Thilawa of Yamethin

Thilawa of Yamethin ရမည်းသင်း သီလဝ
Governor of Yamethin
Reign	c. 1351 – 1395/96
Predecessor	Swasawke
Successor	Maha Pyauk
King	Kyawswa II (1351–59) Narathu (1359–64) Uzana II (1364) Thado Minbya (1364–67) Swasawke (1367–95)
Born	c. 1330
Died	1395/96 757 ME Yamethin
Spouse	Saw Pale
Issue	Min Hla Myat
House	Pinya
Religion	Theravada Buddhism

Thilawa (Burmese: သီလဝ, pronounced: [θìləwa̰]; d. 1395/96) was governor of Yamethin in the late Pinya period and early Ava period of Myanmar. He is best remembered in Burmese history as someone who smiled only three times in his life. The taciturn governor refused the court's offer to become king in 1367, and instead became one of the four top commanders of the eventual king, Swasawke. He served in the war against the southern Hanthawaddy Kingdom between 1386 and 1391, and decisively defeated the 1392–93 invasion by the northern state of Mohnyin.

Governor of Yamethin

The royal chronicles provide no detail about his background. But given that he was a governor of a key region; he was married to Saw Pale, a granddaughter of King Kyawswa of Pagan;^[1] his younger sister Khame Mi was the chief queen of King Swasawke; and he was offered the throne in 1367,^[2] he was most probably of the Pagan–Myinsaing–Pinya royal line.^{[note 1]}

Thilawa succeeded Swasawke as governor of Yamethin after Swasawke defected to Sagaing, Pinya's cross-river rival c. 1351.^[1] At Yamethin, he remained loyal to his overlords at Pinya until 1364 when he submitted to Thado Minbya of Sagaing, the founder of Ava Kingdom. According to the chronicles, Thilawa was stoic and taciturn in character, and utterly disinterested in the niceties of statecraft. Nonetheless, he was noticed for his leadership abilities. When Thado Minbya died without an heir in 1367, the court offered the Ava throne to Thilawa. But he refused, saying that he spoke no more than three or four words a day, and would not make an effective king. Instead, he suggested that the court offer the office to his brother-in-law Swasawke.^[3][4]

In the following years, he served in Swasawke's campaigns, becoming one of the king's top four generals.^[4] He died in 1395/96,^{[note 2]} and was succeeded by Maha Pyauk as governor.^[5]

Military service

The chronicles' record of his military service starts only from Swasawke's reign, although he was first offered the throne of a still fractious and fragmented kingdom. It is not clear if or in what capacity he had participated in earlier military campaigns.^{[note 3]} The taciturn governor was the first of the four top generals of King Swasawke. The other three were Theinkhathu Saw Hnaung of Saku, Tuyin of Inyi, and Min Pale of Paukmyaing.^[4][6]

Thilawa's best known campaign was also his last. In 1392, Mohnyin, a powerful Shan state, seized Ava's territory of Myedu, which was then Ava's northernmost vassal. Swasake responded with a combined land and naval attack. But the army led by Saw Hnaung and Tuyin was badly defeated, and chased all the way back to Sagaing. The Mohnyin forces laid siege to Sagaing, across the river from Ava. Swasawke frantically requested his southern vassals for help. Thilawa's army (consisted of seven regiments) rushed to Sagaing, and broke the siege. He took over the overall command, and the reinforced Ava army drove back the invaders. At Shangon, about 30 km northwest of Sagaing, the Ava army decisively defeated the Mohnyin army, destroying all 15 regiments of the enemy.^[7][8] It was such a crushing defeat that the raids from Mohnyin ended for the rest of Swasawke's reign.^[9]

After the victory, Thilawa returned straight to Yamethin. He apparently did not wish to bask in glory, and did not stop by Ava, which was on the way to Yamethin. Swasawke was miffed by what he deemed the disrespectful behavior by his brother-in-law. But the ministers reminded the king that Thilawa was never known for etiquette, and that the aloof governor did not mean any harm. The king agreed with the assessment, and sent lavish gifts to Thilawa.^[7]

The following is a list of campaigns by Thilawa as reported in the chronicles:

Campaign	Duration	Troops commanded	Notes
Forty Years' War	1386–87	1 regiment	Commanded a regiment in the First Army (7000 men in 9 regiments) that invaded Hanthawaddy via Toungoo[10]
Forty Years' War	1387–88	1 regiment	Commanded a regiment in the First Army (12,000 men in 11 regiments)[11]
Forty Years' War	1390–91	1 regiment	Commanded a regiment in the First Army (12,000 men in 12 regiments)[12]
Mohnyin–Ava War	1392–93	7 regiments (Battle of Sagaing) Overall army (after Sagaing)	Commander of the Southern Army; Commander-in-chief of the overall army; led the counterattack[13]

Three smiles

Thilawa reportedly smiled or laughed only three times in his life:^[5][14]

1. One day, when he got back home, his wife Saw Pale ran up to him and washed his feet with water. Since she had never done such a thing, he smiled, knowing something was up.
2. Once, he laughed when he saw that a piece of cloth in the town's moat turned out to be the headdress of a nearly naked man who was taking a bath underwater but had forgotten to take off his headdress.
3. His wife interrupted a cockfight he was watching to tell him that the Shans were rushing the town (Yamethin); she was so disheveled that he smiled. (He finished the cockfight before driving off the Shans.)

Family

Thilawa and his wife Saw Pale had a daughter named Min Hla Myat.^[6] Their daughter was the chief queen of King Tarabya (r. 1400). King Kale Kyetaungnyo (r. 1425–26) was a grandson of theirs.^[15]

Notes

1. Chronicles (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 184, 185) (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 403, 404) repeatedly refer to him as min ("lord"), reserved only for those of royal background (min-myo). Indeed, none of the chronicles states that Thilawa was a commoner. If he were a commoner, chronicles would certainly mention the fact. (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 402) states that the court offered Thilawa the throne because they disapproved of the pretender Nga Nu, a non-royal. Chronicles tend to explicitly state when someone of non-royal descent was in contention for the throne. Another example in the same period is the chronicle reported genealogy of King Minbyauk Thihapate of Sagaing who per (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 176) (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 393) was not of royal descent. Given that Thilawa was governor of Yamethin, a key city in the Pinya Kingdom during the 1350s, he was most likely of Pagan–Myinsaing–Pinya line like his brother-in-law Swasawke.
2. (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 434): 737 ME = 30 March 1395 to 29 March 1396
3. Chronicles (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 434) say he defended Yamethin against Shan invaders but do not specify when. It may have predated Sawsawke's reign since chronicles do not state any Shan penetration to Yamethin during Sawsawke's reign; the farthest Shans got to was Sagaing in 1393 per (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 433) and (Harvey 1925: 85).

References

1. Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 403
2. Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 404
3. Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 401
4. MSK Vol. 13 1973: 134–135
5. Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 434
6. Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 435
7. Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 433
8. Harvey 1925: 85
9. Htin Aung 1967: 87
10. Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 417–418
11. Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 422
12. Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 429–430
13. Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 432–433
14. Harvey 1925: 86
15. Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 437

Bibliography

• Burma Translation Society (1973). Gov. Thilawa of Yamethin. Myanma Swezon Kyan (in Burmese) 13 (1 ed.) (Yangon: Sarpay Beikman).
• Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
• Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
• Kala, U (1724). Maha Yazawin (in Burmese) 1–3 (2006, 4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
• Maha Sithu (1798). Myint Swe (1st ed.); Kyaw Win, Ph.D. and Thein Hlaing (2nd ed.), ed. Yazawin Thit (in Burmese) 1–3 (2012, 2nd printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
• Royal Historical Commission of Burma (1832). Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese) 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.