Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel

The Earl of Arundel

Portrait by Peter Paul Rubens.
Spouse(s) Alethea Talbot

Issue

Noble family House of Howard
Father Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel
Mother Anne Dacre
Born 7 July 1586
Died 4 October 1646(1646-10-04) (aged 60)
Padua, Italy
Arms of Sir Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, KG

Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel KG, (7 July 1586 4 October 1646) was a prominent English courtier during the reigns of King James I and King Charles I, but he made his name as a Grand Tourist and art collector rather than as a politician. When he died he possessed 700 paintings, along with large collections of sculpture, books, prints, drawings, and antique jewellery. Most of his collection of marble carvings, known as the Arundel marbles, was eventually left to the University of Oxford.

He is sometimes referred as the 2nd Earl of Arundel; it depends on whether one views the earldom obtained by his father as a new creation or not. He was also 2nd or 4th Earl of Surrey, and later, he was created 1st Earl of Norfolk. Also known as 'the Collector Earl'.

Biography

Arundel was born in relative penury, at Finchingfield in Essex on 7 July 1585.[1] His aristocratic family had fallen into disgrace during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I owing to their religious conservatism and involvement in plots against the Queen. He was the son of Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel and Anne Dacre, daughter and co-heiress of Thomas Dacre, 4th Baron Dacre of Gilsland. He never knew his father, who was imprisoned before Arundel was born.

Peter Paul Rubens: Alathea Talbot, 1620

Arundel's great-uncles returned the family to favour after James I ascended the throne, and Arundel was restored to his titles and some of his estates in 1604. Other parts of the family lands ended up with his great-uncles. The next year he married Lady Alatheia (or Alethea) Talbot, a daughter of Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, and a granddaughter of Bess of Hardwick. She would inherit a vast estate in Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire, and Derbyshire, including Sheffield, which has been the principal part of the family fortune ever since. Even with this large income, Arundel's collecting and building activities would lead him heavily into debt.

During the reign of Charles I, Arundel served several times as special envoy to some of the great courts of Europe. These trips encouraged his interest in art collecting.

In 1642 he accompanied Princess Mary for her marriage to William II of Orange. With the troubles that would lead to the Civil War brewing, he decided not to return to England, and instead settled first in Antwerp and then into a villa near Padua, in Italy. He died there in 1646, having returned to Roman Catholicism he nominally abandoned on joining the Privy Council, and was succeeded as Earl by his eldest son Henry Howard, 22nd Earl of Arundel who was the ancestor of the Dukes of Norfolk and Baron Mowbray. His youngest son William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford-the ancestor of what was first the Earl of Stafford and later Baron Stafford.

Arundel had petitioned the king for restoration of the ancestral Dukedom of Norfolk. While the restoration was not to occur until the time of his grandson, he was created Earl of Norfolk in 1644, which at least ensured the title would stay with his family. Arundel also got Parliament to entail his earldoms to the descendants of the 4th Duke of Norfolk.

Collector and art patron

Armoured portrait by Rubens.

Arundel was a patron and collector of works of art. He was described by Walpole as "the father of virtu in England"[2] and was a member of the Whitehall group of connoisseur associated with Charles I.[3] He commissioned portraits of himself or his family by contemporary masters such as Daniel Mytens, Peter Paul Rubens, Jan Lievens, and Anthony van Dyck. He acquired other paintings by Hans Holbein, Adam Elsheimer, Mytens, Rubens, and Honthorst.

He collected drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, the two Holbeins, Raphael, Parmigianino, Wenceslaus Hollar, and Dürer. Many of these are now at the Royal Library at Windsor Castle or at Chatsworth.

He had a large collection of antique sculpture, the Arundel Marbles mostly Roman, but including some he had excavated in the Greek world, which was then the most important in England, and was later bequeathed to Oxford University. It is now in the Ashmolean Museum.

The architect Inigo Jones accompanied Arundel on one of his trips to Italy 161314, a journey which took both men as far as Naples. In the Veneto Arundel saw the work of Palladio which was to become so influential to Jones's later career. Soon after the latter's return to England he became Surveyor to the King's Works.

Amongst Arundel's circle of scholarly and literary friends were James Ussher, William Harvey, John Selden and Francis Bacon.

An inventory of Arundel's paintings was prepared in 1655 following the death of the Countess of Arundel. It was published as part of Mary Hervey's collected edition of his correspondence.

Manuscript collections

Arundel's important collection of manuscripts passed on his death to his son, the 22nd Earl, and later to his grandson, Henry Howard (afterwards 6th Duke of Norfolk). In 1666, Howard divided the collection between the Royal Society and the College of Arms. The Royal Society sold its portion to the British Museum in 1831, and they now form the Arundel manuscripts within the British Library.[4]

Children

References

  1. Hervey, Mary F S (1921). The Life, Correspondence and Collections of Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel. Cambridge University Press. p. 9.
  2. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 28
  3. Brown, Jonathan (1995). Kings & Connoisseurs. Yale University Press. p. 17.
  4. Nickson, M.A.E. (1998). The British Library: Guide to the catalogues and indexes of the Department of Manuscripts (3rd ed.). London: British Library. p. 5. ISBN 0712306609.

Sources

External links

Political offices
Preceded by
The Earl of Dorset
Custos Rotulorum of Sussex
bef. 1608 1636
Succeeded by
Lord Maltravers
Preceded by
Sir Philip Woodhouse, Bt
Custos Rotulorum of Norfolk
1617 1636
Preceded by
Sir Francis Howard
Custos Rotulorum of Surrey
1624 1636
In commission Earl Marshal
1622 1646
Succeeded by
The Earl of Arundel
Preceded by
The Earl of Cumberland
The Lord Clifford
The Earl of Suffolk
The Earl of Northumberland
Lord Lieutenant of Northumberland
jointly with Lord Maltravers
The Earl of Cumberland
The Lord Clifford
The Earl of Suffolk
The Earl of Northumberland

1632 1639
Succeeded by
The Earl of Northumberland
Lord Lieutenant of Westmorland
jointly with Lord Maltravers
The Earl of Cumberland
The Lord Clifford
The Earl of Suffolk
The Earl of Northumberland

1632 1639
Succeeded by
The Earl of Cumberland
The Lord Clifford
Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland
jointly with Lord Maltravers 1632–1642
The Earl of Cumberland 1632–1639
The Lord Clifford 1632–1639
The Earl of Suffolk 1632–1639
The Earl of Northumberland 1632–1639

16321642
Vacant
Preceded by
The Earl of Northampton
Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk
jointly with Lord Maltravers 1633–1642

16151642
Preceded by
The Earl of Nottingham
The Viscount Wimbledon
Lord Lieutenant of Surrey
jointly with The Earl of Nottingham 1635–1642
The Viscount Wimbledon 1635–1638
Lord Maltravers 1636–1642

16351642
Vacant
Title last held by
The Earl of Pembroke
Lord Steward
16401644
Succeeded by
The Duke of Richmond and Lennox
Legal offices
Preceded by
The 6th Earl of Rutland
Justice in Eyre
north of the Trent

16321646
Succeeded by
The 8th Earl of Rutland
Peerage of England
Vacant
Forfeit in 1589
Title last held by
Philip Howard
Earl of Arundel
Baron Maltravers

restored
16041646
Succeeded by
Henry Howard
Vacant
Forfeit in 1572
Title last held by
Thomas Howard
Earl of Surrey
3rd creation, restored
16041646
Baron Mowbray
Baron Segrave

restored
16041646
New creation Earl of Norfolk
5th creation
1644 1646
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