Spanish Fury

The Spanish Fury – The destruction of Antwerp 1576 (Hans Collaer, 1577)
Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam

A Spanish Fury was a vindictive, rampant bloody pillaging of cities in the Low Countries by mutinous Spanish troops, that occurred in the years 1583–1589 during the Dutch Revolt.

The most famous Spanish Fury was the sack of Antwerp in 1576. Sometimes this singular expression refers to the entire mutinous campaign of 1576, to the city punishments of 1572.^[1][2][3]

Background: A decade of upheaval

The Battle of Rammekens between the Spanish and the Sea Beggar fleet in 1573

Several requests for relaxation of religious coercion in the Low Countries, including a petition by a covenant of noblemen in the winter of 1565–66, had been rejected. The summer then brought renewed violent outbursts of iconoclasm, in which 'Beeldenstorm' Calvinists defaced statues and decorations of Catholic monasteries and churches. The Battle of Oosterweel in March 1567 was the first Spanish military response to the many riots, and a prelude to or the start of the Eighty Years' War.^{[Note 1]} The Spanish King's captain-general Alba, the Iron Duke, with 10,000 men made the first military use of the Spanish Road. He was granted powers exceeding those of the king's half-sister Margaret of Parma, who had manoeuvred both Granvelle and William the Silent of Orange to the background while trying to reconcile local priorities with Spanish orders. Upon their meeting, judging the duke's inflexibility on extreme positions, the duchess resigned. He replaced her as governor-general of the Seventeen Provinces, and unlawfully instituted the Council of Troubles in September of that same year. This court-martial style tribunal often sentenced political opponents and religious Reformists to death; the more than 1,000 executions caused it being called the 'Council of Blood'.

Don Fadrique's deployment of the Army of Flanders, 1572

Massacre of Naarden, 1 December 1572,
Spanish soldiers slaughtering local civilians
(17th century etching by J. Luyken) British Museum, London

The Sea Beggars, having been driven out of English harbours by Elizabeth I, captured Brielle on 1 April 1572. This foothold triggered anti-royalist rebellion in the Counties of Zeeland and of Holland. Other cities in the Low Countries that showed signs of rebellion against increased taxation and prosecution of Protestants, or did not allow troops of either side in,^[4] became vigorously forced into Catholicism and total political obedience to the Spanish Crown.^[5]

Spanish Furies

By underpaid military under regular command

Looting a conquered town was not uncommon, and Governor Alba took it a step further by intentionally setting horrifying examples against sympathy for the rebels.^[6][7]

• The Spanish Fury at Mechelen was the earliest event that became known by this term. After Orange's lieutenant Bernard of Merode had taken the city and controlled Mechelen for a month, he and his men left because a much stronger Spanish force was coming. Despite welcoming the latter by singing psalms of penitence in a gesture of surrender, from 2 October 1572, under command of Governor Alva's^{[Note 2]} son Fadrique, three days long the city was sacked by his slaughtering, raping and pillaging troops. Alva reported to King Philip II that "no nail was left in the wall".^[8][9][10]
• The Army of Flanders that had sacked Mechelen, reconquered Diest and Roermond, marched on to Guelders and in November easily regained Zutphen, which had been taken for Orange in June. Don Fadrique ordered his men to kill the garrison and allowed them to murder and plunder the city. After the Spanish Fury at Zutphen, the counties to its north capitulated.^[11]
• By December at Naarden in Holland, the inhabitants negotiated their surrender but the city was sacked and burnt down, and only 60 people survived the Spanish Fury at Naarden.^[11]
• The Spanish Fury at Haarlem, in 1573, following the half-year-long Siege of Haarlem^[12]

By December 1573, too high and yet ineffective financial expenditures, and complaints about the sheer cruelty of the governor's expeditions, led to Requesens replacing Alba, who returned to Spain. The notorious 'Council of Blood' ordered no more executions, and was already in June 1574 officially abolished by Requesens but remained in session until the Summer of 1576.

In October 1576, during the city of Maastricht's rebellion against its fortress because of continued heavy payments, German soldiers of the Spanish garrison followed city council orders and stood aside. While some Spanish troops held out at one of the gates, others fled with the garrison's commander Francisco de Montesdoca to his minor fortification at Wyck just across the River Maas bridge. Though Montesdoca was offered safety during negotiations, he was arrested in the heat of this dispute. He was liberated while soldiery arriving from Dalem and those of Wyck captured the city. As few Spanish lives had been lost, the Germans were excused but had to make camp in neighbouring villages.

• The Spanish Fury of October 1576 refers to the subsequent punishment of the city with a pillaging bloodbath.^{[3][13][14][15]}

By abandoned military on looting expedition

Upon Requesens' death in March 1576, the Spanish king appointed his own half-brother Don Juan as Governor-General of the Netherlands but hesitated several months before notifying him. Even then, Don Juan did not hurry to proceed to Netherlands. The abandoned officers and ordinary soldiers not being paid, started a mutinous looting campaign with the style of conduct that had been demonstrated earlier.

• The Spanish Fury at Aalst, a city that had always been loyal, showed that the military insurgences that had been occurring more than occasionally since 1573, had totally run out of hand by July 1576.^[16][17] Rampant soldiers sacked about 170 places in the County of Brabant.^[3]
• The Spanish Fury at Antwerp, the most famous event by this name, also known as the Sack of Antwerp, occurred when the forces coming from Aalst and those from Maastricht met in November 1576.

Aftermath

The Pacification of Ghent by which both Calvinists and Catholics decided to expel all Spanish troops, and for which negotiations had been going on since the sack of Aalst, was signed a few days after Antwerp's fate.^[17] It was acceded to on 12 February 1577 by governor-general Don Juan when he signed the Perpetual Edict. A few months later, despite the agreed terms, Don Juan began planning a new campaign against the Dutch rebels, who found an ally in England's Elizabeth I.^{[Note 3]} Though never recognized by Philip, an arrangement by Catholics put his nephew Matthias of Austria, Duke of Burgundy and Brabant, in the position of governor of the Netherlands until 1581.^{[Note 4][10][18]}

By uncontrolled victorious military

Alexander Farnese, son of Margaret of Parma, reconquered a large part of the Netherlands by methods found honourable by friend and foe. Thereupon the Union of Arras was signed and only weeks later, on 23 January 1579, the Union of Utrecht, at which the separation between southern and northern Netherlands became a fact. But the War was not finished.

Between 12 March and 1 July 1579 both sides suffered hard in the Siege of Maastricht.^{[Note 5]} The victorious attackers then held a second Spanish Fury at Maastricht, while their commander, Philip's governor Farnese, was too sick to intervene.

See also

• House of Habsburg
• Diego de Espinosa
• Counter-Reformation
• Letters from the Segovia Woods
• Geuzen
• Martyrs of Gorkum
• St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
• Overview of military events in the Netherlands during 1572: nl:Bezettingen van 1572 on the Dutch language Wikipedia sister project
• nl:Bernard van Merode (1510-1591)— on the Dutch language Wikipedia sister project

St. Rumbold's Cathedral#Church interior (Mechelen)

• In absence of an article 'Massacre of Zutphen', see nl:Bloedbad van Zutphen on the Dutch language Wikipedia sister project
• In absence of an article 'Massacre of Naarden', see nl:Bloedbad van Naarden on the Dutch language Wikipedia sister project
• Francisco Verdugo

Notes

1. The 80 Years' War can be seen to have started on 13 March 1567 with the defeat of the rebels at Oosterweel, or eleven days later, when besieged Valenciennes surrendered. The rebels' first victory, in May 1568 at Heiligerlee, is by the Dutch often regarded as the start of the War.
2. The Dukes of Alba that played an active role in the 16th century Netherlands, Fernando & Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, are in the Low Countries, in their present language still, referred to as 'Alva'. Though the usual short name is 'Alba' in English, the Dutch one is occasionally borrowed for English language texts, e.g. chapter "Alva's Throne: Making Sense of the Revolt of the Netherlands" by Prof. Henk van Nierop in Graham Darby's The Origins and Development of the Dutch Revolt.
3. Queen Mary I of England had married King Philip II of Spain to ensure continued reimposing of Catholicism on England: an heir would have prevented her Protestant half-sister Elisabeth's succession to the throne. The latter had been imprisoned by Mary in the aftermath of Wyatt's rebellion. On 29 July 1554 Philip wrote to a correspondent in Brussels, "the marriage was concluded for no fleshly consideration, but to remedy the disorders of this kingdom and to preserve the Low Countries." (Porter, Linda (2007). Mary Tudor: The First Queen. pp. 464. Piatkus Books Ltd, London, UK, 2009. ISBN 978-0-7499-0982-6. p. 320) In 1558, 'Bloody Mary' had died without such heir, de facto having kept the throne of a country in crisis warm for Elizabeth.
4. Philip II would much later appoint another son of his sister Maria and Emperor Maximilian II, Matthias' brother Ernest as governor-general of the Spanish Netherlands.
5. Maastricht was besieged at many other occasions, e.g. it withstood a siege by troops of Liège & Loon in 1407–1408, lost the city's siege of 1673 during the Franco-Dutch War, and the siege of its barrier fortress, in 1748, by the end of the War of the Austrian Succession.

External links

• "William the Silent". Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon Vol. VIII Parts I, II & III (Pdf). Dutch Burgher Community, Colombo, Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka). 1915. pp. 11–28. Retrieved 5 August 2011. — A (northern) Dutch recount of the 16th century retated to the Seventeen Provinces
• Groen van Prinsterer, Guillaume. Archives ou correspondance inédite de la maison d'Orange-Nassau (première série) (in [old] French [layout in Dutch]). Leiden, 1847 (Online by dbnl, 2009). Vol. I 1552–65, II 1566, III 1567–72, IV 1572–74, V 1574–77, VI 1577–79, VII 1579–81, VIII 1581–84, Suppl., Cont. — Or, in German translation: Groen van Prinsterer, Guillaume; transl. Schlosser (1837). "Nº 1, 2, 3: Archives ou correspondance inédite de la maison d'Orange-Nassau". Heidelberger Jahrbücher der Literatur, 30-er Jg. (1837) (in German). Heidelberg University J.C.B. Mohr, 1837 (ex. Harvard College Library online by Google books). pp. 1–87 [= online 1–37]. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
• Schama, Simon. The embarrassment of riches: an interpretation of Dutch culture in the Golden Age. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA, 1988 (Partially online by Google books). p. 698. ISBN 978-0-520-06147-7. Retrieved 10 August 2011. (See also the book's article on this Wikipedia)
• "Vargas, Juan de – Spaans jurist en politicus – Madrid, 1517 - Spanje, 1575–1580 – Biografie". (chapter is shortened online translation of: Versele, Julie. Nouvelle Biographie Nationale 7, Brussels, 2003). De Tachtigjarige Oorlog (in Dutch). Universiteit Leiden, Netherlands. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
• "Roda, Jerónimo de – Spaans politicus en rechtsgeleerde, lid van de Raad van Beroerten, lid van de Raad van State – Murcia, omstreeks 1525–1530 - Grenada, 1580". (chapter is shortened online translation of: Versele, Julie. Nouvelle Biographie Nationale 7, Brussels, 2003). De Tachtigjarige Oorlog (in Dutch). Universiteit Leiden, Netherlands. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
• Algra, Ale; Algra, Hendrik (1956). "Dispereert niet. Twintig eeuwen historie van de Nederlanden" (in Dutch). T. Wever – Franeker, 1978 (Online by dbnl, 2008). Retrieved 11 August 2011. (In particular Part I; A reformist point of view)

References

Bibliography

• Arnade, Peter J. (2008). Beggars, iconoclasts, and civic patriots: the political culture of the Dutch Revolt. Cornell University Press, 2008 (Limited online by Google books). p. 352. ISBN 978-0-8014-7496-5. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
• Tracy, James D (2008). The Founding of the Dutch Republic – War, Finance, and Politics in Holland, 1572–1588. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2008. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-19-920911-8.
• Burg, David F. (2003). A World History of Tax Rebellions – An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present. Routledge, New York, USA & London, UK, 2004 (Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005). pp. 168–170: 1567 Revolt of the Netherlands. ISBN 0-415-92498-7. (alk. paper). ISBN 0-203-50089-X (Master e-book). ISBN 0-203-57510-5 (Adobe eReader format). Or, if and while it is (again) available, the most relevant chapter only:

• Burg, David F (2003). "1567 Revolt of the Netherlands". A World History of Tax Rebellions – An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present. Taylor and Francis, London, UK, 2003, 2005; Routledge, 2004 (Online by BookRags, Inc). ISBN 978-0-203-50089-7. ISBN 978-0-415-92498-6. Retrieved 4 August 2011. External link in |publisher= (help)

• Morris, Terence Alan (1998). Europe and England in the sixteenth century. Routledge, London, UK & New York, USA, 1998 (Taylor & Francis eLibrary, 2003; Online by Google books). p. 359. ISBN 978-0-415-15041-5. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
• Duffy, Christopher (1979). "Four. The Eighty Years War in the Netherlands 1566–1648". Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World, 1494–1660. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London, UK – Broadway House, Henley on Thames, UK, 1979. pp. 58–105. ISBN 0-7100-8871-X. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
• Baelde, Michel (1976). "De pacificatie van Gent in 1576 – Hoop en twijfel in de Nederlanden" (Pdf). BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review, Vol. 91 (in Dutch). Online by Koninklijk Nederlands Historisch Genootschap, the Netherlands. p. 393. Retrieved 31 July 2011. External link in |publisher= (help)
• Various authors; Ward, Adolphus William ed.; Prothero, George Walter ed.; Leathes, Stanley ed. (1904). The Cambridge Modern History – Planned by the late Lord Acton LL.D. – Vol. III The Wars of Religion. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1907. p. 914. ISBN 978-0-521-07803-0. Retrieved 19 August 2011. Chapters VI, VII, XV, XIX, and XXII
• Krüger, Norbert. "Herzogtum Brabant". Freiheitskriege 1568–1648 (in German). Krüger, Norbert. Retrieved 4 August 2011. External link in |publisher= (help)
• Motley, John Lothrop (1855). The Rise of the Dutch Republic. (Online Project Gutenberg, 2006 upd. 2009). Vol. I 1555–66, II 1566–74, and III 1574–84

Inline indices

1. Caffin, Charles H (February 1912). "V. The Scientific-Artistic Organization of Holland in the Seventeenth Century". Art for Life's Sake – An Application of the Principles of Art to the Ideals and Conduct of Individual and Collective Life. The Prang Company, New York–Chicago–Boston–Atlanta–Dallas, USA (ex. University of Toronto Library N7445C25c.1ROBA online by Scribd.com). p. 38. ISBN 978-1-120-15859-8. (paperback pub. by Kessinger Publishing). Retrieved 4 August 2011. Philip replied by dispatching Alva and ten thousand troops, who inaugurated the 'Spanish Fury,' in which eighteen thousand six hundred persons were put to death, beside those who were killed in armed resistance.
2. Krüger: "Die 'Spaanse Furie' wütete über mehrere Jahre: Mecheln, Zutphen und Naarden wurden geplündert, ebenso Haarlem, Oudewater und Bommende. Am Schlimmsten aber traf es Antwerpen"
3. Van der Schoot, Y. "De Hervorming te Brugge" (Pdf) (in Dutch). Protestantse Kerk Brugge, Brugge, Belgium. Retrieved 31 July 2011. External link in |publisher= (help)
4. "Coornhert en de Opstand: geen ‘zoete vrijheid’ zonder religievrede" (Pdf). Part from introduction to: J. Gruppelaar, Coornhert Politieke geschriften. Opstand en Religievrede, Amsterdam, AUP, 2009 (in Dutch). Online by Weet en Durf, Netherlands. Retrieved 11 August 2011. External link in |publisher= (help)
5. Baelde (1976) p. 376
6. Arnade (2008) p. 225–226
7. Burg (2003, eLibrary 2005) p. 168–169: "in Madrid, Alba was accused of following his own whims rather than Philip’s wishes. According to Henry Kamen, Medinaceli reported to the king that “Excessive rigour, the misconduct of some officers and soldiers, and the Tenth Penny, are the cause of all the ills, and not heresy or rebellion.” [...] One of the governor’s officers reported that in the Netherlands “the name of the house of Alba” was held in abhorrence."
8. Arnade (2008) p. 226–229 For the sack of Mechelen, Arnade also refers to: Marnef, Guido Het Calvinistisch bewind te Mechelen, 1580–85. Kortrijk-Heule, 1987.
9. Elsen, Jean (February 2007). "De nood- en belegeringsmunten van de Nederlandse opstand tegen Filips II – Historisch kader" (PDF). Collection J.R. Lasser (New York). Nood- en belegeringsmunten, Deel II (in Dutch). Jean Elsen & ses Fils s.a., Brussels, Belgium. p. 4. Retrieved 1 August 2011. External link in |publisher= (help)
10. Allen, Charlotte. "First Things – Books In Review: Harline, Craig; Put, Eddy. A Bishop’s Tale: Mathias Hovius Among His Flock in Seventeenth-Century Flanders. Yale University Press. 387 pp.". First Things, New York, USA, (c) 2001 upd. July 2002. Retrieved 19 August 2011. The Spanish Fury, which ruined Mechelin’s economy, was followed by the English Fury, an invasion in 1580 launched by the Dutch ally Elizabeth I that included a spree of burning, looting, and clergy–killing
11. Arnade (2008) p. 232–244
12. "De geschiedenis van het duodorp Halfweg en Zwanenburg – Of: de historie van 1 Russische tsaar, 3000 Spaanse soldaten en enkele miljoenen suikerbieten" (in Dutch). Vereniging Dorpsraad Zwanenburg-Halfweg, Netherlands. Retrieved 4 August 2011. External link in |publisher= (help)
13. Hooft, Pieter Corneliszoon; ed. Hellinga, W.; ed. Tuynman, P. (1642–1647). "Nederlandsche Historien, Vol. 11". Nederlandsche Historien (in Dutch). University Press Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1972 (Online by dbnl, 2007). pp. 463–464. Retrieved 14 August 2011. External link in |work= (help)
14. Motley (1855) Vol. III, chapter V. 1576–1577
15. "Don Juan" (in Dutch). Municipality of Maastricht, Netherlands, © 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
16. Baelde (1976) p. 374
17. Morris (1998) p. 273
18. Russel, William (2005) [1789]. "Part I. From the Rise of the Modern Kingdoms to the Peace of Westphalia, in 1648". The History of Modern Europe: With an Account of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, and a View of the Progress of Society from the Rise of the Modern Kingdoms to the Peace of Paris in 1763, Volume 3 (Google eBook). G.G.J. – J. Robinson – A. Hamilton, London, 1789 (Online by Google books, 2005). pp. 9–11. Retrieved 18 August 2011.