The Rocketeer (film)

The Rocketeer

Directed by Joe Johnston
Produced by Charles Gordon
Lawrence Gordon
Lloyd Levin
Screenplay by Danny Bilson
Paul De Meo
Story by Danny Bilson
Paul De Meo
William Dear
Based on The Rocketeer by
Dave Stevens
Starring Billy Campbell
Jennifer Connelly
Alan Arkin
Timothy Dalton
Paul Sorvino
Tiny Ron Taylor
Music by James Horner
Cinematography Hiro Narita
Edited by Arthur Schmidt
Production
company
Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures
Release dates
  • June 21, 1991 (1991-06-21)
Running time
 108 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget $40 million[2]
Box office $46.7 million[1]

The Rocketeer is a 1991 American period superhero film from Walt Disney Pictures, produced by Charles Gordon, Lawrence Gordon, and Lloyd Levin, directed by Joe Johnston, and starring Billy Campbell, Jennifer Connelly, Alan Arkin, Timothy Dalton, Paul Sorvino and Tiny Ron Taylor. The film is based upon the character of the same name created by comic book artist and writer Dave Stevens.

Set in 1938 Los Angeles, California, The Rocketeer tells the story of stunt pilot Cliff Secord who discovers a rocket powered jet pack that enables him to fly without an aircraft. His heroic deeds soon attract the attention of Howard Hughes and the FBI, who are hunting for the missing jet pack, as well as sadistic Nazi operatives.

Development for The Rocketeer started as far back as 1983, when Stevens sold the film rights. Steve Miner and William Dear considered directing The Rocketeer before Johnston signed on. Screenwriters Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo had creative differences with Disney, which caused the film to languish in development hell.[3] The studio also intended to change the trademark helmet design; Disney CEO Michael Eisner wanted a straight NASA-type helmet, but Johnston convinced the studio otherwise. Johnston also had to convince Disney to let him cast unknown actor Billy Campbell in the lead role. Filming for The Rocketeer lasted from September 19, 1990 to January 22, 1991. The visual effects sequences were created and designed by Industrial Light & Magic.

The film was released on June 21, 1991 and received generally favorable reviews from critics,[4] although plans for Rocketeer sequels were abandoned after the film failed to perform at the box office. As of 2012, new efforts were being made for a remake,[5] but there has not been any new announcements since.

Plot

In 1938 Los Angeles two gangsters in Eddie Valentine's (Paul Sorvino) gang steal a rocket pack from Howard Hughes (Terry O'Quinn). During their escape, they find themselves on an airfield, where they hide the rocket, ending up in an auto-airplane accident while escaping, the police in hot pursuit. Stunt pilot Cliff Secord (Billy Campbell), whose Gee Bee racer was totaled during the accident, and airplane mechanic Peevy (Alan Arkin) later find the rocket pack hidden in a bi-plane cockpit. Meanwhile, famous actor Neville Sinclair (Timothy Dalton), who hired Valentine's gang to steal the rocket, sends his monstrous henchman Lothar (Tiny Ron) to question the injured getaway driver, who tells him him the rocket is at the airfield.

Cliff's aspiring actress girlfriend Jenny Blake (Jennifer Connelly) has a bit part in the latest Neville Sinclair film. On set, Sinclair overhears Cliff attempting to tell Jenny about the rocket pack, so he invites her to dinner. Afterward, at a local air show, Cliff uses the rocket pack (and Peevy's newly designed face-hiding finned helmet) to rescue his friend Malcolm (Eddie Jones), who is drunkenly piloting a bi-plane. Having been seen by the newsreel press in the airshow audience (and Valentine's gangsters), "The Rocketeer" becomes a media sensation.

Sinclair sends Lothar to Cliff and Peevy's home to find the rocket pack. The FBI arrives, but Cliff and Peevy escape, while Lothar steals its detailed schematics drawn up by Peevy. Later at the airfield diner, Cliff and Peevy, trapped by several Valentine mobsters, learn that Jenny had a date with Sinclair and of the actor's involvement in the hunt for the rocket pack. The diner patrons overpower the gangsters, while a bullet ricochet punctures the rocket's fuel tank, which Peevy temporarily patches with Cliff's chewing gum.[Note 1]

At Sinclair's home, Jenny discovers that he is a Nazi secret agent and Jenny knocks him cold. She is later detained and forced to leave a message for Cliff to bring the rocket to the Griffith Observatory in exchange for her life. Just before he is arrested by the FBI and taken to Howard Hughes, Cliff hides the rocket pack. Hughes reveals his rocket is a prototype, similar to one that Nazi scientists have been so far unsuccessful in developing. Secord asks what the interest is the rocket pack, and Hughes shows a horrifying propaganda film depicting flying soldiers invading the United States and hoisting a Nazi flag over the White House. When Hughes demands the return of the rocket, Cliff explains that he needs it to rescue Jenny; he escapes, inadvertently leaving behind a clue to where he is headed.

Cliff flies to the rendezvous where Sinclair demands the rocket. He divulges to the mobsters that the actor is a Nazi spy; Valentine turns his weapon on Sinclair and Lothar. Sinclair summons 60 heavily armed Nazi S.A. commandos hidden at the observatory. The Nazi rigid airship Luxembourg appears overhead to evacuate Sinclair. FBI agents suddenly announce their presence, having secretly surrounded the area; they and the mobsters join forces to battle the Nazis. Sinclair and Lothar escape, dragging Jenny with them aboard the airship.

Cliff flies to and boards the airship, but during the ensuing showdown, Jenny accidentally sets the bridge on fire using a flare gun. Sinclair takes the rocket pack to save himself, saying "I'll miss Hollywood". This proves an ironic statement, as Cliff removed the makeshift chewing gum patch from the tank which is now leaking, causing Sinclair to plummet to his death near the "HOLLYWOODLAND" sign, and the resulting explosion destroys the LAND part. Lothar is engulfed in flames as the airship explodes, but Cliff and Jenny are rescued at the last moment by Hughes and Peevy flying an autogyro.

Hughes later presents Cliff with a brand-new Gee Bee air racer and a fresh pack of chewing gum. As Hughes leaves, Jenny returns to Peevy his rocket blueprints that she found in Sinclair's home; Peevy decides that, with some modifications, he can build an even better one.

Cast

As appearing in The Rocketeer, (main roles and screen credits identified):

Production

Development

Comic book writer/artist Dave Stevens created the Rocketeer in 1982 and immediately viewed the character as an ideal protagonist for a film adaptation. Steve Miner purchased the film rights from Stevens in 1983, but he strayed too far from the original concept and the rights reverted to Stevens.[6] In 1985 Stevens gave writers Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo a free option on The Rocketeer rights. Stevens liked that "their ideas for The Rocketeer were heartfelt and affectionate tributes to the 1930s serials with all the right dialogue and atmosphere. Most people would approach my characters contemporarily, but Danny and Paul saw them as pre-war mugs."[7]

Stevens, Bilson and De Meo began to consider making The Rocketeer as a low-budget film, shot in black-and-white and funded by independent investors. Their plan was to make the film a complete homage to the Commando Cody serial films, and use a cast largely associated with character actors. However, that same year, the trio approached William Dear to direct/co-write The Rocketeer, and they eventually dropped the low-budget idea.[6] Bilson, De Meo, and Dear kept the comic book's basic plot intact, but fleshed it out to include a Hollywood setting and a climactic battle against a Nazi Zeppelin.[7] They also tweaked Cliff's girlfriend to avoid comparisons to Bettie Page (Stevens' original inspiration), changing her name from Betty to Jenny and her profession from nude model to Hollywood extra (a change also made to make the film more family friendly).[6] Dear proceeded to transform the climax from a submarine into a Zeppelin setpiece.[7]

Stevens, Bilson, De Meo, and Dear began to pitch The Rocketeer in 1986 to the major film studios but were turned down. "This was 1986, long before Batman or Dick Tracy or anything similar", Stevens explained. "In those days, no studio was interested at all in an expensive comic book movie. We got there about three years too early for our own good!"[6] Walt Disney Studios eventually accepted The Rocketeer because they believed the film had toyetic potential and appeal for merchandising. The Rocketeer was set to be released through the studio's Touchstone Pictures label; Stevens, Bilson, De Meo, and Dear all signed a contract which would permit them to make a trilogy of Rocketeer films. However, Disney studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg switched the film to a Walt Disney Pictures release. According to Stevens, "immediately, Betty and anything else 'adult' went right out with the bathwater. They really tried to shoehorn it into a kiddie property so they could sell toys. All they really wanted at the end of the day, was the name".[6]

Initially, Disney executives wanted to set the film in contemporary times, out of concern that a period piece might not appeal to a large audience. However, Bilson and DeMeo argued that the success of the Indiana Jones trilogy proved that ticketgoers would enjoy an adventure film set in the 1930s, and the studio finally agreed.

Bilson and DeMeo then submitted their seven-page film treatment to Disney, but the studio put their script through an endless series of revisions. Over five years, Disney fired and rehired Bilson and DeMeo three times. DeMeo explained that "Disney felt that they needed a different approach to the script, which meant bringing in someone else. But those scripts were thrown out and we were always brought back on".[7] They found the studio's constant tinkering with the screenplay to be a frustrating process as "executives would like previously excised dialogue three months later. Scenes that had been thrown out two years ago were put back in. What was the point"?[7] DeMeo said. One of Bilson and De Meo's significant revisions to the script over the years was to make Cliff and Jenny's romance more believable and avoid cliché aspects that would stereotype Jenny as a damsel in distress.[7] The numerous project delays forced Dear to drop out as director. Joe Johnston, a fan of the comic book, immediately offered his services as director when he found out Disney owned the film rights. Johnston was quickly hired and pre-production started in early-1990. After Bilson and De Meo's third major rewrite, Disney finally greenlighted The Rocketeer.[7]

The characterization of Neville Sinclair was inspired by movie star Errol Flynn, or rather by the image of Flynn that had been popularized by Charles Higham's unauthorized and fabricated biography of the actor,[8] in which he asserted that Flynn was, among other things, a Nazi spy. The film's Neville Sinclair is, like Higham's Flynn, a movie star known for his work in swashbuckler roles, and who is secretly a Nazi spy. Because Higham's biography of Flynn was not refuted until the late 1980s, the image of Flynn as a closet Nazi remained current all through the arduous process of writing and re-writing the script.[9] The other real-life characterization was of Howard Hughes.[Note 2]

Casting

Casting the lead role of Cliff Secord was a struggle for the filmmakers.[10] Disney executive Jeffrey Katzenberg even had one of the studio's then-staff writers, Karey Kirkpatrick, audition for the part.[11] Kevin Costner and Matthew Modine were the first actors considered for the role. When they both proved to be unavailable, Dennis Quaid, Kurt Russell, Bill Paxton and Emilio Estevez auditioned for the part. Johnny Depp was Disney's favorite choice,[7] while Paxton commented he came "really close" to getting the lead.[12] Vincent D'Onofrio turned down the role[13] and the filmmakers were forced to continue their search.[6]

The decision to cast Billy Campbell as Cliff Secord caused mixed emotions amongst Disney executives. Director Joe Johnston and creator Dave Stevens believed Campbell was perfect for the role, but Disney wanted an A-list actor. Johnston eventually convinced Disney otherwise.[6] Campbell was not familiar with the comic book when he got the part but quickly read it, in addition to books on aviation. He also prepared by listening to 1940s period music. The actor had a fear of flying but overcame it with the help of the film's aerial coordinator, Craig Hosking. To ensure his safety, Campbell was doubled for almost all of the flying sequences in conventional aircraft.[7] Ultimately, a scale model devised by ILM puppeteer Tom St. Amand was used for all the rocket pack scenes.[14]

For the female lead of Cliff's girlfriend Jenny, Sherilyn Fenn, Kelly Preston, Diane Lane and Elizabeth McGovern were considered before Jennifer Connelly was eventually cast.[15] Campbell and Connelly's working relationship eventually led to a romantic coupling, which Johnston found to be a technique for method acting that helped with their on-screen chemistry.[7] For Secord's sidekick, Peevy, Dave Stevens hoped that Lloyd Bridges would play the part, but Bridges turned it down and Alan Arkin was cast. The part of Neville Sinclair was offered to Jeremy Irons and Charles Dance before Timothy Dalton accepted the role. Lastly, the part of Eddie Valentine was written with Joe Pesci in mind, but he turned down the part, which went to Paul Sorvino.[15]

Remaining cast members included Tiny Ron Taylor as Lothar, Terry O'Quinn as Howard Hughes, Jon Polito as Otis Bigelow, Ed Lauter as Agent Fitch, Eddie Jones as Malcolm the Mechanic and Robert Miranda as Spanish Johnny. Rocketeer creator Dave Stevens has a cameo as the German test pilot who is killed when the Nazis' version of a rocket backpack explodes during the takeoff sequence.

Filming

Principal photography for The Rocketeer lasted from September 19, 1990 to January 22, 1991.[2] Filming at the Griffith Observatory took place in November 1990.[2] The film ended up going 50 days over schedule due to weather and mechanical problems.[7] Rocketeer creator Dave Stevens allied himself with director Joe Johnston and production manager Ian Bryce in an effort to be as heavily involved in the production process as possible and to try and secure as much artistic control as he could from Disney. Disney, in particular, was not enthusiastic with Stevens' involvement. "I was on the set day and night", Stevens reflected, "from pre-production till post-production! And initially, I had to fight to prove that I was there for the benefit of the film, and not for my own ego."[6]

The original production budget was set at $25 million, but rose to $40 million. This happened after Disney became impressed with the dailies; "they realized this was a bigger movie than they were anticipating", Johnston explained, "and they approved overages. It never got completely out of control."[2] An abandoned World War II runway at the Santa Maria, California airport set the scene for the fictional Chaplin Air Field. Additional scenes were shot at Bakersfield.[Note 3] For the air circus scene, 700 Santa Maria extras and 25 vintage aircraft were employed. Aerial coordinator Craig Hosking remarked in an interview, "What makes The Rocketeer so unique was having several one-of-a-kind planes that hadn't flown in years,"[7] including a 1916 Standard biplane and a Gee Bee Model Z racer.[7] The sequence where Cliff rescues Malcolm was adapted shot-for-shot from Stevens' comic book.[6][Note 4][Note 5]

Design

A Rocketeer uniform on display at Planet Hollywood in Disney Springs.

Stevens gave the film's production designer Jim Bissell and his two art directors his entire reference library pertaining to the Rocketeer at that time period, including blueprints for hangars and bleachers, schematics for building the autogyro, photos and drawings of the Bulldog Cafe,[Note 6] the uniforms for the air circus staff, and contacts for locating the vintage aircraft that were to be used. Stevens remembers that they "literally just took the reference and built the sets".[6] Disney originally intended to change the Rocketeer's trademark helmet design completely. President Michael Eisner wanted a straight NASA-type helmet but director Johnston threatened to quit production on The Rocketeer. Disney relented, but only after creating a number of prototype designs that were ultimately rejected by the filmmakers. Stevens asked Johnston for one week to produce a good helmet design. He proceeded to work with a sculptor he knew, made a cast of the film's main stunt man's head and brainstormed ideas with the help of his sketches. They produced a helmet that the filmmakers agreed looked appropriate from all angles; in most respects it was identical to the helmet design Stevens had used for his comics series.[6]

Rick Baker designed the Rondo Hatton-inspired prosthetic makeup designs for the Lothar character, portrayed by Tiny Ron Taylor.[20]

Visual effects

ILM's scale modeled-explosion of the Hollywood Sign

The visual effects were designed and created by George Lucas' Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) with Ken Ralston (Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Sony Pictures Imageworks founder) serving as the VFX supervisor. Rocketeer director Joe Johnston previously worked as an art director/model maker at ILM before his film directing career took off.[Note 7] Johnston's insistence on a realistic flying rocketman led ILM to devise a lifelike Cliff Secord model that was filmed in "stop-motion-animation" coupled with an 18" figurine that was manipulated by hand and in "go-motion" to create "motion-blur."[14] Speeded-up Moviola effects were also used to advantage in the air circus sequence where a combination of live action and stop-motion animation was also employed.[21][Note 8]

The Rocketeer's attack on the Nazi Zeppelin was filmed near Six Flags Magic Mountain amusement park in Valencia, California over four months through pick-ups.[7] Remaining visual effects footage took place at ILM's headquarters in San Rafael and Hamilton Air Force Base. There, they constructed a 12 ft scale model of the Zeppelin, which was photographed against matte paintings that resembled 1938 Los Angeles for intercutting purposes. The Zeppelin explosion special effect alone cost $400,000.[2]

Soundtrack

The Rocketeer
Soundtrack album by James Horner
Released 26 May 1991
Recorded 1991
Genre Soundtrack
Length 57:16
Label Hollywood
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Filmtracks link

The music for The Rocketeer was composed and conducted by James Horner. The soundtrack received positive reviews and is often mentioned as being one of the film's stronger elements.[22] The soundtrack was released by Hollywood Records and features nearly an hour of music with eight tracks of score and two vocal tracks performed by actress/singer Melora Hardin. The two songs were arranged by Billy May, who had collaborated with Horner several times in the past.

No. Title Length
1. "Main Title / Takeoff"   4:30
2. "The Flying Circus"   6:30
3. "Jenny"   5:10
4. "Begin the Beguine" (performed by Melora Hardin) 3:36
5. "Neville Sinclair's House"   7:20
6. "Jenny's Rescue"   3:20
7. "Rendezvous at Griffith Park Observatory"   8:10
8. "When Your Lover Has Gone" (performed by Melora Hardin) 3:25
9. "The Zeppelin"   7:58
10. "Rocketeer to the Rescue / End Titles"   6:30

Release

Marketing

To promote The Rocketeer, Disney made tie-in endorsements with Pizza Hut and M&M's/Mars candies.[23] An extensive product line followed of computer games,[Note 9][Note 10] toys, posters, trading cards, pins, patches, buttons, T-shirts, and children's clothing, licensed to coincide with the film's opening.[25] The studio also spent a further $19 million on TV advertising alone.[26] A television special documentary, titled The Rocketeer: Excitement in the Air, was broadcast on the Disney Channel in June 1991.[23] That same month, a young adult novelization written by Peter David was published by Bantam Books,[27] while a similar novelization by Ron Fontes, for younger readers was published by Scholastic Books for Disney Press.[28]

The Rocketeer had its premiere at the 1,100 seat El Capitan Theatre on June 19, 1991. This was the first premiere to take place at the El Capitan in more than two years, due to an Art Deco-like restoration project Disney had been working on.[29]

Home media

When released on the home video market in 1991–1992 in both LaserDisc and VHS/Beta videotape formats,The Rocketeer earned an additional $23.18 million in rentals.[30] A movie soundtrack, compiled and produced by James Horner, was released in both audio cassette and CD variants.[31] The Rocketeer was released on Region 1 DVD by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment in August 1999. No special features were included on the later DVD release although the 1991 LaserDisc (#1239 as) had included the original theatrical trailer.[32] A Blu-ray Disc was released on December 13, 2011 for its 20th Anniversary Edition.[33]

Reception

Box office

The Rocketeer was released in the United States on June 21, 1991, earning $9.6 million in its opening weekend in 1,616 theaters.[34] The film opened #4 behind Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, City Slickers and Dying Young. Rocketeer eventually grossed only $46.6 million in US box office making it a disappointment. Outside the US and Canada, the film was released through Touchstone Pictures rather than Walt Disney Pictures, in an attempt to attract the teenage audience it did not reach in North America.[1]

The Disney tag also was seen to have turned off people who assumed that the film was for children. In addition, Rocketeer's original Art Deco poster was changed because it failed to draw attention to the cast, including then-current James Bond, Timothy Dalton. A new poster was designed to feature Dalton, Billy Campbell and Jennifer Connelly prominently.[1] However, the film also failed in Britain, grossing just over £1 million in its first two weeks at just under 250 screens. The new ad campaign was being designed while the British promotional campaign for the film was already under way and some theaters still had the stylized U.S. movie poster.[1]

Critical response

The film received mixed or average reviews from critics. Based on 57 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, 61% of the critics enjoyed The Rocketeer with an average score of 5.9/10.[35] Roger Ebert enjoyed the film, noting its homages to the film serials of the 1930s–1950s. Although Ebert cited the visual effects as being state of the art, he described them "as charmingly direct as those rockets in the Flash Gordon serials—the ones with sparklers hidden inside of them, which were pulled on wires in front of papier-mâché mountains."[36] Leonard Maltin wrote that the "film captures the look of the '30s, as well as the gee-whiz innocence of Saturday matinée serials, but it's talky and takes too much time to get where it's going. Dalton has fun as a villain patterned after Errol Flynn."[20] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine also gave a positive review. "The Rocketeer is more than one of the best films of the summer; it's the kind of movie magic that we don't see much anymore", he continued, "the kind that charms us, rather than bullying us, into suspending disbelief."[37]

Internet reviewer James Berardinelli commented that "The Rocketeer may not be perfect, but it's an excellent example of how to adapt a comic book to the screen."[17] However, Janet Maslin from The New York Times gave a mixed review. She called The Rocketeer "a benign adventure saga that has attractive stars, elaborate gimmicks and nice production values—everything it needs except a personality of its own." Maslin believed that by setting the story in 1938, the filmmakers were more interested in the Art Deco production design and visual effects instead of imbuing the storyline with "inspiration, which may be why it finally feels flat."[38] Hal Hinson, writing in The Washington Post, felt the film was too concerned with family-friendliness.[39] Jonathan Rosenbaum of Chicago Reader believed both the editing and the storyline were not well balanced and felt The Rocketeer ripped-off elements of Indiana Jones and Back to the Future. Rosenbaum also cited the casting decision of character actors as being too practical. "The whole thing is good-natured enough", he explained, "but increasingly mechanical."[40]

Rocketeer creator Dave Stevens acknowledged he was "satisfied with 70% of the film"[6] and highly praised Joe Johnston's direction. "The overall spirit and sweetness of the series is still there, intact", Stevens remembers. "We lost some good character stuff in editing for time, but the tone of it is still what I was trying to project in the comic pages. I also thought Joe's casting choices were excellent. To his credit, Joe did not fill out the cast with a bunch of Beverly Hills, 90210 Barbie and Ken-type kids." Stevens found Billy Campbell to be "a good-looking guy but he also happens to be Cliff! I would never have cast him based on good looks alone, but he came into the audition and just nailed it shut. He was made for it. The part was his."[6][Note 11]

Accolades

The Rocketeer was nominated for both the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film, but lost both categories to Terminator 2: Judgment Day.[41] Costume designer Marilyn Vance won the Saturn Award for Best Costumes, while Jennifer Connelly (Best Supporting Actress) and VFX supervisor Ken Ralston (Best Special Effects) also received nominations.[41][42]

Sequels

From the beginning of the process of making The Rocketeer, creator Dave Stevens and screenwriters Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo envisioned it as the first entry of a trilogy.[6] Disney, in particular, hoped the film would carry a vein similar to the Indiana Jones franchise.[7] Both Campbell and Connelly were contracted for sequels; Campbell for two more and Connelly for only one.[43] However, with the film's disappointing box office performance, plans for a sequel were halted in July 1991.[44] "[Unfortunately] the movie didn't make as much money as Disney had hoped", Campbell reflected in a January 2008 interview with MTV News. "And that coupled with the acrimonious relationship that the director [Joe Johnston] and the studio had, contributed to them not even considering it."[45]

Although the calls for a sequel remain unrequited, as with many films of this genre, the movie has built up a cult following [45] in both the United States and Japan, where until 2008, Medicom, a major toy manufacturer, issued two versions of 12" poseable action figures and replica helmets based on the film.[46] The original Dave Stevens comics are still in demand and movie memorabilia continues to have a ready audience.[47] In addition, Johnston's work on this film led to him being hired 20 years later to direct another period superhero film, Captain America: The First Avenger in 2011.[48]

As of 2012, Disney was reported to be developing a remake of The Rocketeer.[5] Saw series creator James Wan has talked about directing the film.[49] Further announcements since then have yet to be made.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Cliff's gum was placed on the tail of his Gee Bee air racer in the opening scene as well. Cliff proceeds to the South Seas Club, where he tells her about his new alter ego. The Valentine gang arrives, and in the ensuing melée, Jenny is kidnapped by Sinclair.
  2. ↑ In the original story, the character of Howard Hughes was the pulp adventure hero Doc Savage.
  3. ↑ The large hangar built for the movie at the Santa Maria airport was purchased and moved across the field and placed next to the original at the airport. The Santa Maria Air Museum and is filled with historical aircraft artifacts. The hangar was modified and upgraded by a team of volunteers over two years to bring up it to code to enable it to be used by the public. Much of the original movie set detail is visible inside, and there is an added library that can be used for researchers.
  4. ↑ The Gee Bee Model Z replica built for the film has a number of significant changes with an extended fuselage and greater wingspan. These modifications were necessitated by the original racer's reputation as having "dangerous" flight characteristics.[16]
  5. ↑ Although aerial footage included actual aircraft, CGI and other scale model work was also included.[14][17]
  6. ↑ The Bulldog Cafe was modeled after an actual cafe built in the 1920s.[18][19]
  7. ↑ At ILM, Johnston had worked on films such as the original Star Wars trilogy and Raiders of the Lost Ark.[2]
  8. ↑ The filming of an actual aerial display held at Santa Monica was intercut with movie footage to create the air circus sequence.[21]
  9. ↑ The Rocketeer was released in PC XP, Nintendo/Super Nintendo computer game formats, current for the time.[24]
  10. ↑ Electronic Gaming Monthly awarded The Rocketeer Video Game as their "Worst Movie-to-Game" of 1992.[24]
  11. ↑ In pre-release publicity, Campbell had been touted as the perfect Cliff Secord lookalike with allusions to stepping out of a comic book page.[10]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Disney rebrands Rocketeer to reach wider audience." Screen Finance, August 21, 1991.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Behind the scenes of ''The Rocketeer''". EW.com. 1991-06-21. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  3. ↑ Mitchell, Kerrie. "Dept. of development hell." Premiere (American edition), Volume 18, Issue 5, February 2005, p. 40.
  4. ↑ Maltin 2000, p. 302.
  5. 1 2 What to Stream Now. "Disney’s The Rocketeer Being Reloaded". Vulture. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Comic Book Artist Magazine #15 - Dave Stevens Interview - TwoMorrows Publishing". Twomorrows.com. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Tom K Ranheim (1991-08-01). "Cinefantastique - The Authorized Dave Stevens Web Site". Davestevens.com. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  8. ↑ Time's Reviewers/Compiled by Andrea Sachs (1991-08-05). "Critics' Voices: Aug. 5, 1991". TIME. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  9. ↑
  10. 1 2 Mills 1991, p. 10.
  11. ↑ "Almost the Rocketeer". EW.com. 1991-07-12. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  12. ↑ Cagle, Jess (1991-07-19). "Bill Paxton is over the top". EW.com. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  13. ↑ Bonin, Liane (2000-09-08). "Ryan Phillippe tries to shake his heartthrob image". EW.com. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  14. 1 2 3 Vaz and Duignan 1996, pp. 68, 70.
  15. 1 2 "Rocketeer To The Rescue!" Prevue, Issue #84, August 1991.
  16. ↑ Benjamin and Wolf 1993, p. 91.
  17. 1 2 A movie review by James Berardinelli (1991-06-21). "Rocketeer, The | Reelviews Movie Reviews". Reelviews.net. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  18. ↑ Smith 2006, p. 475.
  19. ↑ Austin Coop (2014-12-04). "Iconic roadside relic "Bulldog Cafe" saved from destruction". Roadtrippers. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  20. 1 2 Maltin, Leonard et al. 2003, pp. 1178–1179.
  21. 1 2 Vaz and Duignan 1996, p. 71.
  22. ↑ "The Rocketeer (James Horner)". Filmtracks. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  23. 1 2 Broeske, Pat H. (1991-05-31). "Summer movie toys and product spin-offs". EW.com. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  24. 1 2 "The Rocketeer (Game)". Giant Bomb. 1991-12-31. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  25. ↑ "Deb's Digest: D23 The Official Community for Disney Fans Archives". Land.allears.net. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  26. ↑ Magiera, Marcy. "Disney adds to tie-ins." Advertising Age, February 11, 1991.
  27. ↑ Peter David (Author). "The Rocketeer: Peter David: 9780553293227: Amazon.com: Books". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  28. ↑ Fontes 1991, p. Flyleaf and verso.
  29. ↑ Green, Tom. "Rocketeer launches a restored theater." USA Today, June 19, 1991.
  30. ↑ "The Rocketeer." The Numbers. Retrieved: October 31, 2010.
  31. ↑ Horner, James. The Rocketeer: Music From The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. Hollywood: Hollywood Records, 1996.
  32. ↑ "The Rocketeer (1991)." Amazon.com. Retrieved: October 31, 2010.
  33. ↑ "The Rocketeer Blu-ray Review." IGN. Retrieved: December 15, 2011.
  34. ↑ "The Rocketeer (1991)". Box Office Mojo. 1991-08-06. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  35. ↑ "The Rocketeer (1991)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  36. ↑ Ebert, Roger (1991-06-21). "The Rocketeer Movie Review & Film Summary (1991) | Roger Ebert". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  37. ↑ Travers, Peter. "The Rocketeer." at the Wayback Machine (archived December 4, 2007) Rolling Stone (magazine), July 11, 1991 via web archive. Retrieved: October 31, 2010.
  38. ↑ Maslin, Janet (1991-06-21). "Movie Review - The Rocketeer - Review/Film; 'Rocketeer': Wings vs. Soul - NYTimes.com". Movies.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  39. ↑ "‘The Rocketeer’ (PG)". Washingtonpost.com. 1991-06-21. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  40. ↑ Rosenbaum, Jonathan. "The Rocketeer | Chicago Reader". Onfilm.chicagoreader.com. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  41. 1 2 Archived February 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  42. ↑ "1992 Hugo Awards". The Hugo Awards. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  43. ↑ Salem, Rob. "Rocketing romance." Toronto Star, August 16, 1991.
  44. ↑ Stewart 2005, pp. 115, 142.
  45. 1 2 mtv (2008-01-09). "High-Flying Hero Billy Campbell Wants Return Of Rocketeer - MTV". Moviesblog.mtv.com. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  46. ↑ crawford. "Rocketeer version 2 action figure - Another Toy Review by Michael Crawford, Captain Toy". Mwctoys.com. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  47. ↑ http://web.archive.org/web/20110716024710/http://www.filmbuffonline.com/blog/2008/01/billy-campbell-wants-return-of.html. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2010. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  48. ↑ http://www.webcitation.org/5zx6rG4OQ
  49. ↑ "Director James Wan Talks 'The Conjuring' & Dream Comic Book Movie". YouTube. 2012-10-20. Retrieved 2015-12-31.

Bibliography

  • Benjamin, Delmar and Steve Wolf. Gee Bee. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Co., 1993. ISBN 0-87938-820-X.
  • Bilson, Daniel, Paul De Meo and William Dear. The Rocketeer: Screenplay. S.l.: s.n., Revised June 13, 1990 script.
  • David, Peter. The Rocketeer Novelization of the Film. New York: Bantam Books, 1991 ISBN 0-553-29322-2.
  • Fontes, Ron. Rocketeer Novelization. New York: Scholastic Inc., 1991. ISBN 0-590-45351-3.
  • Holzberg, Roger. The Rocketeer, based on characters created by Dave Stevens: Original screenplay by Danny Bilson, Paul De Meo and William Dear, first draft, May 1990. Hollywood: APA Scripts, June 13, 1990.
  • Maltin, Leonard. The Disney Films. New York: Disney Editions, 2000. ISBN 978-0-7868-8527-5.
  • Maltin, Leonard, Cathleen Anderson and Luke Sader. Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide. New York: Plume, 2003. ISBN 0-451-20940-0.
  • Mills, David. "Movie Views: Rocketeer." Kid's Tribute, Volume 3, Issue 3, Summer 1991.
  • The Rocketeer: Excitement in the Air (documentary). Burbank, California: The Wrightwood Group, Walt Disney Television, 1991.
  • Smith, Dave. Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia (Third Edition). New York: Disney Editions, 2006. ISBN 978-0-7868-4919-2.
  • Stewart, James B. DisneyWar. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. ISBN 0-684-80993-1.
  • Cotta Vaz, Mark and Patricia Rose Duignan. Industrial Light & Magic: Into the Digital Realm. New York: Del Rey Books, 1996. ISBN 0-345-38152-1.

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