Themistokli Gërmenji

Themistokli Gërmenji
Born 1871
Korçë, Ottoman Empire
Died (aged 46)[1]
Thesaloniki, Greece
Nationality Ottoman
Albanian
Occupation Prefect of police
Revolutionary
Known for Albanian National Awakening
Black Society for Salvation
Secret Association of the Albanians of Manastir
Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë
Religion Orthodox Christian[2]
Parent(s)
  • Atanas (father)
  • Katarina (mother)
Relatives
  • Demetrius (grandfather)
  • Konstandina (grandmother)
  • Spiro and Telemakun (brothers)
  • Aleksandra and Efterpina (sisters)

Themistokli Gërmenji (1871—1917) was an Albanian nationalist figure and guerrilla fighter. One of the activists of the Albanian National Awakening and the leader of the Albanian irregulars from 1909 to 1914, he became the prefect of police[1][3] of the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë from 1916 until his execution due to a miscarriage of justice by a French military tribunal in 1917.[2]

Biography

Family

Themistokli was born in Gërmenji family in Korçë in 1871. His family was originally from Gërmenj, a village of modern-day Korçë County of Albania, near border with Greece. Themistokli's grandfather Demetrius moved from Gërmenj to Korçë in 1860 and adopted Gërmenji as his last name. Because of economic reasons Themistokli's father Atanas moved from Korçë, first to Egypt and then to Bucharest and Istanbul. His mother Konstandina, wife Katarina, three sons (Spiro, Telemakun and Themistokli) and two daughters (Aleksandra and Efterpina) remained in Korçë.[4]

Career

After receiving his first education in Korçë, Themistokli emigrated to Romania in 1892 in search of work and settled in Bucharest at the age of 21. In Bucharest he was influenced by the rise of patriotic societies in the Albanian community. He returned to Korça and Monastir, where he and his brother opened the Liria (Freedom) Hotel, a center of the nationalist movement.[5] That hotel was a centre of the Albanian activism of the Albanian National Awakening in planning the Congress of Monastir and Albanian revolts in the period 1909—1912.[6] Gërmenji was a supporter of the cooperation with Bulgarians.[7] In 1911, he traveled to Italy and Greece to find support. In 1911 he was declared persona non grata in Greece because he refused to agree not to carry on nationalistic propaganda south of Vlora as a condition for cooperation with the Greek authorities against the Ottoman Empire.[8] While operating between Saranda and Gjirokastra, attempting to capture the military supplies of Ottoman army, he was seized and imprisoned in Ioannina.[9] When he returned to Korça, he led one of two groups of Albanian irregulars around the region, when Albania was fragmented during the First World War (the other was led by Sali Butka).

He subsequently led the guerrilla forces in the Balkan Wars and World War I, which drove the Greeks out of his native Korça in 1914. He fled to Sofia when Greek troops reoccupied Korça in 1915. In October 1916, he traveled to Pogradec, which was occupied by Austrian and Bulgarian troops, to seek Austrian assistance. When he realized he would receive no help, he turned to the French, who had taken Korça in October 1916.

Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë

French officers had a meeting with Gërmenji on November 24, 1916, before the French army occupied Korçë on November 29.[10] Themistokli Gërmenji came to Korçë from Pogradec, which was occupied by the armies of Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria during Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian occupation of Albania.[11] The French officers appointed a commission led by Gërmenji.

The commission held a meeting on December 10 at 9 a.m. in the Saint George's School and Gërmenji gave a speech to the gathered men; after the meeting he led the commission to the prefecture. In the prefecture they met with Colonel Descoins and other French officers. Haki Shemshedini approached Colonel Descoins on behalf of the commission. Colonel Descoins informed the commission that they should sign a protocol, which they did: the protocol stipulated that an autonomous province would be established on the territories of Korçë, Bilishti, Kolonja, Opar and Gora. It was also agreed that the 14 members of the commission would make up the administrative council, responsible for maintaining the order.[12]

On December 10, 1916, Henry Descoin, the commander of the French garrison of Korçë, after the approval from Maurice Sarrail, declared the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë,[13] and appointed Gërmenji as prefect.[3] The new authorities in Korçë organized the police force and gendarmerie, a post office system and issued the postage stamps.[14] Gërmenji set up Albanian schools throughout the villages of the region and discontinued the use of Turkish and Greek.

Gërmenji was awarded with the Croix de guerre because he participated in the French capture of Pogradec with the battalion from Korçë.[2] At the end of 1917 however Gërmenji was accused of collaboration with the Central Powers and summarily executed on 7 November[1] in Thesaloniki after being sentenced to death by a French military court.[15] It later became clear that the military tribunal had made a grave judicial error, its members having been led astray by Greek informers who wished Germenji removed since he was a powerful Albanian leader.[2]

Legacy

A statue of Gërmenji as a freedom fighter now stands in a main square of Korçë.[1]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Elsie, Robert (2013). A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-78076-431-3. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Pearson, Owen (2004). Albania and King Zog: independence, republic and monarchy 1908-1939. I.B.Tauris. pp. 62,103,109. ISBN 978-1-84511-013-0. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  3. 1 2 Çami, Muin (1999), Shqiptarët dhe francezët në Korçe (1916-1920), Dituria, p. 177, ISBN 978-99927-31-37-6, Shpallje e prefektit të policisë, Themistokli Gërmenjit
  4. ↑ Elyar, Pal (2012). "Simbol i Heronjve dhe i martirëve". http://www.zeri-popullit.com/ (in Albanian). Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  5. ↑ Jacques, Edwin E. (1995), The Albanians: an ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present, McFarland & Co., ISBN 978-0-89950-932-7, ...he and his brother opened the Liria (Freedom) hotel ...
  6. ↑ Jacques, Edwin E. (1995), The Albanians: an ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present, McFarland & Co., ISBN 978-0-89950-932-7, ... hotel soon became the centre for patriotic Albanians. Here they planned the Congress of Monastir, and here they planned the four annual upprisings 1909, 1910, 1911 and 1912...
  7. ↑ Clayer, Nathalie (2007), Aux origines du nationalisme albanais: la naissance d'une nation, Karthala, p. 666, ISBN 978-2-84586-816-8, ... ce personnage alla dans le sens d'une cooperation avec les Bulgares....
  8. ↑ Jacques, Edwin E. (1995), The Albanians: an ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present, McFarland & Co., p. 267, ISBN 978-0-89950-932-7, Venizelos .... offered them arms, ammunition, free passage through Greece to the Turkish border, and a "fat salary".... on one condition: not to carry on any nationalistic propaganda south of Vlora, which region he coveted for Greece... became personae non grata on Greek territory
  9. ↑ Jacques, Edwin E. (1995), The Albanians: an ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present, McFarland & Co., p. 267, ISBN 978-0-89950-932-7, Operating between Saranda and Gjirokastra,... capture Turkish military supplies.. was seized.. imprisoned in Ioannina
  10. ↑ Jacques, Edwin E. (1995), The Albanians: an ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present, McFarland & Co., ISBN 978-0-89950-932-7, On 24 November Germenji went to Korcha to confer with the French
  11. ↑ Jacques, Edwin E. (1995), The Albanians: an ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present, McFarland & Co., ISBN 978-0-89950-932-7, in October 1916 he went to Pogradec, the territory occupied by Austrians and Bulgarians
  12. ↑ Sharxhi, Dergoi Mirel (December 5, 2008). "92 vjet më parë 10 Dhjetor 1916-2008 – KRAHINA "AUTONOME" E KORÇËS" (in Albanian). kosova.albemigrant. Archived from the original on January 14, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2011. Haki Mborja i drejtohet komandantit francez e i tregon qëllimin e ardhjes së tyre. Komandanti i priti me buzëqeshje, duke thënë, se duhet bërë protokoll. U bë protokolli. Sipas protokollit të 10 dhjetorit , qyteti i Korcës, Bilishti, Kolonja, Opari dhe Gora, formonin një krahinë “autonome”, që do të administrohej nga shqiptarët, nën mbrojtjen e autoriteteve franceze. Krahina do të administrohej nga një këshill administrativ, i përbërë prej katërmbëdhjetë vetash, i cili do të kishte edhe xhandarmëri për të mbajtur rregullin.
  13. ↑ M. V. Sakellariou (1997), Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization, Greece: Ekdotikē Athēnōn, p. 384, ISBN 978-960-213-371-2, retrieved January 16, 2011, On 10 December 1916, Colonel Henry Decoin, the commander of French garrison, proclaimed with the consent of Serrail - the "Albanian Republic of Korytsa"
  14. ↑ Jacques, Edwin E. (1995), The Albanians: an ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present, McFarland & Co., ISBN 978-0-89950-932-7, ... seting up the police force and gendarmerie... a post office system and issued stamps and paper money
  15. ↑ Augris, Etienne (December 2000). "Korçë dans la Grande Guerre:Le sud-est albanais sous administration française (1916-1918)" (in French). France: Balkanologie, Vol. IV, n°2. Archived from the original on January 17, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011. Germenji, dont nous avons vu le rôle et les ambitions est envoyé à Salonique, jugé par un tribunal militaire et exécuté.

External links

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