Tooth wear

Tooth wear (also termed non-carious tooth substance loss) refers to loss of tooth substance by means other than dental caries or dental trauma.[1] Tooth wear is a very common condition that occurs in approximately 97% of the population.[2] This is a normal physiological process occurring throughout life, but accelerated tooth wear can become a problem.[3]

Tooth wear is majorly the result of three processes; attrition, Abrasion and Erosion.[3] These forms of tooth wear can further lead to a condition known as Abfraction,[3] where by tooth tissue is 'fractured' due to stress lesions caused by extrinsic forces on the enamel. Tooth wear is a complex, multi-factorial problem and there is difficulty identifying a single causative factor.[3] However, tooth wear is often a combination of the above mechanisms. E.g. attrition in bruxism sometimes occurs together with erosion. Many clinicians therefore make diagnoses such as "tooth wear with a major element of attrition", or "tooth wear with a major element of erosion" to reflect this. This makes the diagnosis and management difficult.[1] Therefore, it is important to distinguish between these various types of tooth wear, provide an insight into diagnosis, risk factors, and causative factors, in order to implement appropriate interventions.[1]

Attrition

Attrition is loss of tooth substance caused by physical tooth-to-tooth contact.[2] The word attrition is derived from the Latin verb attritium, which refers to the action of rubbing against something.[2] Attrition mostly causes wear of the incisal and occlusal surfaces of the teeth. Attrition has been associated with masticatory force and parafunctional activity activity[2] such as bruxism. A degree of attrition is normal, especially in elderly individuals.[4]

Abrasion

Abrasion is loss of tooth substance caused by physical means other than teeth.[4] The term is derived from the Latin verb abrasum, which means ‘to scrape off’.[2] It tends to present as rounded ditching around the cervical margins of teeth, commonly described as ‘shallow’, concave or wedge shaped notches.[1] Causative factors have been linked to this condition and include vigorous, horizontal tooth brushing, pipe smoking or nail biting. It has also been shown that improper use of dental floss or Toothpicks can lead to wear on the interproximal (in-between) surfaces of the teeth.[2]

Erosion

Erosion is chemical dissolution of tooth substance caused by acids, unrelated to the acid produced by bacteria in dental plaque.[1] Erosion may occur with excessive consumption of acidic foods and drinks, or medical conditions involving repeated regurgitation and reflux of gastric acid.[4] derived from the Latin word erosum, which describes the action ‘to corrode’.[2] This is usually on the palatal (inside) surfaces of upper front teeth and the occluding (top) surfaces of the molar teeth.

Abfraction

Abfraction is loss of tooth substance at the cervical margins, purportedly caused by minute flexure of teeth under occlusal loading.[5] The term is derived from the Latin words ab and functio meaning ‘away’ and ‘breaking’ respectively.[2] Abfraction presents as triangular lesions along the Cervical margins of the buccal surfaces of the teeth where the enamel is thinner and therefore, in the presence of occluding forces, is prone to fracture.[1] Whether abfraction exists or not is debated.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kaidonis, J. A. "Oral diagnosis and treatment planning: part 4. Non-carious tooth surface loss and assessment of risk". British Dental Journal 2012; 213:155-161.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Suchetha.A. “Tooth Wear - A Literature Review”. Indian Journal of Dental Science 2014; 5(6): 116 – 120.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Bhushan, J; Joshi, R. "Tooth Wear - An Overview With Special Emphasis On Dental Erosion". Indian Journal of Dental Sciences 2011; 5(3): 89.
  4. 1 2 3 Odell EW (Editor) (2010). Clinical problem solving in dentistry (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 285–287. ISBN 9780443067846.
  5. ↑ Sarode, GS; Sarode, SC (May 2013). "Abfraction: A review.". Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology : JOMFP 17 (2): 222–227. doi:10.4103/0973-029X.119788. PMID 24250083.
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