Stroop Report

The cover page of the "American copy" of The Stroop Report with International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg markings.
The second copy of The Stroop Report from Institute of National Remembrance in Poland.

The Stroop Report is an official report prepared by General Jürgen Stroop for the SS chief Heinrich Himmler, recounting the German suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the liquidation of the ghetto in the spring of 1943. Originally titled The Jewish Quarter of Warsaw is No More! (Es gibt keinen jüdischen Wohnbezirk in Warschau mehr!), it is commonly referred to as "The Stroop Report".

History

The Report was commissioned by Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger, high SS and police leader in Kraków and was intended as a souvenir album for Heinrich Himmler. It was prepared in three distinct leather-bound copies for Heinrich Himmler, Friedrich Krueger and Jürgen Stroop, with one unbound file copy of the report (das Konzept) remained in Warsaw, in the care of Chief of Staff Max Jesuiter.[1] According to statement given in 1945 by Stroop's adjutant Karl Kaleshke, to US authorities in Wiesbaden, he ordered Stroops copy of the report burnt with other secret documents in Burg Kranzberg.[2]

After the war only two of the four copies were discovered, those belonging to Himmler and Jesuiter.[3] Himmler's copy went to Seventh Army Intelligence Center (SAIC) and Jesuiter's to Military Intelligence Research Section (MIRS) in London.[2] Several sources stated that German Bundesarchiv also had a copy in Koblenz.[3][4][5] However, in reply to inquiries by Richard Raskin, Bundesarchiv stated that third copy of report was never in their possession.[1][2] Both copies were introduced as evidence at the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg, sharing the document number 1061-PS, and used in the trial as "US Exhibit 275".[1] It was first displayed by the chief U.S. prosecutor Robert H. Jackson for the judges during his opening address.[6] The assistant prosecutor dealing with the persecution of the Jews referred to it as "the finest example of ornate German craftsmanship, leather bound, profusely illustrated, typed on heavy bond paper ... the almost unbelievable recital of the proud accomplishment by Major General of Police Stroop."[7] Both copies were also used in Nuremberg in the 1947 trial of Oswald Pohl as exhibit 503.

On June 10, 1948 the Himler/SAIC copy of the Stroop report and Katzmann Report were handed over by Fred Niebergal, head of Office of Chief of Counsel for War Crimes – OCCWC, to Bernard Acht, head of Polish Military Mission in Nuremberg.[2] It was used in Jürgen Stroop trial at Warsaw Criminal District Court in July 1951,[3] and transferred afterwards to KC PZPR archive.[2] In 1952 it was transferred to Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce (Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi Crimes in Poland) archive and it successor Institute of National Remembrance (polish:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej or IPN) where it remains.[2] In 1948 Jesuiter/MIRS copy of the report went to National Archives (NARA) in Washington, D.C., where it remains.[1]

Content

The Report was a 125-page typed document, bound in black pebble leather, with 53 photographs . It consisted of the following sections:

There are slight discrepancies in textual and graphical layout, and in the photographs they contain.

Text

The Stroop Report alludes repeatedly to the participation of the Polish Resistance in the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Jürgen Stroop referred to Polish underground fighters as "Polnische Banditen" - "Polish Bandits", he noted:

"When we invaded the Ghetto for the first time, the Jews and the Polish bandits succeeded in repelling the participating units, including tanks and armored cars, by a well-prepared concentration of fire. ... The main Jewish battle group, mixed with Polish bandits, had already retired during the first and second day to the so-called Muranowski Square. There, it was reinforced by a considerable number of Polish bandits. Its plan was to hold the Ghetto by every means in order to prevent us from invading it. ... Time and again Polish bandits found refuge in the Ghetto and remained there undisturbed, since we had no forces at our disposal to comb out this maze. ... One such battle group succeeded in mounting a truck by ascending from a sewer in the so-called Prosta [Street], and in escaping with it (about 30 to 35 bandits). ... The bandits and Jews – there were Polish bandits among these gangs armed with carbines, small arms, and in one case a light machine gun – mounted the truck and drove away in an unknown direction."
— Jürgen Stroop, 1943[8]
  1. ^ Jürgen Stroop, "Es gibt keinen jüdischen Wohnbezirk in Warschau mehr!", Warschau 1943, p.5.
  2. ^ a b Jürgen Stroop, "Es gibt keinen jüdischen Wohnbezirk in Warschau mehr!", Warschau 1943.

Photographs from the Stroop Report

The IPN copy of the report have 53 photographs on 49 pages, while the NARA copy has the same number of photographs on 52 pages. There are 37 photographs that appear in both copies, although not always with the same size, crop or order and occasionally with different captions. Sixteen shots in each copy are different, although often very similar as they depict the same events. All together, in both versions of the report there are 69 unique photographs.[2][3]

Identity of the photographers accompanied Stroop’s headquarters during the operation, is unknown. Franz Konrad confessed to taking some of the photographs, the rest was probably taken by photographers from Propaganda Kompanie nr 689.[2][3] In addition to the photographs found in the reports where were about 45 additional photographs that were not included, which according to Yad Vashem were found in Stroop’s possession when he was captured by the Americans after the war.[9] Some of those photographs were closely related to the ones used in the report as they depicted the same events. Some of those additional photographs are often described in reputable sources as coming from the Stroop Report, even if they do not appear in neither one of the actual reports.

The high-quality photographs taken for Stroop constitute a unique documentation of the final stage of liquidation of Warsaw ghetto. The photographer was permitted in the Stroop's inner-circle, to accompany the forces that participated in liquidating the ghetto, and to get close to the combat areas. Apart from a dozen of candid photographs taken by Polish firefighter Leszek Grzywaczewski, those are the only photographs of the Ghetto Uprising taken inside of Ghetto.[2] Many of them become some of the most recognized images of the World War II.

Photographic captions in the Report are often highly racist and biased and do not contain hardly any facts about the content of the photographs, but are a good reflection of the mindset of the Report authors. They are written in the German Sütterlin script, and occasionally do not even match the images. Despite of lack of any information about image content, many depicted places, people and events were identified in the years since the publication.

Gallery

Photographs included in one of the two copies of the Stroop Report. Image captions include a reference and translation of the original German caption (in red), which could be incorrect or biased, followed by current photo caption. Click on images for more information.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Richard Raskin (2004). A Child at Gunpoint: A Case Study in the Life of a Photo. Aarhus University Press. ISBN 978-8779340992. (Segments of the book were quoted online here)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tomasz Stempowski (March 17, 2013). "Zdjęcia z powstania w getcie". fototekst.pl. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Jürgen Stroop (2009). Andrzej Żbikowski, ed. Żydowska dzielnica mieszkaniowa w Warszawie już nie istnieje! / Es gibt keinen jüdischen Wohnbezirk in Warschau mehr! (PDF). Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Żydowski Instytut Historyczny. pp. 10–18. ISBN 978-83-7629-455-1.
  4. ↑ Yad Vashem Photo Archive
  5. ↑ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
  6. ↑ International Military Tribunal "Blue Series," Vol. 2, p. 126
  7. ↑ Conot, Justice at Nuremberg, 1983, pp. 269-70.
  8. ↑ From the Stroop Report by SS Gruppenführer Jürgen Stroop, May 1943.
  9. ↑ "The Stroop Collection". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 11 April 2016.

External links

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