Beilschmiedia

Beilschmiedia
Beilschmiedia tawa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Magnoliids
Order: Laurales
Family: Lauraceae
Genus: Beilschmiedia
Nees
Synonyms

Beilschmiedia is a genus of trees and shrubs in family Lauraceae. Most of its species grow in tropical climates, but a few of them are native to temperate regions, and they are widespread in tropical Asia, Africa, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, North America, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America.[1] The best-known species to gardeners in temperate areas are B. berteroana and B. miersii because of their frost tolerance. Seeds of B. bancroftii were used as a source of food by Australian Aborigines.[2] Timbers of some species are very valuable.

Overview

Beilschmiedia miersii
Taraire leaves and drupe

Beilschmiedia is a genus of about 240-250 species,[3] that are trees or shrubs; it has about 80 species in tropical Africa and Madagascar.[4] They are commonly canopy trees, growing at altitudes from near sea level to 2200 m. The trees grow in well-developed rainforests, and in warm or temperate forests on poorer sedimentary soils.[5][6][7] Most species grow in tropical climates, but a few of them are native to temperate regions. They are widespread in tropical Africa, Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America.[7] The timbers of some species is very valuable.

Ecology

The Lauraceae, the Beilschmiedia family, are aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs. Many botanical species have similar foliage to the Lauraceae due to convergent evolution. Those plants are adapted to high rainfall and humidity. The patterns of speciation in the Lauraceae family indicate, since the onset of aridification on the continents 15 million years ago (Mya), rainforest species diversified.[8] One of the products of aridification is the isolation of populations and this likely caused the increase in the rate of speciation as found in the Lauraceae. This genus has species adapted to the laurel forest habitat, so common in the Lauraceae and species adapted to a more Mediterranean-type climate with a dry season with lower rainfall. The morphology of sclerophyllous species is divergent from other humid tropical climate species of the genus. The greatest diversity of species and a greater presence of the genus is given in cloud forest and tropical rainforest in Asia and Southeast Asia.[1][3] In Madagascar, the genus Beilschmiedia is particularly important in the island flora, and their species were isolated when the island was separated from the African continent.

The genus Beilschmiedia is present in a greater climatic distribution area than other genera of Lauraceae, Beilschmiedia species grow well in moist, well-drained ground, and tolerate a variety of soil types, and attain a maximum in tropical and wetter areas of distribution, but their pattern of speciation results in some cases from the product of aridification of the habitat. Some Beilschmiedia species are adapted to drier conditions than the typical Lauraceae.[3] Some endangered relict species are living in temperate areas[5] and are distributed in Mediterranean climate, and tropical and subtropical lowland forests and montane rainforest.[8]

Shade-loving B. mannii grows in riverine and swamp forest, or in evergreen primary and secondary forest. B. gaboonensis, B. lebrunii, and B. nitida are included in subgenus Hufelandia of Beilschmiedia. B. variabilis and B. zenkeri are included in section Acrothecon.[4]

Beilschmiedia gaboonensis is a medium-sized tree up to 30 m tall with a bole diameter up to 60 cm. It is distributed from Nigeria to DR Congo and occurs in wet and marshy locations in lowland rainforest. B. lebrunii is a rare tree up to 15 m tall with a bole diameter up to 30 cm, occurring in DR Congo in forest at 1450–1700 m altitude. B. nitida is a shrub or small tree up to 8 m tall, distributed in Cameroon and Congo.

Beilschmiedia variabilis is a shrub or small tree up to 10 m tall with a bole diameter up to 25 cm, occurring rather commonly in Congo in the understorey of forest in swampy, periodically inundated or drier locations. B. zenkeri is a shrub or small tree up to 15 m tall, occurring in Cameroon and Congo in swampy and periodically inundated forest.

Beilschmiedia genus responded to favourable climatic periods and expanded across the available habitat, adapting also to more extreme conditions, but depending on favorable soil edaphic conditions. Beilschmiedia species need an annual oscillation of the temperature moderated by the proximity of the ocean and many species resist bad cold and frost.

A related vegetal community evolved millions of years ago on the supercontinent of Gondwana, and species of this community are now found on several separate areas of the Southern Hemisphere, including South America, Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and New Caledonia. These lauroid-leaved plant communities are twofold to tropical climate and temperate climate, having the more temperate climate their origin in the named Antarctic flora.[7]

The genus Beilschmiedia is present in Mexico, Venezuela, southern Chile, and Argentina from the Pacific Ocean to the Andes between 38° and 45° latitude, where rainfall is abundant, from 1500 to 2500 mm according to locality, distributed throughout the year, but with some subhumid Mediterranean climate influence for three to fourr months in summer. The temperatures are unchanging enough and mild, with no month falling below 5°C, and the warmest month below 22°C.[8] Also, they are present in the eastern end of Malesia, including New Guinea, that also has many additional elements of the Antarctic flora, including southern beech (Nothofagus) and eucalypts.

The highlands of New Guinea and New Britain were linked to Australia around 40 Mya, the Indo-Australian tectonic plate began to split apart from the ancient supercontinent Gondwana. The laurifolia appears in Cape York Peninsula, mountains of the coastal strip of New South Wales in Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. This laurel forests are home to species related to those in the Valdivian laurel forests, including southern beech (Nothofagus) through the connection of the Antarctic flora.

Description

Beilschmiedia tarairi

Frequently, their bark is pale to dark brown, smooth or coarse, and they have fine, reddish-brown hairs densely covering the branchlets, and the young leaves are reddish. The dark green leaves are alternate and leathery. Sometimes broad, others small and narrow, the leaves have distinctive depressed veins. The flowers are greenish to cream to yellow-green, and pedicellate of 4-6 mm. The flowers often are clothed in dense reddish-brown hairs. The flowers are hermaphroditic and arranged in inflorescences. The inflorescence is an erect panicle arising from the leaf axil.[1] The stamens are in two whorls; the ovary is in a superior position.[9]

The fruit is variable from one species to other' in some species it is a drupe, large and globose green, 12 cm in diameter with a tip at the apex. In other species, the fruit is an erect, plum-like, dark purple or sometimes elliptical to ovoid drupe, dark purple when ripe, and covered in a waxy bloom. In others, the fruit is a black, round drupe with a glaucous bloom, with a single seed inside. In the genus Beilschmiedia, the dispersal of seeds is by birds that swallow them, so they are shaped to attract the birds. The one-seeded fruits are an important food source for birds, including being a favorite food of the native pigeons in New Zealand.

Species

Three Beilschmiedia species are endemic to New Zealand. Beilschmiedia tarairi (taraire) is a common canopy tree in the lowland forests of the North Island. The others are the common canopy tree tawa, (B. tawa), which has thin, willow-like leaves, and the tawaroa (B. tawaroa), which is similar to tawa, but has broader leaves. The New Zealand pigeon is the only species which can disperse the large seeds of the taraire, which pass through its gut unharmed.

The Chilean Beilschmiedia miersii and Beilschmiedia berteroana are sclerophyllous endangered trees endemics to central Chile.

The northern belloto (B. miersii) grows in coastal forest, while the southern belloto (B. berteroana) grows in submountain Andean zone of the temperate deciduous forest region of central Chile. Both forest associations are currently represented in the System of Wild Protected Areas by the government of Chile, they are endangered.

It contains at least these species:

  • Beilschmiedia albiramea
  • Beilschmiedia alloiophylla (Rusby) Kosterm.
  • Beilschmiedia ambigua Robyns & R. Wilczek
  • Beilschmiedia anay (S.F. Blake) Kosterm.
  • Beilschmiedia appendiculata S. Lee et Y. T. Wei
  • B. assamica (Syn.: B. praecox)
  • Beilschmiedia bancroftii, (yellow walnut, wanga)
  • Beilschmiedia baotingensis S. Lee et Y. T. Wei
  • Beilschmiedia berteroana (Gay) Kosterm., (southern belloto)
  • Beilschmiedia borneensis Merr
  • Beilschmiedia brachythyrsa H.W. Li
  • Beilschmiedia bracteata Robyns & R. Wilczek
  • Beilschmiedia brenesii C.K. Allen
  • Beilschmiedia brevipaniculata Allen
  • Beilschmiedia brevipes Ridley
  • Beilschmiedia bullata
  • Beilschmiedia castrisinensis
  • Beilschmiedia costaricensis Mez & Pittier
  • Beilschmiedia curviramea (Meisn.) Kosterm.
  • Beilschmiedia cylindrica
  • Beilschmiedia delicata S．Lee ＆ Y．T．Wei
  • Beilschmiedia dictyoneura
  • Beilschmiedia elliptica
  • Beilschmiedia emarginata
  • Beilschmiedia erythrophloia, (Hayata)
  • Beilschmiedia fasciata H. W. Li
  • Beilschmiedia fordii Dunn
  • Beilschmiedia fluminensis Kosterm.
  • Beilschmiedia furfuracea Chun et H. T. Chang
  • Beilschmiedia gaboonensis
  • Beilschmiedia gammieana
  • Beilschmiedia gemmiflora Kosterm.
  • Beilschmiedia giorgii Robyns & R. Wilczek
  • Beilschmiedia glauca
  • Beilschmiedia hondurensis Kosterm.
  • Beilschmiedia immersinervis Sa. Nishida
  • Beilschmiedia insignis Gamble
  • Beilschmiedia intermedia
  • Beilschmiedia javanica Miq
  • Beilschmiedia kunstleri Gamble
  • Beilschmiedia kweo (Mildbr.) Robyns & Wilczek
  • Beilschmiedia laevis
  • Beilschmiedia letouzeyi
  • Beilschmiedia linocieroides
  • Beilschmiedia longipetiolata
  • Beilschmiedia lucidula (Miq.) Kosterm.
  • Beilschmiedia lumutensis Gamble
  • Beilschmiedia macropoda
  • Beilschmiedia malaccensis
  • Beilschmiedia madagascariensis
  • Beilschmiedia madang Blume, (Indonesia)
  • Beilschmiedia maingayi
  • Beilschmiedia mayumbensis Robyns & R. Wilczek
  • Beilschmiedia membranacea Gamble
  • Beilschmiedia mexicana
  • Beilschmiedia micrantha Merr.
  • Beilschmiedia miersii (Gay) Kosterm., (Northern belloto)
  • Beilschmiedia muricata H. T. Chang
  • Beilschmiedia obconica
  • Beilschmiedia obscurinervia H. T. Chang
  • Beilschmiedia obtusifolia (Meisn.) F.Muell., blush-walnut, hard bolly-gum
  • Beilschmiedia oligandra
  • Beilschmiedia ovalis (S.F. Blake) C.K. Allen
  • Beilschmiedia pahangensis Gamble
  • Beilschmiedia pauciflora
  • Beilschmiedia penangiana Gamble
  • Beilschmiedia pendula (Sw.) Hemsl.
  • Beilschmiedia peninsularis
  • Beilschmiedia percoriacea Allen
  • Beilschmiedia pergamentacea Allen
  • Beilschmiedia preussii Engler
  • Beilschmiedia punctilimba H.W. Li
  • Beilschmiedia rigida (Mez) Kosterm.
  • Beilschmiedia robusta
  • Beilschmiedia roxburghiana Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck
  • Beilschmiedia rufohirtella H.W. Li
  • Beilschmiedia sichourensis
  • Beilschmiedia sikkimensis
  • Beilschmiedia sulcata (Ruiz & Pav.) Kosterm.
  • Beilschmiedia tarairi A. Cunn., (taraire)
  • Beilschmiedia tawa (A. Cunn.) Kirk, tawa
  • Beilschmiedia tilaranensis Sa. Nishida
  • Beilschmiedia tooram
  • Beilschmiedia tovarensis (Meisn.) Sa. Nishida
  • Beilschmiedia tsangii Merr.
  • Beilschmiedia tungfangensis
  • Beilschmiedia ugandensis Rendle
  • Beilschmiedia undulata
  • Beilschmiedia velutina
  • Beilschmiedia vermoesenii Robyns & R. Wilczek
  • Beilschmiedia wangii Allen
  • Beilschmiedia wightii
  • Beilschmiedia yaanica
  • Beilschmiedia yunnanensis Hu
  • Beilschmiedia zapoteoides
  • Beilschmiedia zeylanica Trimen

References

External links

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