Third World Liberation Front

San Francisco State University Seal

In 1968, the Third World Liberation Front, a coalition of the Black Students Union, the Latin American Students Organization, the Pilipino American Collegiate Endeavor (PACE) the Filipino-American Students Organization, and El Renacimiento, a Mexican-American student organization, formed at San Francisco State University (SFSU) to call for campus reform.

Student actions in 1967

Student actions began in June of the 1967-1968 school year, when students protest administration’s practice of providing students’ academic standing to the Selective Service Office in June 1967.[1] When students returned from summer break, tensions escalated. On 6 November 1967, James Vasko, Gater editor, was assaulted by black students who were offended by the content and tone of one of his articles. Students began to protest both the charges the students were facing and the Vietnam war. As a result of the campus unrest, Dr. John Summerskill, the president of the college, resigned in February 1968, effective in September.[2] On March 23, 1968, the twLF occupied the YMCA office on campus and moved the YMCA out. Student actions continued throughout May, calling for an end to Air-Force ROTC on campus, the need for programs to admit 400 students from the ghetto in the fall semester, and the hiring of nine minority faculty members to help the minority students. 26 people were arrested.[1]

1968-1969 school year

In June 1968, Dr. Robert Smith was hired to replace Summerskill as the President of San Francisco College. In the following September, George Mason Murray, a graduate student in English and Black Panther Minister of Education, was hired as a teaching assistant to teach special introductory English classes for 400 special students admitted to the college. President Smith also announced the creation of a Black Studies Department and named Professor of Sociology, Dr. Nathan Hare, Acting Chair. At the end of the month, California State College Trustees voted to ask President Smith to reassign George Murray to a non-teaching position after he reportedly made controversial statements at Fresno State College and at San Francisco State.[1] President Smith refused.

October

On 31 October, Chancellor Glenn Dumke ordered President Smith to suspend Murray. The BSU proposed a strike on November 6 if Murray was suspended, and presented their 15 demands. The next day, 1 November, President Smith suspended George Murray.[1]

November

On 6 November, exactly a year after the Gater incident, the Black Students Union and Third World Liberation Front members struck for a larger Black Studies Program and for the reinstatement of George Murray.[1] Administration called police after students marched on the Administration Building. The campus closed during the week of 13 November, due to the escalating number of student-police confrontations.[1] Governor Ronald Reagan and school trustees called for the reopening of campus on November 18, 1968. Additionally, a faculty grievance committee reported back that George Murray was suspended without due process. On 20 November, approximately 10% of the students returned to campus for departmental discussions. Administration had also created a Convocation to discuss the protests, which continued throughout the 26th. During this time, President Smith resigned, and his position was filled by Dr. S. I. Hayakawa, whose first official act was to keep the campus closed.[3]

December

When campus was reopened on 2 December, students resumed striking at the corner of 19th and Holloway Avenues, urging students to continue the strike and not attend classes.[1] However, President Hayakawa climbed on top of the truck disconnected the wires from the speakers. Later in December, on the 11th, more than 50 American Federation of Teachers members set up an informational picket line around the campus, to pressure the Trustees to negotiate with the students. Two days later, the campus closed for winter holidays, one week earlier than usual.[4]

January

When school resumed on 6 January 1969, actions by teachers and students continued, including more pickets and a “book-in,” where students took books from around a library and placed them back at the Circulation Desk, to clog library functions. In a 16 January interview with KQED, Ronald Regan called the protesters, “a dissident faction of outright lawbreakers and anarchists.”[5] On January 24, the New York Times reported that 380 protesters were arrested on campus.[6]

February

On 4 February 1969, Judge Henry Rolph of San Francisco Superior Court ordered the San Francisco State AFT local to end the strike.[1] Nathan Hare and George Mason Murray were both not rehired for the second year and strikes continued.[1]

March

Finally, on March 20, 1969 representatives of the twLF, the Black Students Union, and the members of the Select Committee signed an agreement concerning the resolution of the fifteen demands and other issues arising from the student strike, and the strike officially ended on the 21st.[1]

The Ten BSU Demands[1]

  1. That all Black Studies courses being taught through various other departments be immediately made part of the Black Studies Department, and that all the instructors in this department receive full-time pay.
  2. That Dr. Nathan Hare, Chairman of the Black Studies Department, receive a full professorship and a comparable salary according to his qualifications.
  3. That there be a Department of Black Studies which will grant a Bachelor's Degree in Black Studies; that the Black Studies Department, the chairman, faculty and staff have the sole power to hire faculty and control and determine the destiny of its department.
  4. That all unused slots for Black students from Fall, 1968 under the Special Admissions Program be filled in Spring, 1969.
  5. That all Black students wishing so be admitted in Fall, 1969.
  6. That twenty (20) full-time teaching positions be allocated to the Department of Black Studies.
  7. That Dr. Helen Bedesem be replaced from the position of Financial Aids Officer, and that a Black person be hired to direct it, that Third World people have the power to determine how it will be administered.
  8. That no disciplinary action will be administered in any way to any students, workers, teachers, or administrators during and after the strike as a consequence of their participation in the strike.
  9. That the California State College Trustees not be allowed to dissolve the Black programs on or off the San Francisco State College campus.
  10. That George Murray maintain his teaching position on campus for the 1968-69 academic year.

The Five TWLF Demands[1][7]

  1. That a school of Ethnic Studies for the ethnic groups involved in the Third World be set up with the students in each particular ethnic organization having the authority and control of the hiring and retention of any faculty member, director and administrator, as well as the curriculum in a specific area study.
  2. That fifty (50) faculty positions be appropriated to the School of Ethnic Studies, 20 of which would be for the Black Studies Program.
  3. That in the Spring Semester, the college fulfill its commitment to the non-white students in admitting those that apply.
  4. That to the Fall of 1969, all applications of non-white students accepted.
  5. That George Murray, and any other faculty person chosen by non-white people as their teacher, be retained in their position.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Whitson, Helene; Kyles, Wesley. "On Strike! Shut it Down! (Exhibit 1999)". San Francisco State University J. Paul Leonard Library. San Francisco State University. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  2. ↑ "Presidents Timeline". San Francisco State University. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  3. ↑ Adler, Nancy J. (27 November 1968). "Head of San Francisco State Resigns". New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  4. ↑ Turners, Wallace (14 December 1968). "San Francisco State Begins Holiday Recess Early". New York Times. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  5. ↑ Cherian, Alex. "Reagan Interview in Sacramento, Part I". San Francisco Bay Area Television Archive. San Francisco State University Leonard Library. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  6. ↑ Davies, Lawrence E. (24 January 1969). "380 Arrested at San Francisco As Students Clash With Police". New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  7. ↑ "Third World Liberation Front: Notice of Demands". The SF State College Strike Collection. San Francisco State University. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
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