Top dying disease

Top dying disease is a disease that affects Heritiera fomes, a species of mangrove tree known as "sundri", a characteristic tree of the estuarine complex of the Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta in Bangladesh and West Bengal. Although an increase in certain trace elements in the sediment deposited where these trees grow may be a factor in the incidence of the disease, its cause has not been fully established.

History

About 63% of the trees growing in the Sundarbans are Heritiera fomes. Sporadic instances of top dying disease had been noticed in these trees earlier in the twentieth century but the disease became more acute and extensive after about 1970.[1] An inventory of trees in the Sundarbans in 1985 recorded 45 million diseased trees with nearly half of these having more than half their crown affected.[2] No causal agent has been discovered and the dieback is thought to be the result of stressful conditions, perhaps caused by an increase in the heavy metal concentration of the sediment deposited in the delta.[1]

The maximum level of heavy metal contamination of sediments is found to take place in the late monsoon period and the concentration of these elements in the leaf litter varies with the season and does not necessarily correlate with the amount taken up by the trees. A 2014 study found that the successful establishment of seedlings of H. fomes and the rate of sapling growth were both adversely affected in areas with high levels of top dying disease, indicating that some environmental factors were likely to be significant. However, although there was some correlation between high levels of trace elements and the incidence of the disease, no particular elements could be demonstrated to cause the condition. The researchers concluded that heavy metal contamination might contribute to top dying disease, but was probably only one of several factors in its incidence.[3]

Symptoms

The uppermost parts of the tree are affected first with loss of leaves and dieback of branches in the crown. One or more knot-like swellings may develop on affected branches. Lower branches are progressively affected over time. Wood-boring insects and fungi invade the diseased wood and the tree eventually dies.[4]

References

  1. 1 2 Awal, M.A.; Hale, W.H.G.; Stern, B. (2009). "Trace element concentrations in mangrove sediments in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh". Marine Pollution Bulletin 58 (12): 1944–1948. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.08.016.
  2. ↑ Chaffey, D.R.; Miller, F.R.; Sandom, J.H. (1985). A forest inventory of the Sundarbans, Bangladesh. Land Resources Development Centre.
  3. ↑ Awal, Mohd Abdul (2014). "Invention on Correlation between the chemical composition of the surface sediment and water in the mangrove forest of the Sundarbans, Bangladesh, and the regeneration, growth and dieback of the forest trees and people health". Science Innovation 2 (2): 11–21. doi:10.11648/j.si.20140202.11.
  4. ↑ Iftekhar, M.S.; Islam, M.R. (2004). "Managing mangroves in Bangladesh: A strategy analysis". Journal of Coastal Conservation 10 (1): 139–146. doi:10.1652/1400-0350(2004)010[0139:MMIBAS]2.0.CO;2.
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