Bewick's wren

Bewick's wren
Song
Call
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Suborder: Passeri
Infraorder: Passerida
Family: Troglodytidae
Genus: Thryomanes
P.L. Sclater, 1862
Species: T. bewickii
Binomial name
Thryomanes bewickii
(Audubon, 1829)
Subspecies

1–2 dozen living, 2 recently extinct; see article text

Synonyms
  • Thryomanes leucophrys
  • Thryothorus bewickii
  • Thryothorus brevicauda
  • Thryothorus brevicaudus
  • Thryothorus bairdi
Subspecies T. b. bairdi; illustration by Keulemans, 1881

The Bewick's wren (Thryomanes bewickii) is a wren native to North America. At about 14 cm (5.5 in) long, it is grey-brown above, white below, with a long white eyebrow. While similar in appearance to the Carolina wren, it has a long tail that is tipped in white. The song is loud and melodious, much like the song of other wrens. The song is broken into two or three individual parts; one individual male may exhibit up to twenty-two different variations on the song pattern, and may even throw in a little ventriloquism to vary it even further.[2] It lives in thickets, brush piles and hedgerows, open woodlands and scrubby areas, often near streams. It eats insects and spiders, which it gleans from vegetation or finds on the ground. Wrens are sometimes observed foraging with chickadees and other birds.

Its range is from southern British Columbia, Nebraska, southern Ontario, and southwestern Pennsylvania, Maryland, south to Mexico, Arkansas and the northern Gulf States. The Bewick's wren does not migrate.

The nest is cup-shaped and located in a nook or cavity of some kind. It lays 5–7 eggs that are white with brown spots. The Bewick's wren produces two broods in a season. Pairs are more or less monogamous when it comes to breeding, but go solitary throughout the winter.[3]

This is currently the only species of its genus, Thryomanes. The Socorro wren, formerly placed here too, is actually a close relative of the house wren complex, as indicated by biogeography and mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequence analysis, whereas Thryomanes seems not too distant from the Carolina wren.[4]

Subspecies

A list of commonly recognized subspecies follows. Two have gone extinct during the 20th century, mainly due to habitat destruction and cat predation.[3]

Extinct since the 1940s due to habitat destruction by feral goats and sheep. Also called T. b. anthonyi. Observations of leucophrys in 1897[5] refer to cerroensis; at that time, the San Clemente wren was considered a good species which included the Cedros population.
This subspecies is extinct since (probably) the late 1890s due to habitat destruction by feral goats and predation by feral cats. Overcollecting by scientists might have hastened its demise.[6] It was last collected (3 specimens) by Anthony and Streator in May 1892[6] and seen but found to be "nearly extinct" on March 22, 1897.[5] It was not found by Anthony in several searches between 1892 and 1901 and considered certainly extinct by 1901;[6] a thorough search in 1906 confirmed the subspecies' extinction.[7][8]

The last three are sometimes united as T. b. mexicanus. The validity of subspecies needs to be verified using freshly caught birds and/or molecular data, as specimens are prone to foxing quickly.[3]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Thryomanes bewickii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=oBYzqOAZHpcC&pg=PA260&lpg=PA260&dq=%22bewick%27s+wren%22+song+variations&source=bl&ots=hL0FAOuSvm&sig=oiEh-gMIwUWOfAhQqcQ02Pi6C0Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qXjvVLicJcPZoASik4KADg&ved=0CH8Q6AEwEA#v=snippet&q=two%20dozen&f=false
  3. 1 2 3 Kennedy, E.D.; White, D.W. (1997). Poole, A.; Gill, F., eds. "Bewick's Wren (Thryomanes bewickii)". The Birds of North America (The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA & The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.) (315).
  4. ↑ Martínez Gómez, Juan E.; Barber, Bruian R. & Peterson, A. Townsend (2005). "Phylogenetic position and generic placement of the Socorro Wren (Thryomanes sissonii)" (PDF). Auk 122 (1): 50–56. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0050:PPAGPO]2.0.CO;2.
  5. 1 2 Kaeding, Henry B. (1905). "Birds from the West Coast of Lower California and Adjacent Islands (Part II)" (PDF). Condor 7 (4): 134–138. doi:10.2307/1361667.
  6. 1 2 3 Anthony, A.W. (1901). "The Guadalupe Wren" (PDF). Condor 3 (3): 73. doi:10.2307/1361475.
  7. ↑ Thayer, John E.; Bangs, Outram (1908). "The Present State of the Ornis of Guadaloupe Island" (PDF). Condor 10 (3): 101–106. doi:10.2307/1360977.
  8. ↑ The often-reported extinction date of 1903 seems to be the first record of its absence rather than the last record of its presence. Actually, there appears to be no post-1897 record. The schedule of Anthony's visits after 1892 is not known; if he visited the island before 1897 he must have overlooked the last remnant of the population and thus his extinction date of 1901 may be called into question. By the balance of evidence, it is likely however that the subspecies became extinct between 1897 and 1901.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thryomanes bewickii.
Wikispecies has information related to: Thryomanes bewickii
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Tuesday, November 17, 2015. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.