Tonicization
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In music, tonicization is the treatment of a pitch other than the overall tonic (the "home note" of a piece) as a temporary tonic in a composition.
A tonic chord has a dominant chord; in the key of C major, the tonic chord is C major and the dominant chord is G major or G dominant seventh. The dominant chord, especially if it is a dominant seventh, is heard by Western composers and listeners familiar with music as resolving (or "leading") to the tonic, due to the use of the leading note in the dominant chord. A tonicized chord is a chord other than the tonic chord to which a dominant or dominant seventh chord progresses. When a dominant chord or dominant seventh chord is used before a chord other than the tonic, this dominant or dominant seventh chord is called a secondary dominant.[2] When a chord is tonicized, this makes this non-tonic chord sound temporarily like a tonic chord.
Using Roman numeral chord analysis, if chord ii comes after V, a harmonic analysis of this sequence of two chords will label the V chord as "V/ii" (colloquially referred to as "five of two"), then ii has been tonicized. So, in a piece in the key of C major, the ii chord is D minor, because D is the second scale degree in a C major scale. The D is minor because to construct a triad over D using only the pitches available in the key of C major−i.e. no sharps, no flats−the triad must be minor—D, F and A. The V/ii chord is composed of the pitches in a V chord in the key of ii (key of D minor). The pitches used in a V/ii in this example are include A, C sharp and E (creating an A major chord). In the key of D minor, an A major chord is the dominant chord. In the key of C major, C sharp is an accidental. One can often find examples of tonicization by looking for accidentals, as there are always accidentals involved in tonicization. However, it is important to note that the opposite is not true−just because there is an accidental does not mean that it is definitely a case of tonicization.
Only major and minor chords may be tonicized. Diminished chords and augmented chords cannot be tonicized because they do not represent stable key areas in Western music. For example, an A major chord (A, C sharp, E) occurring in the key of D major may be tonicized with an E major chord (V/V) because A major also represents a key area−the key of A major. However, an A diminished chord (A, C, E flat) may not be not be tonicized because "A diminished" could not be a stable key area; there is no key area in Western classical music that has A, C and E flat−the pitches that make up the A diminished chord−as the first, third and fifth scale degrees, respectively. This holds true of all diminished and augmented chords.
Tonicizations may last for multiple chords. Taking the example given above with the chord progression V/ii → ii, it is possible to extend this sequence backwards. Instead of just V/ii → ii, there could be iv/ii → V/ii → ii (additionally, thinking about the last chord in the sequence: ii, as i/ii, it becomes clear why the phrase "temporary tonic"−see above−is often used in relation to tonicization). Though perceptions vary [3] as a general rule if a chord is treated as the tonic for longer than a phrase before returning to the previous key area, then the treatment is considered a modulation to a new key.[4]
See also
Sources
- ↑ Bruce Benward and Marilyn Nadine Saker (2003). Music: In Theory and Practice, Vol. I, seventh edition (Boston: McGraw-Hill), p. 270. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0.
- ↑ Bartlette, Christopher, and Steven G. Laitz (2010). Graduate Review of Tonal Theory. New York: Oxford University Press, pg 137. ISBN 978-0-19-537698-2
- ↑ Kostka, Stefan and Dorothy Payne (2003). Tonal Harmony, p.289. "The line between modulation and tonicization...is not clearly defined in tonal music, nor is it meant to be." ISBN 0-07-285260-7.
- ↑ Gauldin, Robert (1997). Harmonic Practice in Tonal Music New York: W.W. Norton & Company, pg 366. ISBN 0-393-97666-1