Thomas Morris (British Army officer)

Thomas Morris (1732?–1818?) was a British Army officer and writer.^[1]

Thomas Morris

Early life

Born at Carlisle, where he was baptised on 22 April 1732, he was one of four sons of Captain Thomas Morris, soldier author of the popular song Kitty Crowder, who died about 1752.^[1] Charles Morris the songwriter was his brother.^[2]

Morris entered Winchester College as a scholar in 1741. After time in tuition in London, joined the 17th Foot, which was his father's regiment, at Kinsale, in 1748. In 1753 he took leave and spent time in Paris, giving him a command of the French language.^[1]

American service

In 1757 Morris shipped with his regiment for the Americas.^[2] He was at Canajoharie in 1761, from where he wrote to his good friend Richard Montgomery.^[3]

Morris spent time in Martinique, the 17th Regiment having taken part in the Invasion of Martinique (1762) under Robert Monckton, and served at the siege of Havana (1762). He was then under Colonel John Bradstreet in North America.^[1][2] For Bradstreet, who was marching along the southern shore of Lake Erie from Niagara to re-establish British control in Indiana, he undertook a chancy mission in 1764, just after the end of the French and Indian War (the Seven Years' War in the North American theatre).^[4] When Morris was sent off on 26 August, without an escort of soldiers, Bradstreet had been misinformed by Delaware Indians and Shawnees about the attitude of Native Americans to the west.^[5]

Miami chief Pacanne, who released Morris, sketch from 1778

Morris ascended the Maumee River, with the permission of the Miami Indians, carrying a message to the French at Fort de Chartres, and with a mission of pacification, directed to make peace with the Native American groups he met. He was supposed to summon these groups to a council at Detroit with the British.^[6][7][8] He was supposed also to cross the watershed with the Wabash River (at Kekionga, close to modern Fort Wayne), and make his way into Illinois down the Wabash.^[4]

In fact Morris first met Pontiac at a village of Ottawa Indians. Morris wrote in a confident tone to Thomas Mante, then brigade-major with Bradstreet, of the results to be expected from Pontiac's co-operative attitude. But these were to be negated by the reactions of others of the Six Nations of the Iroquois, at Detroit.^[4][9][10] Morris's own observation of the prevalent drapeau blanc in the village reflected the continuing influence of the idea that French power would return from its defeat.^[11] It was Bradstreet's diplomacy or lack of it at Detroit (see Pontiac's War), in Pontiac's absence, that would later be criticised by Thomas Gage.^[12]

Allowed to proceed, Morris was captured and held at Kekionga. Pacanne asserted authority there, over the counsel of two Kickapoo chiefs who warned Morris away from Fort Ouiatenon (near modern West Lafayette). Morris, as he recorded in his Journal, had no choice but to return down the Maumee. He went on to Detroit to rejoin the British forces.^[4] A modern view does not take Morris's narrative at face value, arguing that Pacanne's intervention implemented an early decision by the Miami chiefs to spare Morris, while also allowing a demonstration of local feelings.^[5]

On Morris's account, Bradstreet was at that point up the Sandusky River, and unaware of the threatening hostility of the Native Americans to the west.^[13] Bradstreet had reached Detroit shortly after sending Morris upriver, and returned to the Sandusky to await developments. Morris's news came through on 21 September, and revealed the Shawnee deceit; but then Bradstreet played a waiting game in September and into October, which failed, but because of bad weather.^[14][15]

In 1765 Morris was commander at Fort Niagara.^[16]

Later life

Morris returned to England in 1767.^[2] Through the Friends to the Liberty of the Press, he and his brother Charles became associated with the radical publisher James Ridgway.^[17] He was one of the original subscribers to the Royal Literary Fund, at whose annual meetings (1794–97) he recited his own verses. He is stated in 1806 to have been living in retirement at Hampstead.^[2]

Works

Morris's published volumes were:^[2]

• The Bee, a Collection of Songs, London, 1790.
• Miscellanies in Prose and Verse, 1791.
• A Life of the Rev. D. Williams, 1792. This was a biography of David Williams, founder of the Royal Literary Fund.
• Quashy, or the Coal-black Maid. A tale relative to the Slave-trade, 1796. This abolitionist poem based on slave life on Martinique was republished in New York, in Time Piece.^[18][19] It suggested a moral equivalence between the African rulers and British merchants engaged in the Atlantic slave trade.^[20] In his notes Morris made some intentionally shocking comments on miscegenation.^[21]

His Journal from the Miscellanies was printed in 1904 as Journal of Captain Thomas Morris, of His Majesty's XVII regiment of infantry; Detroit, 25 September 1764.^[22] It covers his expedition from Cedar Point, Ohio to Detroit. Morris published it much later, in hope of a pension.^[23] Morris's recorded views on the Native Americans were positive.^[1] The original form of the Journal was published by Peckham in 1941.^[24]

Family

In 1769 Morris married a Miss Chubb, daughter of a merchant at Bridgwater, by whom he had six children.^[2]

References

• Gregory Evans Dowd, The French King Wakes up in Detroit: "Pontiac's War" in Rumor and History, Ethnohistory Vol. 37, No. 3 (Summer, 1990), pp. 254–278. Published by: Duke University Press. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/482446.

Notes

1. Waddington, Patrick. "Morris, Charles". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19300. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
2.  "Morris, Charles". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
3. Michael P. Gabriel (1 August 2002). Major General Richard Montgomery: The Making of an American Hero. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8386-3931-3. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
4. Howard Henry Peckham (1978). Indiana: A History. University of Illinois Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-252-07146-1. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
5. Bert Anson (1 March 2000). The Miami Indians. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 68–72. ISBN 978-0-8061-3197-9. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
6. R. David Edmunds (1 July 1987). The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-8061-2069-0. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
7. David M. Stothers; Patrick M. Tucker (31 December 2006). The Fry Site: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Perspectives on the Maumee River Ottawa of Northwest Ohio. Lulu.com. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-4303-0429-6. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
8. Dowd, p. 264.
9. Richard Middleton (12 November 2012). Pontiac's War: Its Causes, Course and Consequences. Routledge. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-135-86416-3. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
10. Cole, Richard Cargill. "Mante, Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18003. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
11. Dowd, pp. 264–5.
12. Jon William Parmenter, Pontiac's War: Forging New Links in the Anglo-Iroquois Covenant Chain, 1758–1766, Ethnohistory, Vol. 44, No. 4 (Autumn, 1997), at p. 633. Published by: Duke University Press. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/482883.
13. Public characters 1809–10. 1806. pp. 333–4. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
14. William G. Godfrey (1982). John Bradstreet's Quest. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-88920-108-8. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
15. Michael P. Gabriel (1 August 2002). Major General Richard Montgomery: The Making of an American Hero. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 34–5. ISBN 978-0-8386-3931-3. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
16. Ralph Izard (1846). An account of a journey to Niagara, Montreal and Quebec, in 1765, or, "Tis eighty years since.". Printed by William W. Osborn. p. 9. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
17. Ralph A. Manogue, James Ridgway and America, Early American Literature Vol. 31, No. 3 (1996), at p. 267. Published by: University of North Carolina Press. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25057061
18. Daniel S. Burt (2004). The Chronology of American Literature: America's Literary Achievements from the Colonial Era to Modern Times. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-618-16821-7. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
19. David N. Gellman (1 December 2006). Emancipating New York: The Politics of Slavery and Freedom, 1777–1827. LSU Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-8071-3465-8. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
20. Philip Gould (30 June 2009). Barbaric Traffic: Commerce and Antislavery in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World. Harvard University Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-674-03785-4. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
21. Veronica Kelly (1994). Body & Text in the Eighteenth Century: Edited by Veronica Kelly and Dorothea Von Mücke. Stanford University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-8047-6638-8. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
22. Posted at archive.org.
23. Houghton Mifflin Chronology of US Literature: Works by Thomas Morris, on answers.com.
24. Dowd p. 276 note 31.

Attribution

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Morris, Charles". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.