burma and concerns over communist insurgency in border areas, the Nationality Act was amended to require that both parents be legally resident and domiciled in Thailand for at least five years in order for their child to be granted Thai citizenship at birth, and revoked citizenship from many people who had it under the earlier Act.[4][5] This caused difficulties for members of hill tribes in border areas who were not registered in the 1956 Census, since they had no way to prove that their parents were Thai as opposed to having entered the country as refugees.[6][7]

Article 23 of the 2008 Nationality Act reversed the 1972 Act, restoring citizenship to those who had it before, and allowing people born in Thailand before 1992 to apply for Thai citizenship anew. However, applicants have reported various difficulties in getting government officials to process their applications. Following the Act's passage, one of the first people to gain citizenship under Article 23 was Fongchan Suksaneh, a child of American missionaries to the Mlabri people who was born in Chiang Mai Province.[6][8] Children neither of whose parents are citizens and at least one of whose parents is an illegal alien remain not entitled to jus soli citizenship.[1] Furthermore, someone who has Thai citizenship by sole virtue of jus soli may still lose Thai citizenship under various conditions of the 2008 Act (such as living abroad) which do not apply to people who have Thai citizenship by virtue of jus sanguinis.[9] In 2013, the Ministry of Interior proposed new immigration regulations, based on Section 7 of the 2008 Nationality Act, to declare children who did not gain Thai citizenship at birth as illegal immigrants and have them deported.[10]

Naturalisation

The strictness of Thailand's requirements for naturalisation have varied over the years, beginning with fairly loose restrictions, which were tightened in the mid-twentieth century before being loosened again.[11] The Nationality Act of 1939 tightened the requirements, stipulating that applicants for naturalisation had to abandon their foreign names and take Thai names, as well as send their children to Thai schools; these rules were part of a broader trend of laws designed to promote the assimilation of the Thai Chinese community.[12] From 1935 to 1958, a total of 4,652 Chinese naturalised as Thai citizens. More than half of the naturalisations occurred in 1943 alone, during the Japanese occupation of Thailand, apparently driven by the desire to escape wartime restrictions on foreigners.[11]

Under the 1992 Nationality Act, naturalisation as a Thai citizen requires five years of residence in Thailand, as well as proof of a certain minimum income and renunciation of one's previous citizenship. The period of residence is reduced to three years for foreign women married to Thai men.[13] In 2003, 48 people applied for naturalisation, of whom ten were approved.[14]

Under Section 99 of the 2007 Constitution of Thailand, a naturalised citizen does not gain the right to vote until five years after the event of naturalisation; under Sections 101, 115, 174, and 205, naturalised citizens have no right at all to stand for election to the House of Representatives or the Senate, or to be appointed as a Minister or a Justice of the Constitutional Court.[15]

Notes

  1. 1 2 "To Acquire a Thai Nationality" (PDF). Canberra, Australia: Royal Thai Embassy. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  2. ↑ Loos 2006, p. 134
  3. ↑ Suryadinata 1997, p. 251
  4. ↑ Yang 2009
  5. ↑ "Thailand". Republic of the Philippines: Office of the Solicitor General. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  6. 1 2 "Reaching out to the people languishing in nowhere land". Bangkok Post. 2012-06-10. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
  7. ↑ Hobbes, Necia (2009-01-31). "Thailand: Legal Obstacles to Citizenship for Indigenous Groups". Jurist Legal News and Research International Edition. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  8. ↑ Napaumporn 2011
  9. ↑ "Amendments to the Nationality Act 2008". Government Gazette of Thailand 125. 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  10. ↑ "Ministry cops flak over push to deport kids". Bangkok Post. 2013-01-18. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  11. 1 2 Suryadinata 1997, p. 252
  12. ↑ Chansiri 2008, p. 71
  13. ↑ Suphachaiwat, Suraphan (2003-10-30). "Thai nationality for foreign women". Phuket Gazette. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  14. ↑ Khanthawong, Somdej (2004-10-28). "Thai citizenship procedure". Phuket Gazette. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  15. ↑ "Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand (Unofficial Translation)". Asian Legal Information Institute. 2007. Retrieved 2013-01-23.

References

Further reading

External links

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