Thames Tideway Scheme

Thames Tideway Tunnel
Overview
Type Urban wastewater infrastructure
Status Under construction
Locale Greater London
Construction Period 2016 - 2023
Website
Operation
Opened 2023 (planned)
Owner
  • Bazalgette Tunnel Ltd
  • (trading as Tideway)
Technical
Constructor
  • Bazalgette Tunnel Ltd
Length 25 km (16 mi)
No. Of CSOs intercepted 34
Highest elevation −30 m (−98 ft) at Acton
Lowest elevation −70 m (−230 ft) at Abbey Mills
Width 7.2 m (24 ft)
Cost of construction £4.2 billion (2012 capital cost est.)

The Thames Tideway Tunnel is an under-construction 25 km (16 mi) tunnel running mostly under the tidal section of the River Thames through central London, which will provide capture, storage and conveyance of almost all the combined raw sewage and rainwater discharges that currently overflow into the river. Bazalgette Tunnel Limited (BTL) is the licensed 'Infrastructure Provider' set up to finance, build, maintain and operate the Thames Tideway Tunnel. BTL is a consortium of investors that comprises Allianz, Amber Infrastructure, Dalmore Capital and DIF. From Licence Award, BTL trades and is known to the public as 'Tideway'. On 3 November 2015, Bazalgette Tunnel Ltd received its operating licence from OFWAT, ensuring the start of the project.[1]

Starting in 2016, construction of the Thames Tideway Tunnel will take seven to eight years, giving a target completion date of 2023.[2] Once constructed, the main tunnel will have an internal diameter of 7.2 m (24 ft) and will run from −30 m (−98 ft) at Acton in the west of London for over 25 km (16 mi) under central London down to −70 m (−230 ft) at Abbey Mills in the east. It will connect 34 of the most polluting combined sewer overflows (CSOs), via transfer tunnels, and is expected to reduce the number of overflow events to a maximum of four per CSO per year at time of commissioning, increasing gradually due to effects of climate change and population growth.[3] The tunnel will transfer the captured sewage to the Lee Tunnel for onward delivery to Beckton Sewage Treatment Works for treatment. The recycled clean water is then released into the River Thames.

The current estimate of its capital cost - excluding unknown financing costs and ongoing operations and maintenance costs - is £4.2 billion in 2012 prices.[4]

Background

Built between 1859 and 1865, Sir Joseph Bazalgette's original London sewerage system was designed to capture both rainwater run-off and the sewage produced by four million people. As a fail-safe, to prevent sewage backing up and flooding people's homes, Bazalgette's system has the ability to overflow into the River Thames via 57 combined sewer overflows (CSO) along the banks of the river.

Today, the population of London is an estimated eight million[5] and Thames Water says that the current system lacks the necessary capacity. Bazalgette's original system does not serve all of these eight million people, as areas in outer London, built later, were provided with separate sewerage and rainwater infrastructure. Overflows have become more and more common and now occur on average 50 times a year.[6] These discharges, of combined raw sewage and rainwater, need to be reduced to comply with the EU's Waste Water Treatment Directive (UWWTD) and to improve the ecology of the river. An estimated total of some 39,000,000 m3 (3.9×1010 l), or 39 million tonnes, of storm sewage enters the river in a typical year.[7]

Options assessment

Instigated in 2001, the Thames Tideway Strategic Study,[8] conducted by a group comprising Thames Water, the Environment Agency, DEFRA and the Greater London Authority, was intended to assess the impact of the CSO discharges into the River Thames and to identify objectives and propose potential solutions, while keeping costs and benefits in mind.

Outcomes

After four years, the Thames Tideway Strategic Study report was published in 2005, and outlined the following objectives:

  1. To protect the ecology of the Tideway;
  2. To reduce the aesthetic pollution due to sewage derived litter; and
  3. Protect the health of recreational water users

Potential strategies

Four potential strategies were discussed:

  1. Adoption of source control and sustainable urban drainage;
  2. Separation of foul and surface drainage and local storage;
  3. Screening, storage or treatment at the discharge point to river; and
  4. In-river treatment

After evaluation of the potential strategies it was decided that only one, the screening, storage or treatment at the point of discharge would fully meet objectives. The remainder were found to be either impractical or insufficient to provide a solution, although a number of parties are questioning the validity of this conclusion, in particular relating to the dismissal of SuDS/blue-green infrastructure as a solution. Some groups that oppose the tunnel state that it is an unsustainable 19th century solution to a 21st-century problem. They argue that rainwater should instead be captured or slowed down before entering the combined sewers, which would reduce pressure on capacity and take away the need for a tunnel.[9]

Screening, storage and treatment

It was decided that the best method of implementing the screening, storage and treatment approach would be a three-pronged solution collectively known as the London Tideway Improvements.[10]

The first part consisted of a deep storage and conveyance tunnel known as the Lee Tunnel. This 6.9 km (4.3 mi) long tunnel, running up to 75 m (246 ft) deep from Abbey Mills to Beckton, captures 16,000,000 m3 (1.6×1010 l), or 16 million tonnes, annually from the single largest polluting CSO in London. Thames Water awarded the construction contract to the MVB JV, made up of Morgan Sindall, VINCI Construction Grands Projets and Bachy Soletanche, in January 2010. The cost is an estimated £635 million. The construction of the tunnel began in 2010[11] and on January 28, 2016 London mayor Boris Johnson opened the tunnel for service.[12]

The second part is the £675M project to modernise and extend London's five major sewage treatment works.[13] This is aimed at increasing capacity at the works so that a greater volume of sewage can be treated, greatly reducing the need for storm discharges to the river. The five treatment works (with planned improvements) are:

These upgrade works will also improve the standard to which the sewage is treated at each of the works, further boosting the water quality of the River Thames.

The final part of the London Tideway Improvement plan is another deep storage and conveyance tunnel, which will intercept the outflows from London's most polluting CSOs and direct them to the sewage treatment works for processing before they can enter the river. This part is known as the Thames Tideway Tunnel.

Thames Tideway Tunnel planning and consultation

Initial design and phase 1 consultation

Following the Thames Tideway Strategic Study, Thames Water consulted with relevant authorities to get feedback from stakeholders who would potentially be affected by the construction of the Thames Tideway Tunnel. Thames Water sought feedback on the proposed tunnel routes and potential locations of construction sites.[19]

Initially three potential tunnel routes were considered:

  1. River Thames Route – the alignment of this route broadly followed the river from west London to Beckton STW and would cut across the Greenwich Peninsula, reducing the length of the tunnel at a location where there are no CSOs to be intercepted along the river.
  2. Rotherhithe Route – the alignment of this route was similar to the River Thames route, but would have cut across the Rotherhithe Peninsula as well as the Greenwich Peninsula, reducing the length of the main tunnel by approximately 1.8 km (1.1 mi) but requiring longer connection tunnels from some CSOs.
  3. Abbey Mills Route – this route was different from the River Thames and Rotherhithe routes in that it connects the Thames Tunnel to the head of the Lee Tunnel at the Abbey Mills Pumping Station. This would have followed the same route as first two options but then deviated from the river toward Abbey Mills. The main tunnel length would be approximately 9 km (5.6 mi) less than the River Thames Route and save approximately £900 million.

Route and sites selection

A long list of 373 potential sites was created using a desktop survey of the land on either side of the 34 most polluting CSOs (as identified in the Thames Tideway Strategic Report). These sites were then further evaluated against more detailed planning, engineering, environmental, property and community considerations resulting in a shortlist of sites.[20]

The three tunnel routes, as well as the shortlist of sites, were then put out for consultation between September 2010 and January 2011.[19] In total 2,389 feedback forms (both online and hard copy), 480 pieces of correspondence and five petitions were received.

In response to the comments received, changes and improvements to some of the sites, including the potential use of alternative sites and alternative technical solutions, were considered. Based on this a round of interim engagement took place between March 2011 and August 2011.[19] During this phase residents around 11 specific sites were sent letters explaining that these sites were being considered as alternative sites,[21] and inviting residents to attend drop-in sessions to pose questions and gain a better understanding of the project. In total ten two-day sessions and one community liaison meeting was held. These were attended by over 800 people. In all 168 comment cards and 147 pieces of site specific correspondence was received and considered.[19]

Based on this first round of consultation and interim engagement it was recommended that, for the project to be as cost-effective as possible and cause the least disruption, while still meeting the requirements of the UWWTD, the preferred scheme for the Thames Tideway Tunnel would need to involve:

The new preferred route and sites were then sent out for a second round of public consultation and feedback.[19]

Phase 2 and targeted consultation

The second phase of consultation was carried out between November 2011 and February 2012[22] when local authorities, land owners, local businesses and communities were consulted on:

A total of 1374 feedback forms (online and hard copy), 4636 pieces of correspondence and nine petitions were received.[22]

Following this consultation, and taking into consideration all the feedback received, the proposed route was finalised as the Abbey Mills route and the preferred construction/drive sites were identified. Several sites were also identified as needing further, targeted consultation which resulted in further refinement and improvement of designs at those sites.

Site list and type

Proposed design and construction

To build the Thames Tideway Tunnel, four tunnel boring machines (TBMs) will be needed to excavate the main tunnel plus at least two others for smaller connection tunnels. It will also require two types of construction sites: main tunnel sites, where the TBM will either be launched or received, and CSO sites, where interception tunnels and a connection culvert will need to be built to connect the existing sewer to the new tunnel.[45]

Construction of the shafts at the CSO sites, to transfer flows from the existing sewer to the tunnel, will vary depending on the depth, the amount of flow they need to carry and the geology. The shaft will be a concrete cylinder with an internal diameter ranging from 6 m (20 ft) to 24 m (79 ft) and 20 m (66 ft) - 60 m (200 ft) deep. Ventilation structures at CSO sites to allow air in and out of the shaft will also need to be built. Construction at these sites is expected to take between 2.5 and 3.5 years and once complete each site will be landscaped.[45]

At the main drive sites, four main activities need to take place: shaft construction (where a concrete cylinder 25 m (82 ft) - 30 m (98 ft) in diameter and about 40 m (130 ft) - 60 m (200 ft) deep would need to be constructed), tunnelling preparations (preparing the site for arrival of the TBM), TBM assembly and lowering into the shaft, and driving the TBM to excavate the main tunnel.[45]

As the TBM moves forward precast concrete segments will be brought in and fixed together to create the tunnel wall. Excavated material will then be transported out the tunnel via a conveyor belt and will be processed before being taken off site. In order to minimise disruption, Thames Water have committed to use the river as much as possible to transport materials both in and out of the construction sites. At the main tunnelling sites, works are expected to take place 24 hours a day.[46]

Planning application

In October 2012, the deadline for the Thames Tideway Tunnels' Section 48 closed.[47] This lasted 12 weeks and was the last opportunity for the public to have their say on the updated proposal.

The Application for Development Consent - a detailed plan for construction of the Thames Tideway Tunnel - was delivered to the Planning Inspectorate on 28 February 2013. The Inspectorate then had 28 days to decide whether the application is valid and whether the consultation undertaken was adequate.[48] On 27 March 2013, it was confirmed that the application was valid and that Thames Water’s consultation for the project had been adequate.[49] All the application documents were made available in their own section of the Planning Inspectorate's National Infrastructure website. Thames Water also made the documents available for scrutiny at six public locations along the tunnel’s proposed route, three either side of the river.

On 3 June 2013, it was announced that the Secretary of State had appointed five inspectors: Jan Bessell, Libby Gawith, Emrys Parry, Andrew Phillipson and David Prentis, as the Examining Authority to consider any matters arising.[50] As part of this process, interested parties would be able to make representations.

A preliminary meeting, open to those who had registered an interest, began on 12 September 2013 at the Barbican Centre.[51] Chaired by the Inspectorate, this determined how the examination would be carried out, including consideration of more detailed hearings on site-specific matters, as well as project-wide issues. Once the Planning Inspectorate concluded its examination of the application, a recommendation on whether or not to grant approval (by issuing a Development Consent Order) could be submitted to Government ministers to make the final decision.

Planning acceptance

On 12 September 2014, the UK Government approved the plans,[52] overriding some of the findings of the Planning Inspectorate.[53][54][55] The decision has given rise to at least three Judicial Reviews.[56][57]

Funding and delivery

The budget for the scheme has steadily increased since it was first put forward - for example, the stated budget in 2004 was estimated at £1.7bn, which included the Lee Tunnel and sewage treatment works upgrade costs. In the words of the Consumer Council for Water in 2011:

"The estimated cost of the project has escalated, from £1.7bn in 2004 (including Lee Tunnel and sewage treatment works (STW) costs) to £2.2bn in 2007 (also including Lee Tunnel and STW costs) to £3.6bn now for the shorter Thames Tunnel as far as Abbey Mills, plus some £1bn for the Lee Tunnel and upgrade of works at Beckton. The total costs of all the Tideway schemes have therefore increased from £1.7bn six years ago to £4.6bn today (all costs at relevant year prices). There is no guarantee that the current estimate will not be subject to further escalation."[58]

Less than a year after this writing, in November 2011, a further £500m was added to the estimate.[59]

Following detailed analysis it was decided that the best means to deliver the project would be through a regulated infrastructure provider (IP)[60] as this would maximise value for money. The IP, originally to be formed through a competitive process starting in the spring of 2013, will hold its own license from the industry regulator, Ofwat, and will build, manage and maintain the tunnel.

In January 2013, it was announced that procurement of the IP was to be delayed because Thames Water needed more time to firm-up the funding model to secure financial assurances from the government. The subject of taxpayer support for the construction of a tunnel is a source of controversy, with opponents arguing that the government should not bear risks associated with the project. In a letter to the Financial Times in November 2012, Sir Ian Byatt (former Director-General of Ofwat, the UK water regulator) and politician Simon Hughes MP stated:

"If Thames is unwilling to make a rights issue, the owners, Macquarie, should be expected to return funds to the utility. If they do not, Thames should go into special administration (allowing for continued service to customers) and another company or financier allowed to take over its activities."[61]

However, procurement for main contractors (who would eventually be contracted to the IP) for up to three packages of work valued at around £500m each started in the summer of 2013.[62] On 29 July, Thames Water announced that a contract notice for work on the tunnel had been published in the Official Journal of the European Union (OJEU). Following pre-qualification questionnaires, Thames Water will invite shortlisted contractors to tender between November 2013 and April 2014, with preferred bidders announced in early 2015.[63]

The successful contractors for the three main tunnelling contracts were announced in February 2015:[64][65]

In August 2015, the independent investors to finance and deliver the scheme were confirmed. Bazalgette Tunnel Limited, a new special-purpose company appointed to take the project forward, received its licence from Ofwat as a new regulated utilities business, separate from Thames Water.[66][67] The special-purpose company is backed by pension funds and other long-term investors represented by Allianz, Amber Infrastructure Group, Dalmore Capital Limited and DIF.[66]

Controversy

Since its initial proposal, questions were raised on the scheme based in its cost, the location of construction sites and duration and associated disruption of the works, and whether a tunnel is actually necessary or indeed the right solution for London and Thames Water customers.

The £4.2bn cost of the Thames Tideway Tunnel project is to be wholly funded by Thames Water customers. This has angered some customers who believe the company has benefited from tax breaks sanctioned by industry regulator Ofwat, when it was allowed to add huge amounts of debt to its balance sheet reducing its tax payments while at the same time allowing its shareholders to receive large dividends - money they feel should have been spent on the Thames Tideway Tunnel.[68] Thames Water has maintained it has done nothing unusual by raising debts to reduce tax bills and is following conventional practice. It says the money raised was used for essential maintenance and upgrade works, although some have asked questions about how Thames Water has paid so little corporation tax at the same time as distributing funds to its shareholders.[69]

Those living alongside proposed sites are also concerned about the noise, disruption and the potential loss of public space resulting from construction. To address this Thames Water has put together a Code of Construction Practice (CoCP) which outlines both site-specific and project-wide requirements and measures that will be applied to minimise the impacts of the construction and how best practice standards and requirements will be implemented across all sites and contracts.[70] The Code also covers transport (both road and river transport), noise and vibration mitigation, air quality and water resources, land quality, waste management and resource use, ecology and conservation and historic environment.[71] In the report that concluded its inspection of these documents, the Planning Inspectorate found that Thames Water had "underestimated of impacts on those that have been identified as having a significant effect and underestimated the number of receptors experiencing a significant effect." (12.97) and concluded "We do not consider that [Thames Water's] proposals meet the first aim of the NPS test to avoid significant adverse impacts on health and quality of life from noise" (12.357).[54]

Tunnel sceptics maintain that sustainable urban drainage solution (SuDS) or green infrastructure would remove the need for the tunnel. By replacing paved, impermeable surfaces in London with permeable options and implementing green roof, swales and water butts would promote the infiltration of rain-water preventing it from reaching the combined sewer system thus reducing peak flows and limiting the number of CSO overflows. Opponents also feel that these measures would provide the level of control required whilst being cheaper than the proposed Thames Tideway Tunnel.[72][73] Green infrastructure would have further benefits for London in addition to addressing the rainwater overflow problem, such as:

  1. Increased resilience to drought and floods,
  2. Reduction in urban air pollution,
  3. Climate change mitigation - contrasted to the tunnel's significant carbon footprint,[74]
  4. Enjoyment, aesthetics and health benefits of green spaces and nature,[75]
  5. Reduced urban heat island effect and associated reduction in cooling load and carbon emissions,
  6. Improved urban biodiversity.
  7. Earlier avoidance of EU fines for not meeting water standards than under the Scheme.

The earliest customers’ bills could be affected is 2014/15, with charges rising gradually after that. The project was estimated to add up to £70 to £80 to average annual wastewater bills from around 2019 (excluding inflation). However, these figures were subsequently revised downwards; in August 2015, the impact was expected to be around £20 to £25 per year by the mid-2020s.[66][76]

References

  1. ↑ "Green light for £4.2bn London 'super sewer'". Thames Tideway Forum. 3 November 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  2. ↑ "Green Light for examination of Thames Tideway Tunnel Proposal". Thames Water. 27 March 2013.
  3. ↑ "Thames Tunnel Needs Report", section 5.3.4, Thames Water, Summer 2010.
  4. ↑ ""The River Thames is NOT as clean as you might think"" (PDF). Thames Water. 3 November 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  5. ↑ "Census gives insights into characteristics of London’s population". Ons.gov.uk. 2012-12-11. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  6. ↑ http://www.ccwater.org.uk/upload/pdf/London_tideway.pdf
  7. ↑ Thames Water Needs report (Summer 2010) accessed: 16 January 2014
  8. ↑ Thames Tideway Strategic Study - Executive Summary (2005). Accessed 17 January 2014
  9. ↑ http://cleanthames.org/
  10. ↑ http://documents.scribd.com.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/7mt3d339ds13y99x.pdf?t=1315400351
  11. ↑ "Lee Tunnel - London Tideway Improvements". Thames Water. 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  12. ↑ Amy Ashenden; Luke Garrett (28 January 2016). "Boris Johnson opens new 'super sewer' Lee Tunnel". London Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  13. ↑ "Sewage Works Upgrades - London Tideway Improvements". Thames Water. 2011-03-23. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  14. ↑ "Mogden Sewage Treatment Works - Sewage Works Upgrades". Thames Water. 2013-03-05. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  15. ↑ "Crossness Sewage Treatment Works - Sewage Works Upgrades". Thames Water. 2012-08-27. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  16. ↑ "Beckton Sewage Treatment Works - Sewage Works Upgrades". Thames Water. 2013-01-22. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  17. ↑ "Riverside Sewage Treatment Works - Sewage Works Upgrades". Thames Water. 2012-08-27. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  18. ↑ "Long Reach Sewage Treatment Works - Sewage Works Upgrades". Thames Water. 2012-08-27. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 http://documents.scribd.com.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/6n58s2yv5s11b4tt.pdf?t=1310381805
  20. ↑ "Site Selection Methodology paper" (PDF). Thames Water. Summer 2011. Retrieved 13 Feb 2016.
  21. ↑ http://documents.scribd.com.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/23guamqeio117jnb.pdf?t=1310140632
  22. 1 2 "Thames Tunnel - main report on Phase 2 consultation" (PDF). Thames Water. May 2012. Retrieved 13 Feb 2016.
  23. 1 2 "Acton Storm Tanks | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  24. ↑ "Barn Elms | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  25. ↑ "Putney Bridge Foreshore | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. 2011-11-11. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  26. ↑ "Carnwath Road Riverside | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  27. ↑ "Dormay Street | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  28. ↑ "King George’s Park | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  29. ↑ "Falconbrook Pumping Station | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  30. ↑ "Cremorne Wharf Depot | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  31. ↑ "Chelsea Embankment Foreshore | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  32. ↑ "Kirtling Street | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  33. ↑ "Heathwall Pumping Station | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  34. ↑ "Albert Embankment Foreshore | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  35. ↑ "Victoria Embankment Foreshore | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. 2011-12-07. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  36. ↑ "Blackfriars Bridge Foreshore | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  37. ↑ "Shad Thames Pumping Station | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  38. ↑ "Chambers Wharf | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  39. ↑ "Earl Pumping Station – phase one site information paper | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  40. ↑ "Deptford Church Street | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  41. ↑ "Greenwich Pumping Station | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  42. ↑ "King Edward Memorial Park Foreshore | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  43. ↑ "Bekesbourne Street | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  44. ↑ "Abbey Mills Pumping Station | Thames Tunnel". Thamestunnelconsultation.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  45. 1 2 3 "Project Information Paper - Build" (PDF). Thames Water. Nov 2011. Retrieved 13 Feb 2016.
  46. ↑ from Thames Tunnel Plus 1 year ago not yet rated (2011-11-04). "Thames Tunnel Construction Animation on Vimeo". Vimeo.com. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  47. ↑ "Notice publicising a proposed application for a development consent order for the Thames Tideway Tunnel" (PDF). Thames Water. July 2012. Retrieved 13 Feb 2016.
  48. ↑ "The process | National Infrastructure Planning". Infrastructure.planningportal.gov.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  49. ↑ "Green light for examination of Thames Tideway Tunnel proposals". Thames Water. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  50. ↑ "A Panel of 5 examining inspectors has been appointed to examine the application for the Thames Tideway Tunnel application". Planning Inspectorate. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  51. ↑ Bessell, Jan. "Application by Thames Water Utilities Limited for the Thames Tideway Tunnel Notice of preliminary meeting and availability of relevant representations" (PDF). Letter dated 25 July. Planning Inspectorate. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  52. ↑ "London's 'super sewer' gets the go ahead". BBC News. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  53. ↑ "More on the Government’s summary dismissal of the Planning Inspectorate’s recommendations". Clean Thames Now and Always. Retrieved 6 Oct 2014.
  54. 1 2 "Thames Tideway Tunnel - Examining authority’s Report of Findings and Conclusions and Recommendation to the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government and the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs". The Planning Inspectorate. Retrieved 6 Oct 2014.
  55. ↑ "Planning Act 2008: Application for the proposed Thames Water Utilities Limited (Thames Tideway Tunnel) Order". Defra & DGLG. Retrieved 6 Oct 2014.
  56. ↑ "Southwark Council launches 'super sewer' legal challenge". BBC. Retrieved 21 Nov 2014.
  57. ↑ "Walney wind farm gets consent as A160 beats records > Other News". Bircham Dyson Bell. Retrieved 21 Nov 2014.
  58. ↑ "Thames Water's Thames Tunnel Consultation". Consumer Council for Water. January 2011.
  59. ↑ "Super-sewer’s price rises £500m". Financial Times. 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2013-07-30 (subscription required)
  60. ↑ http://ted.europa.eu/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:352570-2012:TEXT:EN:HTML&src=0
  61. ↑ http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8f7d7f84-2a72-11e2-99bb-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2UCqhOW9R (subscription required)
  62. ↑ Pitt, Vern (31 January 2013). "Thames Water delays £4.1bn ‘super sewer’ tender". Building. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  63. ↑ "Contract Notice published for Thames Tideway Tunnel". Thames Water. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  64. ↑ Wynne, Alexandra (27 February 2015). "Thames Tideway names preferred bidders". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  65. ↑ "Thousands of jobs to be created as contractors named for London's 'super sewer'". Thames Tideway Tunnel. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  66. 1 2 3 "Green light for £4.2bn London 'super sewer'". Thames Tideway Tunnel. Thames Tideway Tunnel. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  67. ↑ Morby, Aaron (24 August 2015). "All systems go for £4.2bn London super sewer". Construction Enquirer. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  68. ↑ "BBC - Democracy Live - Peers calls on Thames Water not to pay shareholders". BBC News. 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  69. ↑ Boffey, Daniel (2012-11-10). "Water companies pay billions to shareholders but little tax. Why?". The Guardian (London).
  70. ↑ Matthew Beard Infrastructure Editor and Lindsay Watling (2012-10-16). "Supersewer tunneling set to force hundreds from their homes - London - News - London Evening Standard". Standard.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  71. ↑ "Section 48 - code of construction practice" (PDF). Thames Water. Summer 2012. Retrieved 13 Feb 2016.
  72. ↑ Lindsay Watling and Matthew Beard (2012-12-17). "Axe supersewer and adopt my greener plan, says US expert - London - News - London Evening Standard". Standard.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  73. ↑ "Tideway Tunnel chief responds to ‘supersewer’ criticism". Waterbriefing.org. 2012-12-17. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  74. ↑ "The role of the civil engineer in society: engineering ethics and major projects". Prof Richard Ashley. 2012-08-01. section "Examples of ethical dilemmas". Also in Proceedings of the ICE - Civil Engineering,Volume 165, Issue 3. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
  75. ↑ http://www.healthdesign.org/chd/about/board-directors/roger-s-ulrich-phd-edac
  76. ↑ "Londoners to pay £25 a year for Thames clean-up". The Construction Index. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, March 27, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.