The Price of Salt

The Price of Salt

First edition
Author Patricia Highsmith
Country United States
Language English
Published 1952
Publisher Coward-McCann, W. W. Norton & Company (2004)
Media type Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Pages 276 pp (hardcover edition)
288 pp (trade paperback edition)
ISBN 978-0-393-32599-7
OCLC 55121342
LC Class PZ3.H53985 Pr
(LCCN 52008026)


The Price of Salt (later republished under the title Carol) is a 1952 romance novel by Patricia Highsmith, first published under the pseudonym "Claire Morgan". Highsmith – known as a suspense writer based on her psychological thriller Strangers on a Train – used an alias because she did not want to be tagged as "a lesbian-book writer",[lower-alpha 1] and because of the use of her own life references for characters and occurrences in the story. Though Highsmith was in many relationships with other women and wrote over 22 novels and hundreds of short stories, The Price of Salt is her only novel about an explicit lesbian relationship. The novel's relatively happy ending was unprecedented in lesbian literature.

A radio adaption of the novel was broadcast in 2014. Carol, a film adaption nominated for six Academy Awards, was released in 2015.

Plot

Therese Belivet is a lonely young woman, just beginning her adult life in Manhattan and looking for her chance to launch her career as a theatre set designer. When she was a small girl, her widowed mother sent her to an Episcopalian boarding school, leaving her with a sense of abandonment. Therese is dating Richard, a young man she does not love and does not enjoy having sex with. On a long and monotonous day, working in the toy department of the department store, Therese becomes interested in a customer, an elegant and beautiful woman in her early thirties. The woman, Carol Aird, gives Therese her address to have her purchases delivered. On an impulse, Therese sends Carol a Christmas card. Carol, who is going through a difficult separation and divorce and is herself quite lonely, unexpectedly responds. The two begin to spend time together. Therese develops a strong attachment to Carol. Richard accuses Therese of having a "schoolgirl crush", but Therese knows it is more than that: She is in love with Carol.

Carol's husband, Harge, is suspicious of Carol's relationship with Therese, whom he meets briefly when Therese stays over at Carol's house in New Jersey. Carol had previously admitted to Harge that she had a short-lived sexual relationship years earlier with her best friend, Abby. Harge takes his and Carol's daughter Rindy to live with him, limiting Carol's access to her as divorce proceedings continue. To escape from the tension in New York, Carol and Therese take a road trip West as far as Utah, over the course of which it becomes clear that the feelings they have for each other are romantic and sexual. They become physically as well as emotionally intimate and declare their love for each other.

The women become aware that a private investigator is following them, hired by Harge to gather evidence that could be used to incriminate Carol as homosexual in the upcoming custody hearings. They realize the investigator has already bugged the hotel room in which Carol and Therese first had sex. Carol confronts him and demands that he hand over any evidence against her. She pays him a high price for some tapes even though he warns her that he has already sent several tapes and other evidence to Harge in New York. Carol knows that she will lose custody of Rindy if she continues her relationship with Therese. She tells Therese that she cannot continue their relationship. Carol leaves Therese alone in the Midwest and returns to New York to fight for her daughter.

The evidence for Carol's homosexuality is so strong that she capitulates to Harge without having the details of her behavior aired in court. She submits to an agreement that gives him full custody of Rindy and leaves her with limited supervised visits.

Though heartbroken, Therese returns to New York to rebuild her life. Therese and Carol arrange to meet again. Therese, still hurt that Carol abandoned her in a hopeless attempt to maintain a relationship with Rindy, declines Carol's invitation to live with her. They part, each headed for a different evening engagement. Therese, after a brief flirtation with an English actress that leaves her ashamed, quickly reviews her relationships–"loneliness swept over her like a rushing wind"–and goes to find Carol, who greets her more eagerly than ever before.

Background

According to Highsmith, the novel was inspired by a blonde woman in a fur coat[lower-alpha 2] that ordered a doll from her while Highsmith was working as a temporary sales clerk in the toy department of Bloomingdale's during Christmas season of 1948:

Perhaps I noticed her because she was alone, or because a mink coat was a rarity, and because she was blondish and seemed to give off light. With the same thoughtful air, she purchased a doll, one of two or three I had shown her, and I wrote her name and address on the receipt, because the doll was to be delivered to an adjacent state. It was a routine transaction, the woman paid and departed. But I felt odd and swimmy in the head, near to fainting, yet at the same time uplifted, as if I had seen a vision.

As usual, I went home after work to my apartment, where I lived alone. That evening I wrote out an idea, a plot, a story about the blondish and elegant woman in the fur coat. I wrote some eight pages in longhand in my then-current notebook or cahier.[1]

Highsmith recalled completing the book's outline in two hours that night, likely under the influence of chickenpox which she discovered she had only the next day: "fever is stimulating to the imagination." She completed the novel by 1951.[3] The semiautobiographical story was mined from her own life references and desire for a lost love.[4] Highsmith described the character of Therese as having come "from my own bones".[2] She based Carol's struggle for joint custody of her child on the experiences of her former lover, Virginia Kent Catherwood, a Philadelphia socialite who lost custody of her daughter in divorce proceedings that involved tape-recorded lesbian trysts in hotel rooms.[5]

Highsmith placed Therese in the world of the New York theater with friends who are "vaguely bohemian, artists or would-be artists" and signaled their intellectual aspirations by noting they read James Joyce and Gertrude Stein, the latter unmistakably lesbian. All are struggling to find a place for themselves in the world.[6]

The first working title of the novel (written in her "cahier" No. 18) was "The Bloomingdale Story". Other names Highsmith later considered were "The Argument of Tantalus", "Blasphemy of Laughter", and "Paths of Lightening" before finally naming it The Price of Salt.[2] Highsmith said that she settled on the title from a thought about the price paid by Lot's wife when she looked back towards Sodom. It's more likely, however, that she was invoking a biblical reference from the Gospel text (Matthew 5:13) that André Gide included in his novel The Counterfeiters, a work about the transgressive love of adolescence that Highsmith once took to heart: "'If the salt have lost his flavor wherewith shall it be salted?' — that is the tragedy with which I am concerned."[2][lower-alpha 3]

Highsmith was in many relationships with other women and wrote over 22 novels and hundreds of short stories, The Price of Salt is her only novel about lesbian relationship.[8]

Publication history

Cover of 1953 Bantam Books paperback edition

Highsmith's publisher, Harper & Bros, rejected the novel.[8] Coward-McCann published it in hardcover in 1952.[9] The 35-cent lesbian pulp edition[10][11] by Bantam Books appeared in 1953 followed by another edition.

The Price of Salt fell out of print and was reissued by lesbian publishing house Naiad Press in 1984;[6] and republished by Bloomsbury as Carol [lower-alpha 4] in 1990 under Highsmith's name and with an afterword.[12][13] The paperback version sold nearly a million copies before the printing by Bloomsbury.[14]

The marketing of the novel in successive editions[15] reflected different strategies for making the story of a lesbian romance attractive or acceptable to the reading public. The Coward-McCann dust jacket called it "A Modern Novel of Two Women". The paperboard cover for the 1953 Bantam edition balanced the words "The Novel of a Love Society Forbids" with a reassuring quote from the The New York Times that said the novel "[handles] explosive material ... with sincerity and good taste."[6] The 2004 reissue by Norton appealed to highbrow tastes with the tagline "The novel that inspired Nabokov's Lolita" on the cover[16] — a claim that stemmed from a theory by Terry Castle published in a 2003 essay for The New Republic.[lower-alpha 5] (The tagline has since been removed in later printing.[19])

As a movie tie-in with the release of the 2015 motion picture adaptation of the novel, Norton published a new paperback edition as Carol with the subtitle "Previously Titled The Price of Salt", and the cover featuring the image of the film poster.[20] The cover of the Bloomsbury tie-in edition featured the title Carol superimposed on a scene from the film with images of Cate Blanchett and Rooney Mara from another scene, but did not include a reference to the original title.[21]

Reception

The novel was received well after its release. Before Highsmith was revealed as the author, "Claire Morgan" received letters through her publisher thanking her for writing a story that lesbian women could identify with.[8]

Because of the new title and her acknowledged authorship, the novel received another round of reviews, thoroughly favorable, 38 years after its initial publication. Highsmith submitted to publicity interviews as well, though she resented questions about her sexuality and personal relationships. When BBC 2's The Late Show presenter Sarah Dunant asked Highsmith in 1990 if Carol constituted a "literary coming out", she replied looking irked: "I'll pass that one to Mrs. Grundy", referencing the character who embodies conventional propriety.[22]

Social significance

“ It would be Carol, in a thousand cities, a thousand houses, in foreign lands where they would go together, in heaven and in hell.[23] ”

Because of the happy ending (or at best an optimistic one) that defied the lesbian pulp formula and because of the unconventional characters that defied stereotypes about female homosexuals,[lower-alpha 6] The Price of Salt was popular among lesbians in the 1950s[24] and continued to be with later generations. It was regarded for many years as the only lesbian novel with a happy ending.[25][lower-alpha 7]

Highsmith told author Marijane Meaker that she was surprised when the book "was praised by lesbian readers because of its [ending]". She was pleased that it had become popular for that reason and said, "I never thought about it when I wrote it. I just told the story."[25]

When Highsmith allowed her name to be attached to the 1990 republication by Bloomsbury, she wrote in the "Afterword" to the edition:

The appeal of The Price of Salt was that it had a happy ending for its two main characters, or at least they were going to try to have a future together. Prior to this book, homosexuals male and female in American novels had had to pay for their deviation by cutting their wrists, drowning themselves in a swimming pool, or by switching to heterosexuality (so it was stated), or by collapsing – alone and miserable and shunned – into a depression equal to hell.[1]

The novel's representation of its lesbian characters also departed from the period's stereotypical depiction of lesbians – both in popular literature and by the medical/psychological field (where gender nonconforming women were considered "congenital inverts") – that expected one member of a lesbian couple would be "noticeably masculine in her affect, style, and behavior".[6] Highsmith depicts Therese as puzzled when her experience does not match that "butch-femme paradigm": "She had heard about girls falling in love, and she knew what kind of people they were and what they looked like. Neither she nor Carol looked like that."[6]

Adaptations

A radio adaptation titled Carol was broadcast by BBC Radio 4 in December 2014 with Miranda Richardson as Carol and Andrea Deck as Therese. It comprised five segments of approximately 15 minutes.[26]

A 2015 British-American film adaptation of the novel, titled Carol, was directed by Todd Haynes[27] from a screenplay by Phyllis Nagy.[28] The film stars Cate Blanchett as Carol and Rooney Mara as Therese.[29] Carol was an Official Selection of the 2015 Cannes Film Festival and won the Queer Palm award.[30][31] The film received six Academy Award nominations including Best Actress in a Leading Role for Blanchett, Best Supporting Actress for Mara, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Original Score, Best Cinematography, and Best Costume Design.[32]

Notes

  1. ↑ Highsmith wrote in the Afterword for the novel's Bloomsbury 1990 republication as Carol: "If I were to write a novel about a lesbian relationship, would I then be labelled a lesbian-book writer? That was a possibility, even though I might never be inspired to write another such book in my life. So I decided to offer the book under another name."[1]
  2. ↑ The woman in the mink coat was Kathleen Wiggins Senn (Mrs. E.R. Senn). Highsmith used her name in the first working title of the novel, "The Bloomingdale Story".[2]
  3. ↑ The phrase "the price of salt" does not appear in the text, but Highsmith used "salt" as a metaphor twice in Chapter 22. Separated from Carol, who has been forced to return home, Therese is reminded of their time together: "In the middle of the block, she opened the door of a coffee shop, but they were playing one of the songs she had heard with Carol everywhere, and she let the door close and walked on. The music lived, but the world was dead. And the song would die one day, she thought, but how would the world come back to life? How would its salt come back?" Shortly thereafter, when Dannie visits Therese on his way to California, she compares her sentiment toward him and Richard: "She felt shy with him, yet somehow close, a closeness charged with something she had never felt with Richard. Something suspenseful, that she enjoyed. A little salt, she thought."[7]
  4. ↑ Highsmith, Patricia (1990). Carol (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 0747507198.
  5. ↑ Terry Castle wrote: "I have long had a theory that [Vladimir] Nabokov knew The Price of Salt and modeled the climactic cross-country car chase in Lolita on Therese and Carol’s frenzied bid for freedom in the earlier novel."[17][18]
  6. ↑ As Carlston observed, the novel: "Didn’t condemn its lovers to suicide or send them back to their men," and "departed from ... the standard not only in the popular conception of lesbians, but in almost all lesbian fiction before it."[6]
  7. ↑ Marijane Meaker, who wrote lesbian fiction published under the pseudonyms Vin Packer and Ann Aldrich, stated: "[The Price of Salt ] was for many years the only lesbian novel, in either hard or soft cover, with a happy ending."[25]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Patricia Highsmith (November 11, 2015). "Happily ever after, at last: Patricia Highsmith on the inspiration for Carol". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Schenkar, Joan (2009). "Les Girls (chap. 7)". The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. pp. 269–272. ISBN 9780312303754.
  3. ↑ Highsmith, Patricia (2004). "Afterword". The Price of Salt (1st ed.). W.W. Norton & Company. p. 289-292. ISBN 0393325997.
  4. ↑ Wilson, Andrew (November 28, 2015). "'Instantly, I love her': the affairs that inspired Carol". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Ltd. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
  5. ↑ Talbot, Margaret (November 30, 2015). "Forbidden Love". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Carlston, Erin G. (November 22, 2015). "Essay: Patricia Highsmith's The Price of Salt, The Lesbian Novel That's Now A Major Motion Picture". The National Book Review. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
  7. ↑ Highsmith, Patricia (2004). "22". The Price of Salt (1st ed.). W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 260, 268. ISBN 0393325997.
  8. 1 2 3 Dawson, Jill (May 13, 2015). "Carol: the women behind Patricia Highsmith's lesbian novel". The Guardian. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  9. ↑ Rolo, Charles J. (May 18, 1952). "Carol and Therese". The New York Times. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
  10. ↑ Castle, Terry (May 23, 2006). "Pulp Valentine". Slate. The Slate Group.
  11. ↑ Fonseca, Sarah (January 7, 2015). "Patricia Highsmith's Lesbian Pulp Classic The Price of Salt Is Coming To A Theater Near-ish You In 2015". Autostraddle. The Excitant Group. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  12. ↑ Jones, Nick (September 25, 2015). "Carol by Patricia Highsmith (Bloomsbury, 1990); Orig. The Price of Salt by Claire Morgan (Coward-McCann, 1952): Book Review". Existential Ennui. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  13. ↑ Peters, Fiona (2011). Anxiety and Evil in the Writings of Patricia Highsmith. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 93, 127. ISBN 1409478912.
  14. ↑ Rich, Frank (November 18, 2015). "Loving Carol". Vulture. New York. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  15. ↑ Highsmith, Patricia. "The Price of Salt > Editions". Goodreads. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
  16. ↑ Miller, Meg (April 25, 2014). "The Novel that Inspired Nabokov’s Lolita". Off the Shelf. Simon & Schuster. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
  17. ↑ McCann, Sean (April 1, 2011). "Frequently as a rat has orgasms". New York City in the '40s. Wesleyan University. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
  18. ↑ Castle, Terry (November 9, 2003). "The Ick Factor". The New Republic (Win McCormack). pp. 28–32.
  19. ↑ Highsmith, Patricia (2004). The Price of Salt, or Carol. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393325997.
  20. ↑ Highsmith, Patricia (2015). Carol. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393352689. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
  21. ↑ Highsmith, Patricia (2015). Carol. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781408865675. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
  22. ↑ Wilson, Andrew (2003). "Art is not always healthy and why should it be? 1988-1992 (chap. 35)". Beautiful Shadow: A Life of Patricia Highsmith (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 1582341982.
  23. ↑ Morgan, Claire (1984). The Price of Salt. Naiad Press. p. 276. ISBN 0930044495. Naiad Press reprinting prior to 1990 Bloomsbury publication under Patricia Highsmith name.
  24. ↑ Cotkin, George (December 10, 2015). "Carol and What It Was Really Like to Be a Lesbian in the 1950s". TIME. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  25. 1 2 3 Meaker, Marijane (2003). "One". Highsmith: A Romance of the 1950's (1st ed.). Cleis Press. ISBN 1573441716.
  26. ↑ "Carol: 15 Minute Drama". BBC Radio 4. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  27. ↑ White, Patricia (December 24, 2015). "A Lesbian "Carol" for Christmas". Public Books. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
  28. ↑ The Frame Staff (January 6, 2016). "Phyllis Nagy and the long road to writing 'Carol'". The Frame. Southern California Public Radio. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  29. ↑ Siegel, Ed (January 6, 2016). "Todd Haynes' 'Carol' — Somebody Finally Gets Patricia Highsmith Right". The ARTery. Boston University. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  30. ↑ Festival de Cannes (April 15, 2015). "The 2015 Official Selection". Festival de Cannes.
  31. ↑ RFI (May 24, 2015). "US film Carol wins Queer Palm at Cannes". RFI.
  32. ↑ "Oscar Nominations: The Complete List". The Hollywood Reporter. January 14, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2016.

Further reading

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