Toilet (room)

A Delftware-style toilet with a sink and flush toilet.

A toilet is room used for urination and defecation. It may include one or more flush toilets, a pit toilet over a cesspool, or a latrine. It may be private or public; in public toilets, urinals may be open but proper toilets are typically separated into private stalls. Toilets often include a sink for handwashing and may also be part of a bathroom. It is commonly known as a bathroom in American English (even where no bathtub or shower is present) and a WC in British English, as well as by other many names.

Names

In English, all generally used terms for toilets were originally euphemisms.^[1] It is generally considered coarse or even offensive to use such direct terms as "shitter",^[2] although they are used in some areas. Formerly, broadcast censorship even banned mentions of the euphemisms: Jack Paar temporarily quit the Tonight Show in February 1960 when NBC broadcast news footage in place of a joke he had taped involving the term "WC".

"Toilet" originally referred to personal grooming and came by metonymy to be used for the personal chambers used for bathing, dressing, &c. It was then euphemistically used for the similarly private rooms used for urination and defecation. By metonymy, it then came to refer directly to the fixtures in such rooms.^[3][1] At present, the word refers primarily to such fixtures and using "toilet" to refer to the room or activity ("use the toilet") is somewhat blunt and may be considered indiscrete.^{[4][n 1]} It is, however, a useful term since it is quickly understood by English-speakers across the world, whereas more polite terms vary by region.

Since "toilet" has come to refer primarily to the fixtures, toilets are generally referenced by a variety of newer regional euphemisms. "Lavatory" (from the Latin lavatorium, "wash basin" or "washroom")^[5] was common in the 19th century and is still broadly understood, although it is taken as quite formal in American English and more often refers to public toilets in Britain. The contraction "lav"^[6] is peculiar to British English.^[7] In American English, the most common term for a private toilet is "bathroom", regardless of whether a bathtub or shower is present.^[8][9] A public toilet is typically referred to as a "restroom"^[10] or by its assigned sex, often "men's room"^[11] or "ladies' room".^[12] In Canadian English, public toilets are more commonly known as a "washroom".^[4][13] In British English, "bathroom" is a common term but is typically reserved for private rooms primarily used for bathing; rooms without a bathtub or shower are more often known as "WCs", an abbreviation for water closet,^[14] or "loos".^[15] The slang term variously spelled "khazi", "karzy", "carsey", &c. derives from a 19th-century Cockney corruption of the Italian casa ("house") in reference to outhouses;^[16][17] it's now most common in Liverpudlian use.^[18] Other regional names include "privy" in Scotland and northern England and "netty" in Northeast England. WC is also a widely used international abbreviation for public toilets, although its pronunciation varies by language.^{[n 2]} In Philippine English, the abbreviation CR (for "Comfort Room") is the common marking for public toilets.^[19] Some forms of jargon have their own terms for toilets, including ""lavatory" on commercial airplanes, "head" on ships,^[20] and "latrine" in military contexts.^{[21][n 3]}

Larger homes often have a secondary small toilet with a toilet and sink for use by guests.^[22] These are typically known as "half baths" in North America^[23] and "cloakrooms" in Britain.^[24]

History

Into the modern era, humans typically practiced open defecation or employed latrines or outhouses over a pit toilet in rural areas and used chamber pots emptied into streets or drains in urban ones. The Indus Valley Civilization had particularly advanced sanitation, which included common use of private flush toilets. The ancient Greeks and Romans had public toilets and, in some cases, indoor plumbing connected to rudimentary sewer systems. The latrines of medieval monasteries were known as reredorters; in some cases, these were connected to sophisticated water systems that swept its effluent away without affecting the community's drinking, cooking, or washing water.^[25][26] In the early modern period, "night soil" from municipal outhouses became an important source of nitrates for creating gunpowder.^[27] 19th century refinements of the outhouse included the privy midden and the pail closet.

Indoor toilets were at first a luxury of the rich and only gradually spread to the lower classes. As late as the 1890s, building regulations in London did not require working-class housing to have indoor toilets; into the early 20th century, some English homes were built with an upstairs toilet for use by the owners and an outhouse for use by the servants.^[28] In some cases, there was a transitional stage where toilets were built into the house but accessible only from the outside.^[29] After World War I, all new housing in London and its suburbs had indoor toilets.^[30]

Bathrooms became standard later than toilets, but entered working-class houses at around the same time.^[31][32] For plumbing reasons, flush toilets have usually been located in or near residences' bathrooms. (Both were initially located above the kitchen and scullery on the same account.) In upper class homes, the first modern lavatories were washrooms with sinks located near the bedrooms; in lower-class homes, there was often only a collapsible tub for bathing. In Britain, there was long a prejudice against having the toilet located in the bathroom proper: in 1904, Muthesius noted that "a lavatory [i.e., toilet] is practically never found in an English bathroom; indeed it is considered downright inadmissible to have one there".^[33] When toilets were placed within bathrooms, the original reason was cost savings.^[30]

America and most European countries now combine their toilets and bathrooms.^[37] Separate toilets remain common in British homes^[32] and remain a builder's option even in places where the norm is for the toilet to be in the bathroom.^[38] In France,^[37][39] Japan,^[40][41] and some other countries,^[22] separate toilets remain the norm for reasons of hygiene and privacy. In modern homes outside of France,^[37] such separate toilets typically contain a sink. In Japan, the toilet sometimes has a built-in sink (whose waste water is used for the next flush) to allow users to clean themselves immediately.^[42] Japanese toilets also often provide special slippers—apart from those worn in the rest of the house—for use within the toilet.^[41][43][44]

Gallery

• 

  An Australian "dunny", a form of outhouse with a pit toilet

• 

  A Western toilet with an antique flush toilet emptied by pulling a chain attached to an elevated cistern

• 

  A small half bath in an Australian home

• 

  An East Asian toilet in a Japanese temple hotel, with squat toilet and toilet slippers

See also

• Toilet, the fixture
• Bathroom & Jack and Jill bathroom
• Outhouse & Pit latrine

Notes

1. In British contexts, it is considered non-U, with the upper class generally preferring "loo", "lavatory", and "bog".
2. Pronunciations include French: le vater or le "vay-say"; Danish & Norwegian: "vay-say"; Italian: vater or "vi-ci"; Romanian: "veh-cheu"; Dutch: "waysay"; Hungarian & German: "ve-tse"; Polish: "vu-tse"; Danish: "ve-se"; Spanish: váter or "uve-cé".
3. For other synonyms for toilet, see "bathroom" at Wikisaurus.

References

1. Campbell, Lyle (2006), Historical Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd ed., Cambridge: MIT Press, p. 263, ISBN 978-0-262-53267-9.
2. "shitter, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3. "toilet, n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
4. "What Are the Important Differences between Canadian and American (USA) English?", Stack Exchange, 9 December 2010.
5. "lavatory, n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
6. "lav., n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
7. "lav", Collins English Dictionary.
8. "bathroom, n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
9. Kovecses, Zoltan (2000), American English: An Introduction, Petersborough: Broadview, p. 253, ISBN 978-1-55111-229-9.
10. "restroom, n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
11. "man, n.¹ (and int.)", Oxford English Dictionary.
12. "lady, n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
13. Dollinger, Stefan (2013), "English in Use: Canadian English", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press.
14. "W, n." & "water closet, n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
15. "loo, n.⁴", Oxford English Dictionary.
16. "karzy, n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
17. Partridge, Eric (2002), A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, 8th ed., p. 185.
18. Rees, Nigel (1987), Why Do We Say?.
19. "comfort room, n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
20. "head, n.¹", Oxford English Dictionary.
21. "latrine, n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
22. Thompson, John; et al. (2009), An Uncommon History of Common Things, Washington: National Geographic Society, p. 140, ISBN 978-1-4262-0420-3.
23. "half-, comb. form", Oxford English Dictionary.
24. "'cloak-room, n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
25. Wright, Geoffrey N. (2004), Discovering Abbeys and Priories (4th ed.), Princes Risborough: Shire, p. 27, ISBN 978-0-7478-0589-2.
26. Greene, J. Patrick (1992), Medieval Monasteries, Archaeology of Medieval Britain, Leicester: Leicester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7185-1296-5.
27. Chase, Kenneth, Firearms: A Global History to 1700.
28. Muthesius, Stefan (1982), The English Terraced House, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 60, ISBN 978-0-300-02871-3.
29. As in plates 86 and 87 depicting homes in Leeds and Halifax, Muthesius, p. 121.
30. Jackson, Alan A. (1973), Semi-Detached London: Suburban Development, Life and Transport, 1900–39, London: Allen & Unwin, p. 145, ISBN 978-0-04-902003-0.
31. Muthesius, pp. 61–62, 100, 137.
32. Schmidt, William E. (3 January 1992), "English Bathrooms: Out of the Closet", The New York Times.
33. Muthesius,^[34] quoted in translation by Seligman^[35] in Long.^[36]
34. Muthesius, Hermann (1904), Das englische Haus: Entwicklung, Bedingungen, Anlage, Aufbau, Einrichtung und Innenraum, Vol. II, Berlin: Wasmuth, OCLC 3437464. (German)
35. Seligman, Janet, The English House, London: Granada, p. 236, ISBN 978-0-258-97101-7.
36. Long, Helen C. (1993), The Edwardian House: The Middle-Class Home in Britain, 1880-1914, Studies in Design and Material Culture, Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 193, ISBN 978-0-7190-3728-3.
37. Léger, Jean-Michel (1990), Derniers Domiciles Connus: Enquête sur les Nouveaux Logements, 1970–1990, Paris: Créaphis, p. p. 129, ISBN 978-2-907150-18-7. (French)
38. Harrison, Henry (1998), Houses: The Illustrated Guide to Construction, Design, and Systems, 3rd ed., Chicago: Real Estate Education Co., pp. 64–65, ISBN 978-0-7931-2967-6.
39. Taylor, Sally Adamson (2003), Culture Shock!: France, 2nd ed., Portland: Graphic Arts Center, p. 199, OCLC 30753428.
40. Goldman, Alan (1994), Doing Business With the Japanese: A Guide to Successful Communication, Management and Diplomacy, SUNY Series in Speech Communication, Albany: State University of New York Press, p. 73, ISBN 978-0-7914-1946-5.
41. "Toilets", Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture, London: Routledge, 2002, pp. 527 f., ISBN 978-0-415-14344-8.
42. Molotch, Harvey Luskin (2003), Where Stuff Comes From: How Toasters, Toilets, Cars, Computers, and Many Other Things Come to Be As They Are, London: Routledge, p. pp. 101–02, ISBN 978-0-415-94400-7.
43. Phillips, Jennifer (2003), "Personal Hygiene", In the Know in Japan: The Indispensable Cross-cultural Guide to Working and Living in Japan, New York: Terra Cognita, ISBN 978-0-609-61114-2.
44. Horvat, Andrew (2000), Japanese Beyond Words: How to Walk and Talk Like a Native Speaker, Berkeley: Stone Bridge, pp. 28–29, ISBN 978-1-880656-42-6.