Sovereign Military Order of Malta

This article is about the sovereign Catholic military order. For other uses, see Order of Saint John (disambiguation) and Knights of Malta (disambiguation).
Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta
Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme di Rodi e di Malta  (Italian)
Supremus Ordo Militaris Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani Rhodius et Melitensis  (Latin)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Tuitio Fidei et Obsequium Pauperum" (Latin)
"Defence of the faith and assistance to the poor"
Anthem: Ave Crux Alba  (Latin)
Hail, thou White Cross
CapitalPalazzo Malta
Via dei Condotti 68
Rome, Italy
Official languages Italian, Latin
Government
 •  Prince and
Grand Master		 H.M.E.H. Fra' Matthew Festing
 •  Grand Commandera H.E. Fra' Ludwig Hoffmann von Rumerstein
 •  Grand Chancellor H.E. Freiherr Albrecht von Boeselager
 •  Grand Hospitaller H.E. Prince and Count Dominique de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel
Sovereign subject of international law
 •  Establishment of the Knights Hospitaller,
Kingdom of Jerusalem		 Ca 1099 by Gerard Thom 
 •  Papal recognition
of sovereignty		 1113 by Pope Paschal II 
 •  Cyprus 1291–1310 
 •  Rhodes 1310–1523 
 •  Malta 1530–1798 
 •  Exile to Rome 1834– 
Population
 •  estimate 3 citizens[1][2]
13,000 members
80,000 volunteers[3][4]
Currency Maltese scudob
Website
orderofmalta.int
a. "Lieutenant ad Interim".
b. Euro for postage stamps.

The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (Latin: Supremus Ordo Militaris Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani Rhodius et Melitensis), also known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM) or Order of Malta, is a Catholic lay religious order traditionally of military, chivalrous and noble nature,[5] founded as the Knights Hospitaller circa 1099 in Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem, by Gerard Thom, as the world's oldest surviving chivalric order.[6] Headquartered in Palazzo Malta in Rome, widely considered a sovereign subject of international law,[7] its mission is summed up in its motto: "Tuitio Fidei et Obsequium Pauperum"; protecting the Catholic Church and serving those in need.

The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is the modern Rome-based continuation of the medieval Knights Hospitaller,[8] with origins in the Fraternitas Hospitalaria hospital founded circa 1048 by Amalfitan merchants in the Muristan district of Jerusalem, Fatimid Caliphate, to provide medical care for pilgrims to the Holy Land. Following the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade and the loss of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to the Mamluk Sultanate, it became chartered as a military order to protect against Islamic persecution of Christians, recognised as sovereign in 1113 by Pope Paschal II. It operated from Cyprus (1291–1310), Rhodes (1310–1523), Malta (1530–1798), over which it was sovereign until the French occupation, and from Palazzo Malta in Rome from 1834 until present day, subsequently known under its current name. The order venerates as its patroness Mary, mother of Jesus, under the title "Our Lady of Mount Philermos".

The entity retains sovereignty under international law, including United Nations permanent observer status,[9] issuing its own passports, currency and postage stamps with the Maltese cross insignia. The order's military corps, three brigades, are stationed throughout Italy, liaisoned with the Italian Armed Forces.

The order, with 13,500 Knights, Dames and auxiliary members, employs about 25,000 doctors, nurses, auxiliaries and paramedics assisted by 80,000 volunteers in more than 120 countries,[3] assisting children, homeless, handicapped, refugeed, elders, terminally ill and lepers around the world without distinction of ethnicity or religion.[3] Through its worldwide relief corps, Malteser International, the order aids victims of natural disasters, epidemics and war. In several countries, including France, Germany and Ireland, local associations of the order are important providers of medical emergency services and training.

Name and insignia

Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.

The order has a large number of local priories and associations around the world, but there also exist a number of organizations with similar-sounding names that are unrelated, including numerous fraudulent (self-styled) orders seeking to capitalize on the name.[10]

In the ecclesiastical heraldry of the Roman Catholic Church, the Order of Malta is one of only two orders (along with the Order of the Holy Sepulchre) whose insignia may be displayed in a clerical coat of arms. (Laypersons have no such restriction.) The shield is surrounded with a silver rosary for professed knights, or for others the ribbon of their rank. Members may also display the Maltese cross behind their shield instead of the ribbon.[11]

In order to protect its heritage against frauds, the order has legally registered 16 versions of its names and emblems in some 100 countries.[12]

History

Main article: Knights Hospitaller

In February 2013, the order celebrated its 900th anniversary as a sovereignty entity by recognition on 15 February 1113 of the Papal bull Pie Postulatio Voluntatis, issued by Pope Paschal II. The celebration included a general audience given by Pope Benedict XVI[13] and a Holy Mass celebrated by Vatican Secretary of State Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone at Saint Peter's Basilica.

Foundation

Gerard Thom, founder of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem. Copper engraving by Laurent Cars, c. 1725.

The birth of the order dates back to around 1048. Merchants from the ancient Marine Republic of Amalfi obtained from the Caliph of Egypt the authorisation to build a church, convent, and hospital in Jerusalem, to care for pilgrims of any religious faith or race. The Order of St. John of Jerusalem – the monastic community that ran the hospital for the pilgrims in the Holy Land – became independent under the guidance of its founder, the Gerard Thom.

With the Bull of 15 February 1113, Pope Paschal II approved the foundation of the Hospital and placed it under the aegis of the Holy See, granting it the right to freely elect its superiors without interference from other secular or religious authorities. By virtue of the Papal Bull, the hospital became an order exempt from the control of the local church. All the Knights were religious, bound by the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience.

The constitution of the Kingdom of Jerusalem regarding the crusades obliged the order to take on the military defence of the sick, the pilgrims, and the territories that the crusaders had captured from the Muslims. The order thus added the task of defending the faith to that of its hospitaller mission.

As time went on, the order adopted the white eight-pointed Cross that is still its symbol today. The eight points represent the eight "beatitudes" that Jesus referred to in his Sermon on the Mount.

Cyprus

When the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land fell after the Siege of Acre in 1291, the order settled first in Cyprus.

Rhodes

In 1310, led by Grand Master Fra' Foulques de Villaret, it regrouped on the island of Rhodes. From there, defense of the Christian world required the organization of a naval force; so the Order built a powerful fleet and sailed the eastern Mediterranean, fighting many famous battles for the sake of Christendom, including Crusades in Syria and Egypt.

In the early 14th century, the institutions of the order and the knights who came to Rhodes from every corner of Europe were grouped according to the languages they spoke. The initial seven such groups, or Langues (Tongues) – Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon (Navarre), England (with Scotland and Ireland), and Germany – became eight in 1492, when Castille and Portugal were separated from the Langue of Aragon. Each Langue included Priories or Grand Priories, Bailiwicks, and Commanderies.

The order was governed by its Grand Master (the Prince of Rhodes) and Council. From its beginning, independence from other nations granted by pontifical charter and the universally recognised right to maintain and deploy armed forces constituted grounds for the international sovereignty of the Order, which minted its own coins and maintained diplomatic relations with other States. The senior positions of the order were given to representatives of different Langues.

Malta

Bust portrait of a Knight of Malta.

After six months of siege and fierce combat against the fleet and army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the Knights were forced to surrender in 1523 and left Rhodes with military honours. The order remained without a territory of its own until 1530, when Grand Master Fra' Philippe de Villiers de l'Isle Adam took possession of the island of Malta, granted to the order by Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his mother Queen Joanna of Castile as monarchs of Sicily, with the approval of Pope Clement VII, for which the order had to honour the conditions of the Tribute of the Maltese Falcon.

Protestant Reformation

The Reformation which split Western Europe into Protestant and Roman Catholic states affected the knights as well. In several countries, including England, Scotland and Sweden, the order was disestablished. In others, including the Netherlands and Germany, entire bailiwicks or commanderies (administrative divisions of the order) experienced religious conversions. The "Johanniter orders" claim to be the modern Protestant continuations of these converted divisions in Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and other countries, including the United States and South Africa. It was established that the order should remain neutral in any war between Christian nations.

Colonies in the Caribbean

Map of the colonies of the order in the Caribbean during the 17th century.

From 1651 to 1665, the Order of Saint John ruled four islands in the Caribbean. On 21 May 1651, it acquired the islands of Saint Barthélemy, Saint Christopher, Saint Croix and Saint Martin. These were purchased from the French Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique which had just been dissolved. In 1665 the four islands were sold to the French West India Company.

Great siege of Malta

Main article: Great Siege of Malta

In 1565 the Knights, led by Grand Master Fra' Jean de Vallette (after whom the capital of Malta, Valletta, was named), defended the island for more than three months during the Great Siege by the Turks.

Battle of Lepanto

The Battle of Lepanto (1571), unknown artist, late 16th century.
Main article: Battle of Lepanto

The fleet of the order contributed to the ultimate destruction of the Ottoman naval power in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, led by John of Austria, half brother of King Philip II of Spain.

French occupation of Malta

Two hundred years later, in 1798, the order surrendered the Maltese islands to the French First Republic under Napoleon, following the French Revolution and the subsequent French Revolutionary Wars.

Exile

Following the French occupation of Malta, the knights were expelled from the territory.[14]

The Treaty of Amiens (1802) obliged the United Kingdom to evacuate Malta which was to be restored to a recreated Order of St. John, whose sovereignty was to be guaranteed by all of the major European powers, to be determined at the final peace. However, this was not to be because objections to the treaty quickly grew in the UK.

Bonaparte's rejection of a British offer involving a ten-year lease of Malta prompted the reactivation of the British blockade of the French coast; Britain declared war on France on 18 May.[15]

The 1802 treaty was never implemented. The UK gave its official reasons for resuming hostilities as France's imperialist policies in the West Indies, Italy and Switzerland.[16]

Rome

Palazzo Malta, Rome, Italy.

After having temporarily resided in Messina, Catania, and Ferrara, in 1834 the precursor of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta settled definitively in Rome, where it owns, with extraterritorial status, the Magistral Palace in Via Condotti 68 and the Magistral Villa on the Aventine Hill.

The original hospitaller mission became the main activity of the order, growing ever stronger during the last century, most especially because of the contribution of the activities carried out by the Grand Priories and National Associations in so many countries around the world. Large-scale hospitaller and charitable activities were carried out during World Wars I and II under Grand Master Fra' Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere (1931–1951). Under the Grand Masters Fra' Angelo de Mojana di Cologna (1962–88) and Fra' Andrew Bertie (1988–2008), the projects expanded.

Return to Malta

Flags of Malta and the SMOM on Fort Saint Angelo

Two bilateral treaties have been concluded with the Government of the Maltese State. The first treaty is dated 21 June 1991 and is now no longer in force.[17] The second treaty was signed on 5 December 1998, but ratified on 1 November 2001.[18]

This agreement grants the Order the use with limited extraterritoriality of the upper portion of Fort St Angelo in the city of Birgu. Its stated purpose is "to give the Order the opportunity to be better enabled to carry out its humanitarian activities as Knights Hospitallers from Saint Angelo, as well as to better define the legal status of Saint Angelo subject to the sovereignty of Malta over it".

The agreement has a duration of 99 years, but the document allows the Maltese Government to terminate it at any time after 50 years.[19][20] Under the terms of the agreement, the flag of Malta is to be flown together with the flag of the Order in a prominent position over Saint Angelo. No asylum may be granted by the Order and generally the Maltese courts have full jurisdiction and Maltese law shall apply.

A number of immunities and privileges are mentioned in the second bilateral treaty. No such immunities were contemplated by the first treaty.[17][18]

Organisation

Governance

His Most Eminent Highness Fra' Matthew Festing, 79th Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.

The proceedings of the Order are governed by its Constitutional Charter and the Order's Code. It is divided internationally into six territorial Grand Priories, six Sub-Priories and 47 national associations.

The supreme head of the Order is the Grand Master, who is elected for life by the Council Complete of State, holds the precedence of a cardinal of the Church since 1630 and received the rank of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1607.[21][22] Matthew Festing was elected by the Council as 79th Grand Master on 11 March 2008, succeeding Andrew Bertie, who was Grand Master until his death on 7 February 2008. Electors in the Council include the members of the Sovereign Council, other office-holders and representatives of the members of the Order. The Grand Master is aided by the Sovereign Council (the government of the Order), which is elected by the Chapter General, the legislative body of the Order. The Chapter General meets every five years; at each meeting, all seats of the Sovereign Council are up for election. The Sovereign Council includes six members and four High Officers: the Grand Commander, the Grand Chancellor, the Grand Hospitaller[23] and the Receiver of the Common Treasure.[24] The Grand Commander is the chief religious officer of the Order and serves as "Interim Lieutenant" during a vacancy in the office of Grand Master. The Grand Chancellor, whose office includes those of the Ministry of the Interior and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is the head of the executive branch; he is responsible for the Diplomatic Missions of the Order and relations with the national Associations. The Grand Hospitaller's responsibilities include the offices of Minister for Humanitarian Action and Minister for International Cooperation; he coordinates the Order's humanitarian and charitable activities. Finally, the Receiver of the Common Treasure is the Minister of Finance and Budget; he directs the administration of the finances and property of the Order.

Patrons of the order since 1961

Cardinal Raymond Leo Burke, Patron of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta since 2014.

The patron, who is always a cardinal, promotes the spiritual interests of the Order and its members, and its relations with the Holy See.

Membership

A Knight of Grace and Devotion in contemporary religious habit.

Membership in the order is divided into three classes and subdivided into several categories, i.e.:[25]

Within each class and category of knights are ranks ranging from bailiff grand cross (the highest) through knight grand cross, and knight — thus one could be a "knight of grace and devotion," or a "bailiff grand cross of justice." The final rank of donat is offered to some who join the order in the class of "justice" but who are not knights. Bishops and priests are generally honorary members, or knights, of the Order of Malta. However, there are some priests who are full members of the Order, and this is usually because they were conferred knighthood prior to ordination. The priests of the Order of Malta are ranked as Honorary Canons, as in the Order of the Holy Sepulchre; and they are entitled to wear the black mozetta with purple piping and purple fascia.

Prior to the 1990s, all officers of the Order had to be of noble birth (i.e., armigerous for at least a hundred years), as they were all knights of justice or of obedience. However, Knights of Magistral Grace (i.e., those without noble proofs) now may make the Promise of Obedience and, at the discretion of the Grand Master and Sovereign Council, may enter the novitiate to become professed Knights of Justice.

Worldwide, there are over 13,000 knights and dames, a small minority of whom are professed religious. Membership of the Order is by invitation only and solicitations are not entertained.

The Order's finances are audited by a Board of Auditors, which includes a President and four Councillors, all elected by the Chapter General. The Order's judicial powers are exercised by a group of Magistral Courts, whose judges are appointed by the Grand Master and Sovereign Council.

International status

Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
  Diplomatic relations
  Other relations
Coat of arms of the Knights of Malta from the façade of the church of San Giovannino dei Cavalieri, Florence, Italy.

Vehicle registration plate of the Order, as seen in Rome, Italy.
Flags of Knights Hospitaller in Saint Peter's Castle, Bodrum, Turkey.
Left to right: Fabrizio Carretto (1513–1514);
Amaury d'Amboise (1503–1512);
Pierre d'Aubusson (1476–1503);
Jacques de Milly (1454–1451).

SMOM has formal diplomatic relations with 106 states and has official relations with another six states and with the European Union.[27] Additionally it has relations with the International Committee of the Red Cross and a number of international organizations, including observer status at the UN and some of the specialized agencies.[28] Its international nature is useful in enabling it to pursue its humanitarian activities without being seen as an operative of any particular nation. Its sovereignty is also expressed in the issuance of passports, licence plates,[29] stamps,[30] and coins.[31]

With its unique history and unusual present circumstances, the exact status of the Order in international law has been the subject of debate. It describes itself as a "sovereign subject of international law." Its two headquarters in Rome – the Palazzo Malta in Via dei Condotti 68, where the Grand Master resides and Government Bodies meet, and the Villa del Priorato di Malta on the Aventine, which hosts the Grand Priory of Rome – Fort St. Angelo on the island of Malta, the Embassy of the Order to Holy See and the Embassy of the Order to Italy have all been granted extraterritoriality.[32]

Unlike the Holy See, however, which is sovereign over Vatican City and thus has clear territorial separation of its sovereign area and that of Italy, SMOM has had no territory since the loss of the island of Malta in 1798, other than only those current properties with extraterritoriality listed above. Italy recognizes, in addition to extraterritoriality, the exercise by SMOM of all the prerogatives of sovereignty in its headquarters. Therefore, Italian sovereignty and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping.[33] The United Nations does not classify it as a "non-member state" or "intergovernmental organization" but as one of the "other entities having received a standing invitation to participate as observers."[34] For instance, while the International Telecommunication Union has granted radio identification prefixes to such quasi-sovereign jurisdictions as the United Nations and the Palestinian Authority, SMOM has never received one. For awards purposes, amateur radio operators consider SMOM to be a separate "entity", but stations transmitting from there use an entirely unofficial callsign, starting with the prefix "1A".[35] Likewise, for internet and telecommunications identification, the SMOM has neither sought nor been granted a top-level domain or international dialling code, whereas the Vatican City uses its own domain (.va),[36] and has been allocated the country code +379.[37]

There are differing opinions as to whether a claim to sovereign status has been recognized. Ian Brownlie, Helmut Steinberger, and Wilhelm Wengler are among experts who say that the claim has not been recognized. Even taking into account the Order's ambassadorial diplomatic status among many nations, a claim to sovereign status is sometimes rejected.[38] The Order maintains diplomatic missions around the world and many of the states reciprocate by accrediting ambassadors to the Order.

Wengler—a German professor of international law—addresses this point in his book Völkerrecht (1964), and rejects the notion that recognition of the Order by some states can make it a subject of international law. Conversely, professor Rebecca Wallace —writing more recently in her book International Law (1986)—explains that a sovereign entity does not have to be a country, and that SMOM is an example of this.[39] This position appears to be supported by the number of nations extending diplomatic relations to the Order, which more than doubled from 49 to 100 in the 20-year period to 2008.[40] In 1953, the Holy See decreed that the Order of Malta's quality as a sovereign institution is functional, to ensure the achievement of its purposes in the world, and that as a subject of international law, it enjoys certain powers, but not the entire set of powers of sovereignty "in the full sense of the word."[41] On 24 June 1961, Pope John XXIII approved the Constitutional Charter, which contains the most solemn reaffirmations of the sovereignty of the Order. Article 1 affirms that "the Order is a legal entity formally approved by the Holy See. It has the quality of a subject of international law." Article 3 states that "the intimate connection existing between the two qualities of a religious order and a sovereign order do not oppose the autonomy of the order in the exercise of its sovereignty and prerogatives inherent to it as a subject of international law in relation to States."[33]

Currency and postage stamps

The SMOM coins are appreciated more for their subject matter than for their use as currency; SMOM postage stamps, however, have been gaining acceptance among Universal Postal Union member nations.

The SMOM began issuing euro-denominated postage stamps in 2005, although the scudo remains the official currency of the SMOM. Also in 2005, the Italian post agreed with the SMOM to deliver internationally most classes of mail other than registered, insured, and special-delivery mail; additionally 56 countries recognize SMOM stamps for franking purposes, including those such as Canada and Mongolia that lack diplomatic relations with the Order.[42]

Military Corps

Logotype of the Military Corps of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
Military Corps of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, ACISMOM, in parade during Festa della Repubblica in Rome (2007).

The Order states that it was the hospitaller role that enabled the Order to survive the end of the crusading era; nonetheless, it retains its military title and traditions.

On 26 March 1876 the Association of the Italian Knights of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (Associazione dei cavalieri italiani del sovrano militare ordine di Malta, ACISMOM) formed a Military Corps to provide medical support to the Italian Army, that on 9 April 1909 did officially become a special auxiliary volunteer corps of the Italian Army under the name Corpo Militare dell'Esercito dell'ACISMOM (Army Military Corps of the ACISMOM), wearing Italian uniforms.[43] Since then the Military Corps have operated with the Italian Army both in wartime and peacetime in medical or paramedical military functions, and in ceremonial functions for the Order, such as standing guard around the coffins of high officers of the Order before and during funeral rites.[44]

I believe that it is a unique case in the world that a unit of the army of one country is supervised by a body of another sovereign country. Just think that whenever our staff (medical officers mainly) is engaged in a military mission abroad, there is the flag of the Order flying below the Italian flag.
— Fausto Solaro del Borgo, President of the Italian Association of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, stated in a speech given in London in November 2007.[43]

Air force

Roundel of the air force of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
SMOM Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 at the Italian Air Force Museum.

In 1947, after the post-World War II peace treaty forbade Italy to own or operate bomber aircraft and only operate a limited number of transport aircraft, the Italian Air Force opted to transfer some of its Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 aircraft to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, pending the definition of their exact status (the SM.82 were properly long range transport aircraft that could be adapted for bombing missions). These aircraft were operated by Italian Air Force personnel temporarily flying for the Order, carried the Order's roundels on the fuselage and Italian ones on the wings, and were used mainly for standard Italian Air Force training and transport missions but also for some humanitarian tasks proper of the Order of Malta (like the transport of sick pilgrims to the Lourdes sanctuary). In the early '50s, when the strictures of the peace treaty had been much relaxed by the Allied authorities, the aircraft returned under full control of the Italian Air Force. One of the aircraft transferred to the Order of Malta, still with the Order's fuselage roundels, is preserved in the Italian Air Force Museum.[45]

Logistics

The Military Corps has become known in mainland Europe for its operation of hospital trains,[46] a service which was carried out intensively during both World Wars. The Military Corps still operate a modern 28 cars hospital train with 192 hospital beds, serviced by a medical staff of 38 medics and paramedics provided by the Order and a technical staff provided by the Italian Army Railway Engineers Regiment.[47]

Orders, decorations, and medals

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Report from Practically Nowhere" by John Sack, 1959, published by Harper, page 140: "as part of the bargain only three men – the grand master, the lieutenant grand master, and the chancellor – could be citizens there. The other S.M.O.M.ians were to be citizens of the country they lived in."
  2. ↑ Sovereign Military Order of Malta, 26 December 2008 by Rob Raeside: "by agreement with the Italian government, citizens of the S.M.O.M. are limited to three: the Grand Master, the Deputy Grand Master, and the Chancellor. These carry S.M.O.M. passports. The numerous other members of the order remain citizens of their own respective countries."
  3. 1 2 3 As the order's website says, "Its programmes include medical and social assistance, disaster relief in the case of armed conflicts and natural catastrophes, emergency services and first aid corps, help for the elderly, the handicapped and children in need and the provision of first aid training, and support for refugees and internally displaced persons regardless of race, origin or religion."
  4. ↑ "Italy: Knights of Malta rejects alleged link to military action – Adnkronos Religion". Adnkronos.com. 7 April 2003. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  5. ↑ "Sovereign Order of Malta". Orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
  6. ↑ Sainty, Guy Stair, ed. World Orders of Knighthood and Merit, Burke's, August 2006.
  7. ↑ The Holy See, the Order of Malta and International Law, Bo J. Theutenberg, ISBN 91-974235-6-4
  8. ↑ Joint Declaration of SMOM and the Alliance of the Orders of St John of Jerusalem, Rome, 22 October 2004.
  9. ↑ "Malta Permanent Mission to the United Nations". Un.int. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
  10. ↑ "Pseudo Orden und ihr Auftreten in Österreich 1996–2008". Malteserorden.at. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  11. ↑ Noonan 1996
  12. ↑ "Sovereign Order of Malta". Orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
  13. ↑ "Knights of Malta Catholic order celebrates 900 years". BBC News. 9 February 2013. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  14. ↑ Pièces diverses relatives aux operations militaires et pol. du gén. Bonaparte (in French). Paris: De l'imprimerie de P. Didot l'aîné. 1800. p. 32.
  15. ↑ Pocock, Tom (2005). The Terror Before Trafalgar: Nelson, Napoleon, And The Secret War. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-681-0. OCLC 56419314.p. 78
  16. ↑ Illustrated History of Europe: A Unique Guide to Europe's Common Heritage (1992) p. 282
  17. 1 2 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  18. 1 2 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  19. ↑ "Sovereign Order of Malta – Official Site-The Order and its Institutions-Mission". Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  20. ↑ Ordine di Malta. "AFTER TWO CENTURIES, THE ORDER OF MALTA FLAG FLIES OVER FORT ST. ANGELO, BESIDE THE MALTESE FLAG". Orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  21. ↑ Sire, HJA (1994). The Knights of Malta. Yale University Press p.221.
  22. ↑ Noonan, Jr., James-Charles (1996). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church. Viking. p. 135. ISBN 0-670-86745-4
  23. ↑ Ordine di Malta. "Grand Hospitaller". Orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  24. ↑ Ordine di Malta. "Receiver of the Common Treasure". Orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  25. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
  26. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  27. ↑ "Sovereign Order of Malta". Orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
  28. ↑ "Sovereign Order of Malta – Official site". Orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  29. ↑ "SMOM Plates". Targheitaliane.it. 24 August 1994. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  30. ↑ "Sovereign Order of Malta – Official site". Orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  31. ↑ "The Coins of the Sovereign Order of Malta". Orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  32. ↑ Paul, Chevalier (pseudonym). "An Essay on the Order of St. John (S.M.O.M.)". Retrieved 8 October 2012. Minuscule as it is, the Order does also possess sovereign territory. This consists of the land in Rome on which stands the Grand Magistracy in the Via Condotti and the Villa Malta.
  33. 1 2 Arocha, Magaly (May 1999). "La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Jurídica (The Order of Malta and Its Legal Nature)". Caracas, Distrito Capital, Venezuela: Analítica.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  34. ↑ "UN Permanent Observers". Un.org. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  35. ↑ "ARRLWeb: DXCC Entities List (Current, 1A0-9Z)". Arrl.org. 6 May 2008. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  36. ↑ "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority database of top level domains". Iana.org. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  37. ↑ "LIST OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATION E.164 ASSIGNED COUNTRY CODES" (PDF). ITU-T. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  38. ↑ "The French Republic does not recognise the SMOM as a subject of international law; see a statement by the spokesman of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Feb 7, 1997.". Heralda.org. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  39. ↑ Wallace, Rebecca (1986). International law: a student introduction (2nd ed.). Sweet & Maxwell Ltd. ISBN 0-421-33500-9.
  40. ↑ "Mass commemorates knights leader". BBC News. 8 March 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2009.
  41. ↑ "TRIBUNAL E CARDINALIZI O COSTITUITO CON PONTIFICIO CHIROGRAFO DEL 10 DICEMBRE 1951 (judgment dated 24 January 1953)" (PDF). Acta Apostolicae Sedis (in Italian) (The Holy See) XLV (15): 765–767. 30 November 1953. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  42. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  43. 1 2 Solaro del Borgo, Fausto (17 November 2007). "Address to British Association SMOM by Fausto Solaro del Borgo, President of the Italian Association London, 17 November" (PDF). Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Retrieved 10 February 2013. |archive-url= is malformed: flag (help)
  44. ↑ "This photograph shows four members of the Corps standing guard at the coffin of a deceased Grand Master of the Order". Orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
  45. ↑ Military Aircraft Insignia of the World by John Cochrane and Stuart Elliott, published 1998 by Airlife Publishing Limited of Shrewsbury, England (illustrated). ISBN 1-85310-873-1
  46. ↑
  47. ↑ Ordine di Malta. "TRENO OSPEDALE ATTREZZATO PER L'EMERGENZA". Orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 13 November 2014.

Bibliography

External links

Coordinates: 41°54′18.69″N 12°28′50.06″E / 41.9051917°N 12.4805722°E / 41.9051917; 12.4805722

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