The Devil's Coach Horses

The Devil's Coach Horses is a 1925 essay by J. R. R. Tolkien ("Devil's coach-horse" is a British expression for a particular kind of rove beetle).^[1]

Tolkien draws attention to the devil's steeds called eaueres in Hali Meidhad, translated "boar" in the Early English Text Society edition of 1922, but in reference to the jumenta "yoked team, draught horse" of Joel (Joel 1:17), in the Vulgata Clementina computruerunt jumenta in stercore suo^[2] (the Nova Vulgata has semina for Hebrew פרדח "grain").^[3]

Rather than from the Old English word for "boar", eofor (German Eber) Tolkien derives the word from eafor "packhorse", from a verb aferian "transport", related to Middle English aver "draught-horse", a word surviving in northern dialects. The Proto-Germanic root *ab- "energy, vigour, labour" of the word is cognate to Latin opus.

References

↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (July 1925). "The Devil's Coach-Horses: Eaueres". The Review of English Studies (Oxford University Press) 1 (3): 331–336. JSTOR 508893.
↑ http://www.latin-nerds.com/latin-vulgate-bible/Joel.php
↑ Sprengling, M. (1919). "Joel 1: 17a". Journal of Biblical Literature (Society of Biblical Literature) 38 (3/4): 129–141. doi:10.2307/3259157. JSTOR 3259157.

Works by J. R. R. Tolkien

Fiction	Songs for the Philologists (1936) The Hobbit (1937) Leaf by Niggle (1947) The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun (1945) Farmer Giles of Ham (1949) The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son (1953) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (1954) The Two Towers (1954) The Return of the King (1955) The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962) Tree and Leaf (1964) The Tolkien Reader (1966) The Road Goes Ever On (1967) Smith of Wootton Major (1967)

Posthumous fiction	The Father Christmas Letters (1976) The Silmarillion (1977) Poems and Stories (1980) Unfinished Tales (1980) Mr. Bliss (1982) Bilbo's Last Song (1990) The History of Middle-earth (1983–1996) Tales from the Perilous Realm (1997) Roverandom (1998) The Children of Húrin (2007) The History of The Hobbit (2007) The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún (2009) The Fall of Arthur (2013) The Story of Kullervo (2015)

Academic	Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Middle English text, 1925) The Devil's Coach Horses (1925) Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad (1929) Sigelwara Land (1932–34) The Reeve's Tale (1934) Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics (1936) On Fairy-Stories (1939) On Translating Beowulf (1940) Sir Orfeo (1944) Ancrene Wisse (1962) English and Welsh (1963) Jerusalem Bible (as translator and lexicographer, 1966)

Posthumous academic	Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, and Sir Orfeo (Modern English translations, 1975) Finn and Hengest (1982) The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays (1983) Beowulf and the Critics (2002) Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary with Sellic Spell (2014) A Secret Vice (2016) List of Tolkien's alliterative verse

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