Thomas Pynchon

Thomas Pynchon
Born Thomas Ruggles Pynchon, Jr.
(1937-05-08) May 8, 1937
Glen Cove, New York, United States
Residence New York City, New York, United States
Nationality American
Alma mater Cornell University
Occupation Novelist
Movement Postmodernism
Spouse(s) Melanie Jackson

Thomas Ruggles Pynchon, Jr. (/ˈpɪnˌtʃɒn/,[1] commonly /ˈpɪntʃən/;[2] born May 8, 1937) is an American novelist. A MacArthur Fellow, he is noted for his dense and complex novels. His fiction and nonfiction writings encompass a vast array of subject matter, genres and themes, including history, music, science, and mathematics. For Gravity's Rainbow Pynchon won the 1974 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.[3]

Hailing from Long Island, Pynchon served two years in the United States Navy and earned an English degree from Cornell University. After publishing several short stories in the late 1950s and early 1960s, he began composing the novels for which he is best known: V. (1963), The Crying of Lot 49 (1966), Gravity's Rainbow (1973), and Mason & Dixon (1997). Pynchon is also notoriously reclusive; very few photographs of him have ever been published, and rumors about his location and identity have circulated since the 1960s.

Pynchon's most recent novel, Bleeding Edge, was published September 17, 2013.

Early life

Thomas Pynchon was born in 1937 in Glen Cove, Long Island, New York, one of three children of Thomas Ruggles Pynchon, Sr. (1907–1995) and Katherine Frances Bennett (1909–1996). His earliest American ancestor, William Pynchon, emigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony with the Winthrop Fleet in 1630, then became the founder of Springfield, Massachusetts in 1636, and thereafter a long line of Pynchon descendants found wealth and repute on American soil. Aspects of Pynchon's ancestry and family background have partially inspired his fiction writing, particularly in the Slothrop family histories related in the short story "The Secret Integration" (1964) and Gravity's Rainbow (1973). Pynchon was raised Catholic.

Childhood and education

Pynchon attended Oyster Bay High School in Oyster Bay, where he was awarded "student of the year" and contributed short fictional pieces to his school newspaper. These juvenilia incorporated some of the literary motifs and recurring subject matter he would use throughout his career: oddball names, sophomoric humor, illicit drug use, and paranoia.[4][5][6][7]

After graduating from high school in 1953 at the age of 16, Pynchon studied engineering physics at Cornell University, but left at the end of his second year to serve in the U.S. Navy. In 1957, he returned to Cornell to pursue a degree in English. His first published story, "The Small Rain", appeared in the Cornell Writer in March 1959, and narrates an actual experience of a friend who had served in the Army; subsequently, however, episodes and characters throughout Pynchon's fiction draw freely upon his own experiences in the Navy.[8]

While at Cornell, Pynchon started his friendships with Richard Fariña and David Shetzline; Pynchon would go on to dedicate Gravity's Rainbow to Fariña, as well as serve as his best man and as his pallbearer. Together the two briefly led what Pynchon has called a "micro-cult" around Oakley Hall's 1958 novel Warlock. Pynchon later reminisced about his college days in the introduction he wrote in 1983 for Fariña's novel Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me, first published in 1966. He reportedly attended lectures given by Vladimir Nabokov, who then taught literature at Cornell. Although Nabokov later said that he had no memory of Pynchon, Nabokov's wife Véra, who graded her husband's class papers, commented that she remembered his distinctive handwriting as a mixture of printed and cursive letters, “half printing, half script."[9][10] In 1958, Pynchon and Cornell classmate Kirkpatrick Sale wrote part or all of a science-fiction musical, Minstrel Island, which portrayed a dystopian future in which IBM rules the world.[11] Pynchon received his BA in June 1959.

Career

Early career

V.

Main article: V.

After leaving Cornell, Pynchon began to work on his first novel: V. From February 1960 to September 1962, he was employed as a technical writer at Boeing in Seattle, where he compiled safety articles for the Bomarc Service News, a support newsletter for the BOMARC surface-to-air missile deployed by the U.S. Air Force.[12] Pynchon's experiences at Boeing inspired his depictions of the "Yoyodyne" corporation in V. and The Crying of Lot 49, and both his background in physics and the technical journalism he undertook at Boeing provided much raw material for Gravity's Rainbow. When published in 1963, V. won a William Faulkner Foundation Award for the best first novel of the year. (It was a finalist for the National Book Award.)[13] After resigning from Boeing, Pynchon spent some time in New York and Mexico before moving to California, where he was reportedly based for much of the 1960s and early 1970s, most notably in an apartment in Manhattan Beach,[14] as he was composing the highly regarded Gravity's Rainbow. Pynchon during this time flirted with the lifestyle and some of the habits of the Beat and hippie countercultures.[15]

A negative aspect that Pynchon retrospectively found in the hippie cultural and literary movement, both in the form of the Beats of the 1950s and the resurgence form of the 1960s, was that it "placed too much emphasis on youth, including the eternal variety."[8]

In 1964, his application to study mathematics as a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley was turned down.[16] In 1966, Pynchon wrote a first-hand report on the aftermath and legacy of the Watts Riots in Los Angeles. Titled "A Journey Into the Mind of Watts", the article was published in The New York Times Magazine.[17]

From the mid-1960s Pynchon has also regularly provided blurbs and introductions for a wide range of novels and non-fiction works. One of the first of these pieces was a brief review of Oakley Hall's Warlock which appeared, along with comments by seven other writers on "neglected books", as part of a feature titled "A Gift of Books" in the December 1965 issue of Holiday.

In 1968, Pynchon was one of 447 signatories to the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest". Full-page advertisements in The New York Post and The New York Review of Books listed the names of those who had pledged not to pay "the proposed 10% income tax surcharge or any war-designated tax increase", and stated their belief "that American involvement in Vietnam is morally wrong".[18]

The Crying of Lot 49

Main article: The Crying of Lot 49
stylized line drawing of a post horn with a mute placed in the bell of the instrument
Pynchon created the "muted post horn" as a symbol for the secret "Trystero" society in The Crying of Lot 49.

In an April 1964 letter to his agent, Candida Donadio, Pynchon wrote that he was facing a creative crisis, with four novels in progress, announcing: "If they come out on paper anything like they are inside my head then it will be the literary event of the millennium."[19]

In the mid-1960s, Pynchon lived at 217 33rd St. in Manhattan Beach, California, in a small downstairs apartment.[20]

In December 1965, Pynchon politely turned down an invitation from Stanley Edgar Hyman to teach literature at Bennington College, writing that he had resolved, two or three years earlier, to write three novels at once. Pynchon described the decision as "a moment of temporary insanity", but noted that he was "too stubborn to let any of them go, let alone all of them."[21]

Pynchon's second novel, The Crying of Lot 49, was published a few months later in 1966. Whether it was one of the three or four novels Pynchon had in progress is not known, but in a 1965 letter to Donadio, Pynchon had written that he was in the middle of writing a "potboiler". When the book grew to 155 pages, he called it, "a short story, but with gland trouble", and hoped that Donadio could "unload it on some poor sucker."[19]

The Crying of Lot 49 won the Richard and Hilda Rosenthal Foundation Award shortly after publication. Although more concise and linear in its structure than Pynchon's other novels, its labyrinthine plot features an ancient, underground mail service known as "The Tristero" or "Trystero", a parody of a Jacobean revenge drama called The Courier's Tragedy, and a corporate conspiracy involving the bones of World War II American GIs being used as charcoal cigarette filters. It proposes a series of seemingly incredible interconnections between these events and other similarly bizarre revelations that confront the novel's protagonist, Oedipa Maas. Like V., the novel contains a wealth of references to science and technology and to obscure historical events, with both books dwelling on the detritus of American society and culture. The Crying of Lot 49 also continues Pynchon's strategy of composing parodic song lyrics and punning names, and referencing aspects of popular culture within his prose narratives. In particular, it incorporates a very direct allusion to the protagonist of Nabokov's Lolita within the lyric of a love lament sung by a member of "The Paranoids", a teenage band who deliberately sing their songs with British accents (p. 17).

Gravity's Rainbow

Main article: Gravity's Rainbow

Pynchon's most celebrated novel is his third, Gravity's Rainbow, published in 1973. An intricate and allusive fiction that combines and elaborates on many of the themes of his earlier work, including preterition, paranoia, racism, colonialism, conspiracy, synchronicity, and entropy,[22][23] the novel has spawned a wealth of commentary and critical material, including reader's guides,[24][25] books and scholarly articles, online concordances and discussions, and art works. Its artistic value is often compared to that of James Joyce's Ulysses.[26] Some scholars have hailed it as the greatest American post-WW2 novel,[27] and it has similarly been described as "literally an anthology of postmodernist themes and devices".[28]

The major portion of Gravity's Rainbow takes place in London and Europe in the final months of World War II and the weeks immediately following VE Day, and is narrated for the most part from within the historical moment in which it is set. In this way, Pynchon's text enacts a type of dramatic irony whereby neither the characters nor the various narrative voices are aware of specific historical circumstances, such as the Holocaust and, except as hints, premonitions and mythography, the complicity between Western corporate interests and the Nazi war machine, which figure prominently in readers' apprehensions of the novel's historical context. For example, at war's end the narrator observes: "There are rumors of a War Crimes Tribunal under way in Nürnberg. No one Slothrop has listened to is clear who's trying whom for what ... " (p. 681) Such an approach generates dynamic tension and moments of acute self-consciousness, as both reader and author seem drawn ever deeper into the "plot", in various senses of that term:

Between the ominous launch and final descent into "terminal orgasm," Pynchon presents us with a Disney-meets-Bosch panorama of European politics, American entropy, industrial history, and libidinal panic which leaves a chaotic whirl of fractal patterns in the reader's mind.[29]

"If they can get you asking the wrong questions, they don't have to worry about answers."

–Gravity's Rainbow

The novel invokes anti-authority sentiments, often through violations of narrative conventions and integrity. For example, as the aforementioned protagonist, Tyrone Slothrop, considers the fact that his own family "made its money killing trees", he apostrophizes his apology and plea for advice to the coppice within which he has momentarily taken refuge. In an overt incitement to eco-activism, Pynchon's narrative agency then has it that "a medium-sized pine nearby nods its top and suggests, 'Next time you come across a logging operation out here, find one of their tractors that isn't being guarded, and take its oil filter with you. That's what you can do.'" (p. 553)

Encyclopedic in scope and often self-conscious in style, the novel displays erudition in its treatment of an array of material drawn from the fields of psychology, chemistry, mathematics, history, religion, music, literature and film. Pynchon wrote the first draft of Gravity's Rainbow in "neat, tiny script on engineer's quadrille paper".[25] Pynchon worked on the novel throughout the 1960s and early 1970s while he was living in California and Mexico City.

Gravity's Rainbow shared the 1974 National Book Award with A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories by Isaac Bashevis Singer (split award).[3] That same year, the Pulitzer Prize fiction panel unanimously recommended Gravity's Rainbow for the award, but the Pulitzer board vetoed the jury's recommendation, describing the novel as "unreadable", "turgid", "overwritten", and in parts "obscene".[30] (No Pulitzer Prize for Fiction was awarded and finalists were not announced before 1980.)[31] In 1975, Pynchon declined the William Dean Howells Medal.[32]

Later career

A collection of Pynchon's early short stories, Slow Learner, was published in 1984, with a lengthy autobiographical introduction. In October of the same year, an article titled "Is It O.K. to Be a Luddite?" was published in the New York Times Book Review. In April 1988, Pynchon contributed an extensive review of Gabriel García Márquez's novel Love in the Time of Cholera to the New York Times, under the title "The Heart's Eternal Vow". Another article, titled "Nearer, My Couch, to Thee", was published in June 1993 in the New York Times Book Review, as one in a series of articles in which various writers reflected on each of the Seven Deadly Sins. Pynchon's subject was "Sloth".

Vineland

Main article: Vineland

Pynchon's fourth novel, Vineland, was published in 1990, but disappointed some fans and critics. It did, however, receive a positive review from the novelist Salman Rushdie. The novel is set in California in the 1980s and 1960s and describes the relationship between an FBI COINTELPRO agent and a female radical filmmaker. Its strong socio-political undercurrents detail the constant battle between authoritarianism and communalism, and the nexus between resistance and complicity, but with a typically Pynchonian sense of humor.[33][34]

In 1988, he received a MacArthur Fellowship and, since the early 1990s at least, he has been frequently cited as a contender for the Nobel Prize in Literature.[35][36][37] American literary critic Harold Bloom named him as one of the four major American novelists of his time, along with Don DeLillo, Philip Roth, and Cormac McCarthy.[38][39]

Mason & Dixon

Main article: Mason & Dixon

Pynchon's fifth novel, Mason & Dixon, was published in 1997, though it had been a work in progress since at least January 1975.[19][40]

The meticulously researched novel is a sprawling postmodernist saga recounting the lives and careers of the English astronomer Charles Mason and his partner, the surveyor Jeremiah Dixon, the surveyors of the Mason-Dixon line, during the birth of the American Republic. Some commentators acknowledged it as a welcome return to form. The American critic Harold Bloom hailed the novel as Pynchon's "masterpiece to date".[41]

Against the Day

Main article: Against the Day

A variety of rumors pertaining to the subject matter of Against the Day circulated for a number of years. Most specific of these were comments made by the former German minister of culture Michael Naumann, who stated that he assisted Pynchon in his research about "a Russian mathematician [who] studied for David Hilbert in Göttingen", and that the new novel would trace the life and loves of Sofia Kovalevskaya.

In July 2006, a new untitled novel by Pynchon was announced along with a synopsis written by Pynchon himself, which appeared on Amazon.com, it stated that the novel's action takes place between the 1893 Chicago World's Fair and the time immediately following World War I. "With a worldwide disaster looming just a few years ahead", Pynchon wrote in his book description, "it is a time of unrestrained corporate greed, false religiosity, moronic fecklessness, and evil intent in high places. No reference to the present day is intended or should be inferred." He promised cameos by Nikola Tesla, Bela Lugosi and Groucho Marx, as well as "stupid songs" and "strange sexual practices". Subsequently, the title of the new book was reported to be Against the Day and a Penguin spokesperson confirmed that the synopsis was Pynchon's.[42][43]

Against the Day was released on November 21, 2006, and is 1,085 pages long in the first edition hardcover. The book was given almost no promotion by Penguin and professional book reviewers were given little time in advance to review the book, presumably in accord with Pynchon's wishes. An edited version of Pynchon's synopsis was used as the jacket-flap copy and Kovalevskaya does appear, although as only one of over a hundred characters.

Composed in part of a series of interwoven pastiches of popular fiction genres from the era in which it is set, the novel inspired mixed reactions from critics and reviewers. One reviewer remarked, "It is brilliant, but it is exhaustingly brilliant."[44] Other reviewers described Against the Day as "lengthy and rambling"[45] and "a baggy monster of a book",[46] while negative appraisals condemned the novel for its "silliness"[47] or characterized its action as "fairly pointless" and remained unimpressed by its "grab bag of themes".[48] Some made the point that this was ostensibly the culmination of Pynchon's career and a summation of his personal philosophy.

Inherent Vice

Inherent Vice was published in August 2009.

A synopsis and brief extract from the novel, along with the novel's title, Inherent Vice, and dust jacket image, were printed in Penguin Press' Summer 2009 catalogue. The book was advertised by the publisher as "part-noir, part-psychedelic romp, all Thomas Pynchon—private eye Doc Sportello comes, occasionally, out of a cannabis haze to watch the end of an era as free love slips away and paranoia creeps in with the L.A. fog."

A promotional video for the novel was released by Penguin Books on August 4, 2009, with the character voiceover narrated by the author himself.[49]

A film adaptation, Inherent Vice, by writer-director Paul Thomas Anderson premiered in December 2014 and received two Oscar nominations.

Bleeding Edge

Main article: Bleeding Edge

On January 4, 2013, Washington Post editor Ron Charles announced via Twitter that Pynchon was set to publish a new novel, titled The Bleeding Edge, according to his publisher Penguin Press.[50]

On February 25, 2013, Penguin stated the new novel, Bleeding Edge, would take place in Manhattan's Silicon Alley during “the lull between the collapse of the dot-com boom and the terrible events of September 11." The novel was released on September 17, 2013 [51] to lukewarm reviews.

Style

Poet L. E. Sissman, wrote from The New Yorker: "He is almost a mathematician of prose, who calculates the least and the greatest stress each word and line, each pun and ambiguity, can bear, and applies his knowledge accordingly and virtually without lapses, though he takes many scary, bracing linguistic risks. Thus his remarkably supple diction can first treat of a painful and delicate love scene and then roar, without pause, into the sounds and echoes of a drugged and drunken orgy."[52]

More commonly classified as a postmodernist author,[53][54][55] Pynchon's work has also been described as "high modern".[56]

Themes

Along with its emphasis on sociopolitical themes such as racism and imperialism, its awareness and appropriation of many elements of traditional high culture and literary form, Pynchon's work explores philosophical, theological, and sociological ideas exhaustively, though in quirky and approachable ways. His writings demonstrate a strong affinity with the practitioners and artifacts of low culture, including comic books and cartoons, pulp fiction, popular films, television programs, cookery, urban myths, paranoia and conspiracy theories, and folk art. This blurring of the conventional boundary between "High" and "low" culture has been seen as one of the defining characteristics of his writing.

In particular, Pynchon has revealed himself in his fiction and non-fiction as an aficionado of popular music. Song lyrics and mock musical numbers appear in each of his novels, and, in his autobiographical introduction to the Slow Learner collection of early stories, he reveals a fondness for both jazz and rock and roll. The character McClintic Sphere in V. is a fictional composite of jazz musicians such as Ornette Coleman, Charlie Parker and Thelonious Monk. In The Crying of Lot 49, the lead singer of "The Paranoids" sports "a Beatle haircut" and sings with an English accent. In the closing pages of Gravity's Rainbow, there is an apocryphal report that Tyrone Slothrop, the novel's protagonist, played kazoo and harmonica as a guest musician on a record released by The Fool in the 1960s (having magically recovered the latter instrument, his "harp", in a German stream in 1945, after losing it down the toilet in 1939 at the Roseland Ballroom in Roxbury, Boston, to the strains of the jazz standard "Cherokee", upon which tune Charlie Parker was simultaneously inventing bebop in New York, as Pynchon describes). In Vineland, both Zoyd Wheeler and Isaiah Two Four are also musicians: Zoyd played keyboards in a '60s surf band called "The Corvairs", while Isaiah played in a punk band called "Billy Barf and the Vomitones". In Mason & Dixon, one of the characters plays on the "Clavier" the varsity drinking song that will later become "The Star-Spangled Banner"; while in another episode a character remarks tangentially "Sometimes, it's hard to be a woman".

In his introduction to Slow Learner, Pynchon acknowledges a debt to the anarchic bandleader Spike Jones, and in 1994, he penned a 3000-word set of liner notes for the album Spiked!, a collection of Jones's recordings released on the short-lived BMG Catalyst label. Pynchon also wrote the liner notes for Nobody's Cool, the second album of indie rock band Lotion, in which he states that "rock and roll remains one of the last honorable callings, and a working band is a miracle of everyday life. Which is basically what these guys do." He is also known to be a fan of Roky Erickson.

Investigations and digressions into the realms of human sexuality, psychology, sociology, mathematics, science, and technology recur throughout Pynchon's works. One of his earliest short stories, "Low-lands" (1960), features a meditation on Heisenberg's uncertainty principle as a metaphor for telling stories about one's own experiences. His next published work, "Entropy" (1960), introduced the concept which was to become synonymous with Pynchon's name (though Pynchon later admitted the "shallowness of [his] understanding" of the subject, and noted that choosing an abstract concept first and trying to construct a narrative around it was "a lousy way to go about writing a story"). Another early story, "Under the Rose" (1961), includes among its cast of characters a cyborg set anachronistically in Victorian-era Egypt (a type of writing now called steampunk). This story, significantly reworked by Pynchon, appears as Chapter 3 of V. "The Secret Integration" (1964), Pynchon's last published short story, is a sensitively handled coming-of-age tale in which a group of young boys face the consequences of the American policy of racial integration. At one point in the story, the boys attempt to understand the new policy by way of the mathematical operation, the only sense of the word with which they are familiar.

The Crying of Lot 49 also alludes to entropy and communication theory, and contains scenes and descriptions which parody or appropriate calculus, Zeno's paradoxes, and the thought experiment known as Maxwell's demon. At the same time, the novel also investigates homosexuality, celibacy and both medically sanctioned and illicit psychedelic drug use. Gravity's Rainbow describes many varieties of sexual fetishism (including sado-masochism, coprophilia and a borderline case of tentacle erotica), and features numerous episodes of drug use, most notably cannabis but also cocaine, naturally occurring hallucinogens, and the mushroom Amanita muscaria. Gravity's Rainbow also derives much from Pynchon's background in mathematics: at one point, the geometry of garter belts is compared with that of cathedral spires, both described as mathematical singularities. Mason & Dixon explores the scientific, theological, and socio-cultural foundations of the Age of Reason while also depicting the relationships between actual historical figures and fictional characters in intricate detail and, like Gravity's Rainbow, is an archetypal example of the genre of historiographic metafiction.

Influence

Precursors

An eclectic catalogue of Pynchonian precursors has been proposed by readers and critics. Pynchon's novels refer overtly to writers as disparate as Henry Adams, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Vladimir Nabokov, Giorgio de Chirico, Emily Dickinson, William March, Rainer Maria Rilke, Jorge Luis Borges, Ishmael Reed, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Patrick O'Brian, and Umberto Eco, and to a mix of iconic religious and philosophical sources. Critics have made comparisons of Pynchon's writing with works by Rabelais, Cervantes, Laurence Sterne, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Charles Dickens, Joseph Conrad, Thomas Mann, William S. Burroughs, Ralph Ellison, Patrick White, and Toni Morrison.

Some commentators have detected similarities with those writers in the Modernist tradition who wrote extremely long novels dealing with large metaphysical or political issues. Examples of such works might include Ulysses by James Joyce, A Passage to India by E.M. Forster, The Apes of God by Wyndham Lewis, The Man Without Qualities by Robert Musil, and U.S.A. by John Dos Passos.[23][57][58][59][60] Pynchon explicitly acknowledges his debt to Beat Generation writers, and expresses his admiration for Jack Kerouac's On the Road in particular. He also outlines the specific influence on his own early fiction of literary works by T. S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway, Henry Miller, Saul Bellow, Herbert Gold, Philip Roth, Norman Mailer, John Buchan and Graham Greene, and non-fiction works by Helen Waddell, Norbert Wiener and Isaac Asimov.[8]

Comparisons with other authors

Contemporary American authors whose fiction is often categorized alongside Pynchon's include John Hawkes, Kurt Vonnegut, Robert Anton Wilson, Philip K. Dick, Joseph Heller, Donald Barthelme, Steve Erickson, John Barth, William Gaddis, Don DeLillo, William S. Burroughs and Joseph McElroy.

The wildly eccentric characters, frenzied action, frequent digressions, and imposing lengths of Pynchon's novels have led critic James Wood to classify Pynchon's work as hysterical realism. Other writers whose work has been labeled as hysterical realism include Steve Erickson, Neal Stephenson, and Zadie Smith.

Legacy

Younger contemporary writers who have been touted as heirs to Pynchon include David Foster Wallace, William Vollmann, Richard Powers, Steve Erickson, David Mitchell, Neal Stephenson, Dave Eggers, and Tommaso Pincio whose pseudonym is an Italian rendering of Pynchon's name.

Pynchon's work has been cited as an influence and inspiration by many writers, directors and artists, including T. Coraghessan Boyle, David Foster Wallace, Don DeLillo, Ian Rankin, William Gibson, Elfriede Jelinek, Rick Moody, Alan Moore, Arturo Pérez-Reverte, Richard Powers, Salman Rushdie, Neal Stephenson, Bruce Sterling, Jan Wildt, Laurie Anderson, Zak Smith, David Cronenberg, Paul Thomas Anderson, James Murphy, and Adam Rapp.

Thanks to his influence on Gibson and Stephenson in particular, Pynchon became one of the progenitors of cyberpunk fiction; a 1987 essay in Spin magazine by Timothy Leary explicitly named Gravity's Rainbow as the "Old Testament" of cyberpunk, with Gibson's Neuromancer and its sequels as the "New Testament". Though the term "cyberpunk" did not become prevalent until the early 1980s, since Leary's article many readers have retroactively included Gravity's Rainbow in the genre, along with other works—e.g., Samuel R. Delany's Dhalgren and many works of Philip K. Dick—which seem, after the fact, to anticipate cyberpunk styles and themes. The encyclopedic nature of Pynchon's novels also led to some attempts to link his work with the short-lived hypertext fiction movement of the 1990s.[61]

The main-belt asteroid 152319 is named after Thomas Pynchon.[62]

Media scrutiny of private life

Relatively little is known about Thomas Pynchon's private life; he has carefully avoided contact with reporters for more than forty years. Only a few photos of him are known to exist, nearly all from his high school and college days, and his whereabouts have often remained undisclosed.

A review of V. in the New York Times Book Review described Pynchon as "a recluse" living in Mexico, thereby introducing the media label with which journalists have characterized him throughout his career.[63] Nonetheless, Pynchon's personal absence from mass media is one of the notable features of his life, and it has generated many rumors and apocryphal anecdotes.

1970s and 1980s

After the publication and success of Gravity's Rainbow, interest mounted in finding out more about the identity of the author. At the 1974 National Book Awards ceremony, the president of Viking Press, Tom Guinzberg, arranged for double-talking comedian "Professor" Irwin Corey to accept the prize on Pynchon's behalf.[16] Many of the assembled guests had no idea who Corey was and had never seen the author, so they assumed it was Pynchon himself on the stage delivering Corey's trademark torrent of rambling, pseudo-scholarly verbiage.[64] Toward the end of Corey's address a streaker ran through the hall, adding further to the confusion.

An article published in the Soho Weekly News claimed that Pynchon was in fact J. D. Salinger.[65] Pynchon's written response to this theory was simple: "Not bad. Keep trying."[59]

Thereafter, the first piece to provide substantial information about Pynchon's personal life was a biographical account written by a former Cornell University friend, Jules Siegel, and published in Playboy magazine. In his article, Siegel reveals that Pynchon had a complex about his teeth and underwent extensive and painful reconstructive surgery, was nicknamed "Tom" at Cornell and attended Mass diligently, acted as best man at Siegel's wedding, and that he later also had an affair with Siegel's wife. Siegel recalls Pynchon saying he did attend some of Vladimir Nabokov's lectures at Cornell but that he could hardly make out what Nabokov was saying because of his thick Russian accent. Siegel also records Pynchon's commenting: "Every weirdo in the world is on my wavelength", an observation borne out by the crankiness and zealotry that has attached itself to his name and work in subsequent years.[66]

1990s

Pynchon does not like to talk with reporters, and refuses the spectacle of celebrity and public appearances. Journalists have continued to speculate about his identity and activities, and characterized his mass media avoidance as "reclusive". Some readers and critics have suggested that there were and are perhaps aesthetic (and ideological) motivations behind his choice to remain aloof from public life. For example, the protagonist in Janette Turner Hospital's short story, "For Mr. Voss or Occupant" (published in 1991), explains to her daughter that she is writing

a study of authors who become reclusive. Patrick White, Emily Dickinson, J. D. Salinger, Thomas Pynchon. The way they create solitary characters and personae and then disappear into their fictions.[67]

More recently, book critic Arthur Salm has written that

the man simply chooses not to be a public figure, an attitude that resonates on a frequency so out of phase with that of the prevailing culture that if Pynchon and Paris Hilton were ever to meet—the circumstances, I admit, are beyond imagining—the resulting matter/antimatter explosion would vaporize everything from here to Tau Ceti IV.[68]

Belying this reputation somewhat, Pynchon has published a number of articles and reviews in the mainstream American media, including words of support for Salman Rushdie and his then-wife, Marianne Wiggins, after the fatwa was pronounced against Rushdie by the Iranian leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.[69] In the following year, Rushdie's enthusiastic review of Pynchon's Vineland prompted Pynchon to send him another message hinting that if Rushdie were ever in New York, the two should arrange a meeting. Eventually, the two did meet, and Rushdie said of him that he was "extremely Pynchon-esque" and "the Pynchon he wanted him to be."[70]

In the early 1990s, Pynchon married his literary agent, Melanie Jackson—a great-granddaughter of Theodore Roosevelt and a granddaughter of Robert H. Jackson, U.S. Supreme Court Justice and Nuremberg trials prosecutor—and fathered a son, Jackson, in 1991. The disclosure of Pynchon's 1990s location in New York City, after many years in which he was believed to be dividing his time between Mexico and northern California, led some journalists and photographers to try to track him down. Shortly before the publication of Mason & Dixon in 1997, a CNN camera crew filmed him in Manhattan. Angered by this invasion of his privacy, he called CNN asking that he not be identified in the footage of the street scenes near his home. When asked by CNN, Pynchon rejected their characterization of him as a recluse, remarking "My belief is that 'recluse' is a code word generated by journalists ... meaning, 'doesn't like to talk to reporters'." CNN also quoted him as saying, "Let me be unambiguous. I prefer not to be photographed."[71] The next year, a reporter for the Sunday Times managed to snap a photo of him as he was walking with his son.[72]

After several references to Pynchon's work and reputation were made on NBC's The John Larroquette Show, Pynchon (through his agent) reportedly contacted the show's producers to offer suggestions and corrections. When a local Pynchon sighting became a major plot point in a 1994 episode of the show, Pynchon was sent the script for his approval; as well as providing the title of a fictitious work to be used in one episode ("Pandemonium of the Sun"), the novelist apparently vetoed a final scene that called for an extra playing him to be filmed from behind, walking away from shot.[71][73] Also during the 1990s, Pynchon apparently befriended members of the band Lotion and attended a number of their shows, culminating in the liner notes he contributed for the band's 1995 album Nobody's Cool. The novelist then conducted an interview with the band ("Lunch With Lotion") for Esquire in June 1996 in the lead-up to the publication of Mason & Dixon. More recently, Pynchon provided faxed answers to questions submitted by author David Hajdu and permitted excerpts from his personal correspondence to be quoted in Hajdu's 2001 book, Positively 4th Street: The Lives and Times of Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Mimi Baez Fariña and Richard Fariña.[74]

Pynchon's insistence on maintaining his personal privacy and on having his work speak for itself has resulted in a number of outlandish rumors and hoaxes over the years. Indeed, claims that Pynchon was the Unabomber or a sympathizer with the Waco Branch Davidians after the 1993 siege were upstaged in the mid-1990s by the invention of an elaborate rumor insinuating that Pynchon and one "Wanda Tinasky" were the same person. A spate of letters authored under that name had appeared in the late 1980s in the Anderson Valley Advertiser in Anderson Valley, California. The style and content of those letters were said to resemble Pynchon's, and Pynchon's Vineland, published in 1990, also takes place in northern California, so it was suggested that Pynchon may have been in the area at that time, conducting research. A collection of the Tinasky letters was eventually published as a paperback book in 1996; however, Pynchon himself denied having written the letters, and no direct attribution of the letters to Pynchon was ever made. "Literary detective" Donald Foster subsequently showed that the Letters were in fact written by an obscure Beat writer, Tom Hawkins, who had murdered his wife and then committed suicide in 1988. Foster's evidence was conclusive, including finding the typewriter on which the "Tinasky" letters had been written.[75]

In 1998, over 120 letters that Pynchon had written to his longtime agent, Candida Donadio, were donated by the family of private collector, Carter Burden, to the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York City. The letters ranged from 1963 to 1982, thus covering some of the author's most creative and prolific years. Although the Morgan Library originally intended to allow scholars to view the letters, at Pynchon’s request the Burden family and Morgan Library agreed to seal these letters until after Pynchon's death.[19]

2000s

Cartoon frame showing a man with a paper bag over his head talking into a mobile phone. The bag has a large question mark printed on it and the man stands in front of a large illuminated sign in block letters which says 'THOMAS PYNCHON'S HOUSE – COME ON IN'
Pynchon depicted in The Simpsons episode "Diatribe of a Mad Housewife". His Simpsons appearances are some of the few occasions that Pynchon's voice has been broadcast in the media.

Responding to the image which has been manufactured in the media over the years, Pynchon made two cameo animated appearances on the television series The Simpsons in 2004. The first occurs in the episode "Diatribe of a Mad Housewife", in which Marge Simpson becomes a novelist. He plays himself, with a paper bag over his head, and provides a blurb for the back cover of Marge's book, speaking in a broad Long Island accent: "Here's your quote: Thomas Pynchon loved this book, almost as much as he loves cameras!" He then starts yelling at passing cars: "Hey, over here, have your picture taken with a reclusive author! Today only, we'll throw in a free autograph! But, wait! There's more!"[76][77] In his second appearance, in "All's Fair in Oven War", Pynchon's dialogue consists entirely of puns on his novel titles ("These wings are 'V'-licious! I'll put this recipe in 'The Gravity's Rainbow Cookbook', right next to 'The Frying of Latke 49'."). The cartoon representation of Pynchon reappears in a third, non-speaking cameo, as a guest at the fictional WordLoaf convention depicted in the 18th season episode "Moe'N'a Lisa". The episode first aired on November 19, 2006, the Sunday before Pynchon's sixth novel, Against the Day, was released. According to Al Jean on the 15th season DVD episode commentary, Pynchon wanted to do the show because his son was a big fan.

It was revealed on August 28, 2014 that during pre-production of "All's Fair in Oven War", Pynchon faxed one page from the script to producer Matt Selman with several handwritten edits to his lines. Of particular emphasis was Pynchon's outright refusal to utter the line "No wonder Homer is such a fat-ass." Pynchon's objection apparently had nothing to do with the salty language as he explained in a footnote to the edit, "...Homer is my role model and I can't speak ill of him."[78][79]

In celebration of the 100th anniversary of George Orwell's birth, Pynchon wrote a new foreword to Orwell's celebrated dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. The introduction presents a brief biography of Orwell as well as a reflection on some of the critical responses to Nineteen Eighty-Four. Pynchon also offers his own reflection in the introduction that "what is perhaps [most] important, indeed necessary, to a working prophet, is to be able to see deeper than most of us into the human soul."[80]

In July 2006, Amazon.com created a page showing an upcoming 992-page, untitled, Thomas Pynchon novel. A description of the soon-to-be published novel appeared on Amazon purporting to be written by Pynchon himself. The description was taken down, prompting speculation over its authenticity, but the blurb was soon back up along with the title of Pynchon's new novel, Against the Day.

Shortly before Against the Day was published, Pynchon's prose appeared in the program for "The Daily Show: Ten Fu@#ing Years (The Concert)", a retrospective on Jon Stewart's comedy-news broadcast The Daily Show.[81]

On December 6, 2006, Pynchon joined a campaign by many other major authors to clear Ian McEwan of plagiarism charges by sending a typewritten letter to his British publisher, which was published in the Daily Telegraph newspaper.[82]

Pynchon's 2009 YouTube promotional teaser for the novel Inherent Vice is the second time a recording of his voice has been released to mainstream outlets (the first being his appearances on The Simpsons).[49]

In 2012, Pynchon's books were released in e-book format, ending a long holdout by the author. Publisher Penguin Press reported that the books' length and complex page layouts made it a challenge to convert them to a digital format. Though they had produced a promotional video for the June release, Penguin had no expectation Pynchon's public profile would change in any fashion.[83]

List of works

Novels

Short story collection

References

  1. ↑ "8/25/2013 New York Magazine profile based on interviews with lifelong friends and family members". Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  2. ↑ "Pynchon". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  3. 1 2 "National Book Awards – 1974". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
    (With essays by Casey Hicks and Chad Post from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog. The mock acceptance speech by Irwin Corey is not reprinted by NBF.)
  4. ↑ His contributions to the Oyster High Purple & Gold were first reprinted on pp. 156-67 of Clifford Mead's Thomas Pynchon: A Bibliography of Primary and Secondary Materials (Dalkey Archive Press, 1989).
  5. ↑ Pynchon, Thomas. "Voice of the Hamster". The Modern Word. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  6. ↑ Pynchon, Thomas. "The Boys". The Modern Word. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  7. ↑ Pynchon, Thomas. "Ye Legend of Sir Stupid and the Purple Knight". The Modern Word. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 Pynchon, Thomas (1984). Slow Learner. Little, Brown and Company. pp. 8–32. ISBN 0316724424.
  9. ↑ Sweeney, Susan Elizabeth (25 Jun 2008). "The V-Shaped Paradigm: Nabokov and Pynchon". Cycnos 12.
  10. ↑ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/thomas-pynchon-on-911-american-literatures-greatest-conspiracy-theorist-finally-addresses-his-countrys-greatest-trauma-8830225.html
  11. ↑ Gibbs, Rodney (2004). "A Portrait of the Luddite as a Young Man". Denver Quarterly 39 (1). Archived from the original on November 12, 2006.
  12. ↑ Wisnicki, Adrian (2000). "A Trove of New Works by Thomas Pynchon? Bomarc Service News Rediscovered". Pynchon Notes. No. 46-49 (Spring 2000).
  13. ↑ "National Book Awards – 1964". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
  14. ↑ Frost, Garrison. "Thomas Pynchon and the South Bay". The Aesthetic. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  15. ↑ Gordon, Andrew. "Smoking Dope with Thomas Pynchon: A Sixties Memoir". Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  16. 1 2 Royster, Paul (23 Jun 2005). "Thomas Pynchon: A Brief Chronology".
  17. ↑ Pynchon, Thomas (12 Jun 1966). "A Journey into the Mind of Watts". The New York Times Magazine.
  18. ↑ "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest Names". National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Gussow, Mel (4 Mar 1998). "Pynchon's Letters Nudge His Mask". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  20. ↑ Johnson, Ted (20 April 1995). "A Tour De Force: From LAX Tower to 'Pulp Fiction' Diner to Stars' Hangouts, Pop Culture Landmarks Dot Landscape Here – Page 2". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  21. ↑ McLemee, Scott. "You Hide, They Seek". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  22. ↑ Plater, William M. (1978). Grim Phoenix: Reconstructing Thomas Pynchon. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978025332670-6.
  23. 1 2 Chambers, Judith (1992). Thomas Pynchon. Twayne Publishers. ISBN 9780805739602.
  24. ↑ Fowler, Douglas (1980). A Reader's Guide to Gravity's Rainbow. Ardis Press. ISBN 9780882334059.
  25. 1 2 Weisenburger, Steven C. (1988). A Gravity's Rainbow Companion: Sources and Contexts for Pynchon's Novel. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820310268.
  26. ↑ Ruch, Allen. "Introduction to GR". The Modern Word. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  27. ↑ Almansi, Guido (1994). L'estetica dell'osceno. Piccola Biblioteca Einaudi. p. 226.
  28. ↑ McHale, Brian (1987). Postmodernist Fiction. New York: Methuen. p. 16. ISBN 9780415045131.
  29. ↑ Pettman, Dominic (2002). "Thomas Pynchon". In Bertens, Hans; Natoli, Joseph. Postmodernism: The Key Figures. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers. pp. 261–266. ISBN 9780631217961.
  30. ↑ Kihss, Peter (8 May 1974). "Pulitzer Jurors; His Third Novel". The New York Times.
  31. ↑ "Fiction". Past winners & finalists by category. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
  32. ↑ Slade, Joseph W. (Jan 1982). "Thomas Pynchon, Postindustrial Humanist". Technology and Culture 23 (1): 53. JSTOR 3104443.
  33. ↑ Rushdie, Salman (14 Jan 1990). "Still Crazy After All These Years". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  34. ↑ Berressem, Hanjo (1992). Pynchon's Poetics: Interfacing Theory and Text. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. pp. 236–7. ISBN 9780252019197.
  35. ↑ Gray, Paul (18 Oct 1993). "Rooms of Their Own". Time Magazine. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  36. ↑ Duvall, John N., ed. (2002). Productive Postmodernism: Consuming Histories and Cultural Studies. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 76. ISBN 9780791451939.
  37. ↑ Rising, Malin (9 Oct 2008). "Nobel literature: Will an American win after all?". USA Today. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  38. ↑ Pierce, Leonard (15 June 2009). "Harold Bloom on Blood Meridian". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
  39. ↑ http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2003/09/24/dumbing_down_american_readers/
  40. ↑ Ulin, David (25 Apr 1997). "Gravity's End". Salon.
  41. ↑ Bloom, Harold (2003). Thomas Pynchon. Chelsea House. ISBN 9780791070307.
  42. ↑ Patterson, Troy. "The Pynchon Post". Slate. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  43. ↑ Italie, Hillel (20 July 2006). "New Thomas Pynchon Novel is on the way". Associated Press.
  44. ↑ Leith, Sam (1 Dec 2006). "Pinning down Pynchon". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  45. ↑ Wood, Michael (4 Jan 2007). "Humming along". London Review of Books (Vol. 29, No. 1). Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  46. ↑ Sante, Luc (11 Jan 2007). "Inside the Time Machine". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  47. ↑ Kirsch, Adam (15 Nov 2006). "Pynchon: He Who Lives By the List, Dies by It". The New York Sun. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  48. ↑ Miller, Laura. "The fall of the house of Pynchon". Salon.com. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  49. 1 2 Kurutz, Steven (11 Aug 2009). "Yup, It’s Him: A Pynchon Mystery Solved". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  50. ↑ Magee, C. Max. "Thomas Pynchon to Publish New Novel". The Millions. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  51. ↑ Alden, William (25 February 2013). "Pynchon Takes On Silicon Alley". DealBook. The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  52. ↑ Sissman, L.E. (19 May 1973). "Hieronymus and Robert Bosch: The Art of Thomas Pynchon". The New Yorker.
  53. ↑ "Postmodernism". postmodernblog.tumblr.com. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  54. ↑ "Pynchon’s postmodernism". University Publishing Online. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  55. ↑ Rosenthal, Regine (November 1989). "'Gravity's Rainbow' and the postmodern picaro". Revue française d'études américaines (42): 407–426. JSTOR 20872015.
  56. ↑ "Ray Carney's Mailbag". Boston University. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  57. ↑ Peirce, Carol Marshall (1982). "Pynchon's V. and Durrell's Alexandria Quartet: A Seminar in the Modern Tradition". Pynchon Notes 8: 23–29.
  58. ↑ Porush, David (1994). ""The Hacker We Call God": Transcendent Writing Machines in Kafka and Pynchon". Pynchon Notes. 34–35: 129–47.
  59. 1 2 Tanner, Tony (1982). Thomas Pynchon. p. 18. ISBN 978-0416316704.
  60. ↑ Brook, Thomas (1983). "What's the Point? On Comparing Joyce and Pynchon". Pynchon Notes 11: 44–48.
  61. ↑ Page, Adrian (2002). "Towards a poetics of hypertext fiction". In Bissell, Elizabeth B. The Question of Literature: The Place on the Literary in Contemporary Theory'. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0719057442.
  62. ↑ Guido, Ernesto. "Asteroids named after Thomas Pynchon & Stabia".
  63. ↑ Plimpton, George (21 Apr 1963). "Mata Hari with a Clockwork Eye, Alligators in the Sewer" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  64. ↑ Corey, Irwin. "Transcript of Remarks Given at the National Book Awards, Thursday, April 18, 1974".
  65. ↑ Batchelor, J. C. (22 Apr 1976). "Thomas Pynchon is not Thomas Pynchon, or, This is End of the Plot Which Has No Name". Soho Weekly News.
  66. ↑ Siegel, Jules (Mar 1977). "Who is Thomas Pynchon, and why did he take off with my wife?". Playboy.
  67. ↑ Hospital, Janette Turner (1995). Collected Stories: 1970 To 1995. pp. 361–2.
  68. ↑ Salm, Arthur (8 Feb 2004). "A Screaming Comes Across the Sky (but Not a Photo)". San Diego Union-Tribune.
  69. ↑ Pynchon, Thomas (12 Mar 1989). "Words for Salman Rushdie". The New York Times Book Review.
  70. ↑ Boog, Jason (2009-07-17). "Salman Rushdie’s Dinner with Thomas Pynchon – GalleyCat". Mediabistro.com. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  71. 1 2 "Where's Thomas Pynchon?". CNN. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  72. ↑ Bone, James (7 Jun 1998). "Who the hell is he?". Sunday Times (South Africa).
  73. ↑ Glenn, Joshua (19 Oct 2003). "Pynchon and Homer". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  74. ↑ Warner, Simon (2 Aug 2001). "A king, a queen and two knaves?: An Interview with David Hadju (sic)". PopMatters. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  75. ↑ Foster, Don (2000). Author Unknown: On the Trail of Anonymous.
  76. ↑ "Pynchon References on TV". themodernword.com. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  77. ↑ Ketzan, Eric. "Literary Titan Thomas Pynchon Breaks 40-Year Silence – on The Simpsons!". themodernword.com. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  78. ↑ Krumboltz, Mike. "Thomas Pynchon Draws the Line at Making Fun of Homer Simpson's Big Butt". Yahoo TV. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  79. ↑ Selman, Matt. "Matt Selman". Matt Selman's Twitter Account. Twitter. Retrieved 5 September 2014. The fax sent to us by Thomas Pynchon with his jokes written on the script page
  80. ↑ Orwell, George (2003). Nineteen Eighty-Four. New York: Plume, Harcourt & Brace. ISBN 978-0452284234.
  81. ↑ "Pynchon References on TV". themodernword.com. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  82. ↑ Reynolds, Nigel (6 Dec 2006). "Recluse speaks out to defend McEwan". The Telegraph. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  83. ↑ Julie Bosman (June 12, 2012). "After Long Resistance, Pynchon Allows Novels to Be Sold as E-Books". The New York Times, Media Decoder blog.

Further reading

External links

The following links were last verified on May 2, 2013.
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