Toronto Board of Control

The Board of Control of Toronto, Canada, was a part of its municipal government until it was abolished in 1969. It served as the executive committee of the Toronto City Council, consisting of four councillors elected city-wide and presided over by the Mayor. Beginning in 1904, the Board of Control was directly elected by the city's electorate. Each voter could vote for up to four candidates, and the four with the most votes were elected. By tradition the controller who received the most votes would get the powerful budget chief position.

Functions

Under the Municipal Act, the Board of Control had the following duties and powers:^[1]

the preparation and certification of all estimates for expenditures
the preparation of specifications for tenders, and making awards thereon
the nomination to council of all heads of departments and related staff, and the recommendation of appropriate salaries
the inspection and reporting (at least monthly) on all municipal works carried on or in progress
the submission of by-laws to the council
the authority to amalgamate departments and sub-departments
other powers as the council has delegated by-law or resolution

With respect to the first three items, the board's actions could only be overturned by a two-thirds vote of the council.

History

From 1896 until 1904, the Toronto Board of Control was an executive branch of Council, chaired by the Mayor. It handled all daily business of Council and reported to Council.^[2]

In the early 20th century, elected Boards of Control were introduced as a reform measure for all cities in Ontario. The board was designed to be the equivalent of a cabinet for municipal governments. It had certain specific duties such as issuing tenders and appointing department heads. In Toronto it often did not function as such. Since the controllers were elected separately from the mayor, there was no guarantee they would be allied. Moreover, since controllers contested city wide elections they were often seen as the natural contenders for the mayoralty and as challengers to the incumbent mayor. Many controllers thus had a self-interest in blocking the mayor from succeeding. Relations between the Board of Control and council were also sometimes difficult, with the Board often acting as an independent council at odds with the larger body.

In 1961 the provincial government allowed cities with more than 100,000 people to abolish the Board of Control. Toronto City Council voted to do so in December 1968 after a long debate. The move was opposed by Mayor William Dennison along with three of the sitting controllers, but it was passed by a significant majority of council. The Board of Control was replaced with a new executive committee that would be composed of and elected by city council members. The size of city council was expanded by four to retain the same overall number of councillors.

The board was a white, male, largely Protestant bastion for much of its existence with a few exceptions. William Peyton Hubbard, the son of American slaves who had escaped to Canada through the Underground Railroad, was elected to the first Board of Control in 1904 and served for four terms; Joseph Singer became the first Jewish candidate to win city-wide office in 1923; Jean Newman was the first woman elected to the Board and served from 1957 to 1960.

City of Toronto Controllers

Names in boldface indicate Controllers that became Mayor of Toronto in other years.

X = elected as Controller
M = sitting as Mayor

From 1904 to 1929

Until 1994, the Board of Control was appointed by the city council. In 1903, the Ontario legislature passed a law requiring municipal boards of control to be chosen through direct election by the municipality's voters.^[3] This requirement became effective in Toronto with the 1904 municipal election.

Elections to the Board of Control for the City of Toronto (1904-1929)
Controller	1904	1905	1906	1907	1908	1909	1910	1911	1912	1913	1914	1915	1916	1917	1918	1919	1920	1921	1922	1923	1924	1925	1926	1927	1928	1929
R.H. Cameron													X	X		X	X				X
Tommy Church							X	X	X	X	X	M	M	M	M	M	M	M
Thomas Foster							X		X	X		X	X	X					X	X	X	M	M	M
George Reginald Geary						X	M	M	M
Joseph Gibbons																	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Albert Hacker																					X	X	X	X	X	X
William Spence Harrison				X	X	X
Wesley Hiltz																		X	X	X	M
Horatio Clarence Hocken				X	X	X		X	X	M	M
William Peyton Hubbard	X	X	X	X
S. Alfred Jones			X
John F. Loudon	X
Charles A. Maguire															X	X	X	X	M	M
Sam McBride															X	X							X		M	M
J.O. McCarthy									X	X	X
D.C. MacGregor																						X	X	X
John O'Neill										X	X	X	X	X	X
A.R. Nesbitt																		X	X
J. George Ramsden																	X
Fred H. Richardson	X
William D. Robbins															X	X						X			X
John Shaw		X	X
William Henry Shaw														X
James Simpson											X
Joseph Singer																				X
Frank S. Spence	X	X			X		X	X				X
W.A. Summerville																										X
Joseph Elijah Thompson												X	X
J.J. Ward		X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Bert Wemp																								X	X	X

1930s and 1940s

Elections to the Board of Control for the City of Toronto (1930-1949)
Controller	1930	1931	1932	1933	1934	1935	1936	1937	1938	1939	1940	1941	1942	1943	1944	1945	1946	1947	1948	1949
David Balfour															X	X	X	X	X	X
Frederick J. Conboy								X	X	X	X	M	M	M	M
Ralph Day						X	X	X	M	M	M
Lewis Duncan												X	X	X
Albert Hacker		X
Fred Hamilton								X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
John Innes																		X	X	X
Allan Lamport																				X
Sam McBride			X	X	X	X	M
Hiram E. McCallum																X	X	X	X	M
Bert McKellar																	X	X
Kenneth McKellar																			X
Douglas McNish									X	X	X
Claude Pearce	X
J. George Ramsden		X	X	X	X		X
William D. Robbins	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	M
Leslie Saunders																				X
Robert Hood Saunders												X	X	X	X	M	M	M	M
James Simpson	X	X	X	X	X	M
Stewart Smith																X	X
W.A. Summerville	X
William J. Wadsworth						X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Bert Wemp	M

From 1950 to abolition

Elections to the Board of Control for the City of Toronto (1950-1966)
Controller	Jan 1950	Dec 1950	1951	1952	1953	1954	1955	1956	1958	1960	1962	1964	1966
William Allen							X	X	X	X
William Archer												X
David Balfour	X	X	X	X	X	X
Roy Belyea						X
Ford Brand			X	X	X	X	X	X
Margaret Campbell												X	X
Joseph Cornish						X	X	X
William Dennison									X	X	X	X	M
Philip Givens										X	X	M
John Innes	X	X
Allan Lamport	X		M	M	M						X		X
June Marks													X
Hiram E. McCallum	M	M
Jean Newman								X	X
Herbert Orliffe											X	X	X
Leslie Saunders	X	X	X	X	X		X
Louis Shannon		X	X	X	X
Donald Summerville									X	X	M

Election results

1966: Margaret Campbell - 88,036; June Marks - 77,655; Herbert Orliffe - 76,412; Allan Lamport - 67,677; George Ben - 63,206; Joseph Piccininni - 58,122; Phyllis Clarke - 10,162; Arthur Young - 9,550; John Charles Ewing - 6,071; Dorothy Cureatz - 4,262; Shaba Musa - 2,399

1964: William Dennison - 68,892; Herbert Orliffe - 66,280; William Archer - 65,593; Margaret Campbell - 60,900; George Ben - 59,751; Richard Horkins - 47,906; Harry Bradley - 12,949; Phyllis Clarke - 10,284; Fred Graham - 9,673; Patricia Mitchell - 6,750

1962: Philip Givens - 88,629; Allan Lamport - 84,902; William Dennison - 76,504; Herbert Orliffe - 73,118; Margaret Campbell - 72,108; Ken Waters - 62,019; Phyllis Clarke - 16,151; Frederick Graham - 10,475; Dorothy Cureatz - 6,752

1960: Donald Summerville - 110,893; William Allen - 110,256; William Dennison - 76,169; Philip Givens - 66,972; Herbert Orliffe - 65,418; Francis Chambers - 30,696; William Harris - 14,493; Jessie Jackson - 14,062; Burke - 13,240

1958: Jean Newman - 59,243; William Allen- 52,462; Donald Summerville - 49,476; William Dennison - 33,612; Leslie Saunders - 33,469; Roy Belyea - 27,024; Ross Parry - 25,195; James Karfilis - 10,971; Harry Bradley - 10,499; Ross Dowson - 4,539; George Rolland - 3,834

1956: Jean Newman - 54,785; Ford Brand - 54,178; William Allen - 54,038; Joseph Cornish - 49,385; Leslie Saunders - 47,048; Harry Bradley - 16,450; Charles Sims - 6961; George Rolland - 5,632

1955: Ford Brand - 59,264; Joseph Cornish - 55,162; William Allen - 53,455; Leslie Saunders - 46,528; Arthur Brown - 41,351; Harry Bradley - 14,802; Alex Hodgins - 13,503; Harry Hunter - 9,493; George Rolland - 3,923; George Stanton - 3,863

1954: Ford Brand - 69,540; Roy Belyea - 66,223; David Balfour - 62,871; Joseph Cornish - 55,277; Ross Lipsett - 45,385; Harry Bradley - 20,488; Harry Hunter - 14,114; Nobleman - 9,413; George Rolland - 5,280

1953: Leslie Saunders - 62,397; Louis Shannon - 57,635; Ford Brand - 54,635; David Balfour - 51,393; Joseph Cornish - 46,701; Harry Bradley - 18,686; Harry Hunter - 14,194

1952: Leslie Saunders - 71,597; Louis Shannon - 61,154; David Balfour - 58,898; Ford Brand - 58,648; Joseph Cornish - 41,086; John McMechan - 30,219; Stewart Smith - 19,061; Harry Bradley - 17,480; Frederick Vacher - 7,065; Mahoney - 7,046

1951: Leslie Saunders - 95,838; Ford Brand - 92,725; David Balfour - 91,474; Louis Shannon - 87,440; Stewart Smith - 31,317; Frederick Vacher - 20,039

December 1950: John Innes - 93,656; David Balfour - 81,577; Leslie Saunders - 80,703; Louis Shannon - 74,859; Ford Brand - 66,235; W.H. Collings - 59,380; Stewart Smith - 28,309; Mahoney - 8,210; Frederick Vacher - 7,653

January 1950: John Innes - 96,139; Leslie Saunders - 87,799; David Balfour - 78,090; Allan Lamport - 72,436; Louis Shannon - 72,059; Stewart Smith - 45,251; Harry Bradley- 21,719; Frederick Vacher - 9,850

1949: John Innes - 53,599; Leslie Saunders - 57,746; David Balfour - 55,271; Allan Lamport - 52,037; Stewart Smith - 43,364; K.B. McKellar (incumbent) - 41,846; Leonard Reilly - 20,756; E.C. Roelofson (incumbent) - 11,905; Harry Bradley- 9,701

1948: Hiram E. McCallum - 83,812; John Innes - 80,834; David Balfour - 77,087; Kenneth McKellar - 75,356; Stewart Smith - 47,791; Harry Bradley - 15,711; Harry Clairmont - 4,858

1947: Hiram E. McCallum - 58,524; John Innes - 53,137; David Balfour - 51,578; Bert McKellar - 49,680; Stewart Smith - 42,106; M.A. Sanderson - 26,136; Harry Bradley - 10,749; Harry Clairmont - 4,858

1946: Hiram E. McCallum - 42,126; Stewart Smith - 41,637; David Balfour - 40,632; Bert McKellar - 35,627; William J. Wadsworth - 35,477; Leslie Saunders - 22,040; Harry Bradley - 6,796

1945: David Balfour - 47,931; William J. Wadsworth - 45,942; Stewart Smith - 41,691; Hiram E. McCallum - 41,201; Leslie Saunders - 34,587; E.C. Bogart - 34,258; C.D Millen - 30,235; Harry Bradley - 9,589

1944: Robert Hood Saunders (incumbent) - 73,383; Fred Hamilton (incumbent) - 52,694; William J. Wadsworth (incumbent) - 52,485; David Balfour - 50,599; Hiram E. McCallum - 50,337; Stewart Smith - 41,277; William Dennison - 30,026; William Muir - 19,061; Harry Bradley - 7,743

1943: Lewis Duncan - 40,060; Robert Hood Saunders - 33,081; Fred Hamilton - 28,919; William J. Wadsworth - 27,031; C.E. Reynolds - 26,194; Minerva Reid - 18,320; J.C. Irwin - 16,860; G.P. Granell - 5,010; Harry Bradley - 3,590

1942: Lewis Duncan - 41,656; Robert Hood Saunders - 28,923; Fred Hamilton - 28,853; William J. Wadsworth - 27,022; Ralph Day - 24,208; Minerva Reid - 20,337; J.C. Irwin - 18,272; N. Macmillan - 5,179; Harry Bradley - 3,102

1941: Lewis Duncan - 49,382; Fred Hamilton - 39,021; Robert Hood Saunders - 37,417; William J. Wadsworth - 33,411; Adelaide Plumptre - 33,021; Ernest Bray - 26,391; David A. Balfour - 20,849; Day - 4,645; Harry Bradley - 3,271; Harding - 2,523

1940: Frederick J. Conboy - 78,672; Douglas McNish - 68,774; Fred Hamilton - 60,124; William J. Wadsworth - 55,756; David A. Balfour - 43,261; Stewart Smith - 19,641; Harding - 6,548

January 1939: Frederick J. Conboy - 80,720; Douglas McNish - 73,252; Fred Hamilton - 54,516; William J. Wadsworth - 49,446; William Croft - 48,798; Tim Buck - 43,112; Robert Hood Saunders - 40,973; William D. Robbins - 24,745; Harry Bradley - 3,489

December 1937: Frederick J. Conboy - 60,665; William J. Wadsworth - 53,766; Fred Hamilton - 47,493; Douglas McNish - 44,402; Tim Buck - 44,248; Robert Hood Saunders - 41,817; Robert Allen - 15,283; Harry Bradley - 4,623

December 1936: Ralph Day - 56,847; Frederick J. Conboy - 48,976; William J. Wadsworth - 48,047; Fred Hamilton - 39,003; Douglas McNish - 32,265; Tim Buck - 31,342; Alfred Burgess - 3,983; Harry Bradley - 3,295

January 1936: Ralph Day - 68,335; William J. Wadsworth - 62,838; J. George Ramsden - 52,170; William D. Robbins - 51,465; Joseph Enoch Thompson - 31,546; Miller - 30,613; Tim Buck - 20,873; Harry Bradley - 4,986

1935: Sam McBride - 71,177; William J. Wadsworth - 58,783; William D. Robbins - 44,820; Ralph Day - 41,515; Claude Pierce - 34,064; Adelaide Plumptre - 32,872; A.E Hacker - 29,110; Frank Regan - 26,242; Tim Buck - 9,938

1934: Sam McBride - 54,855; J. George Ramsden - 48,152; James Simpson - 47,358; William D. Robbins - 37,714; William J. Wadsworth - 36,289; Claude Pierce - 31,156; Percy Quinn - 26,872; Alice Buck - 9,767; Harry Bradley - 2,623

1933: J. George Ramsden - 55,503; Sam McBride - 55,323; James Simpson - 54,218; William D. Robbins - 48,061; Albert Hacker - 37,019; John Boland - 36,645; William Miller - 18,836; Cotton - 11,871; Alice Buck - 10,155; W.J. Haire - 3,066; J.H.H. Ballantyne - 2,183

1932: James Simpson - 42,010; J. George Ramsden - 38,200; Sam McBride - 31,939; William D. Robbins - 31,067; Albert Hacker - 30,348; Claude Pearce - 23,659; Cotton - 6,440; Tim Buck - 5,974; Harry Bradley - 1,726

1931: J. George Ramsden - 51,043; William D. Robbins - 50,801; James Simpson - 48,105; Albert Hacker - 43,763; John Boland - 41,779; Claude Pearce (incumbent) - 40,431; W.A. Summerville (incumbent) - 19,087; Foster - 13,491; Cotton - 9,014; King - 3,154; Tim Buck - 3,010

1930: W.A. Summerville (incumbent) - 47,418; Claude Pearce - 46,692; James Simpson - 44,921; William D. Robbins - 39,023; Benjamin Miller - 37,156; Frank Whetter (incumbent) - 31,772; Brook Sykes - 28,043; Wesley Benson - 25,054; Harry Bradley - 2,617

1929: Bert Wemp (incumbent) - 43,464; Joseph Gibbons (incumbent) - 32,734; W.A. Summerville - 30,292; A.E. Hacker (incumbent) - 28,667; R.H. Cameron - 27,266; Claude Pearce - 27,245; William D. Robbins (incumbent) - 23,796; James Simpson - 12,816

1928: Bert Wemp (incumbent) - 47,153; Joseph Gibbons (incumbent) - 45,655; A.E. Hacker (incumbent) - 33,433; William D. Robbins - 29,359; D.C. MacGregor (incumbent) - 28,858; Brook Sykes - 24,427; Miller - 18,122; James Simpson - 12,954

1927: Joseph Gibbons (incumbent) - 48,739; A.E. Hacker (incumbent) - 43,153; D.C. MacGregor (incumbent) - 34,813; Bert Wemp - 34,450; J. George Ramsden - 26,489; Clifford Blackburn - 22,959; Frank Whetter - 21,878; James Simpson - 10,946

1926: Joseph Gibbons (incumbent) - 37,608; Sam McBride - 36,211; A.E. Hacker (incumbent) - 31,427; D.C. MacGregor (incumbent) - 30,975; William D. Robbins - 30,320; William C. McBrien - 29,923; Bert Wemp - 28,024; Frank Whetter - 21,722; W.E. Hamilton - 2,590

1925: Joseph Gibbons (incumbent) - 39,299; A.E. Hacker (incumbent) - 34,369; William D. Robbins - 33,172; D.C. MacGregor - 30,326; R.H. Cameron (incumbent) - 29,086; James Simpson - 14,573; Birks - 4,321

1924: Joseph Gibbons (incumbent) - 42,778; Thomas Foster (incumbent) - 34,435; A.E. Hacker - 32,689; R.H. Cameron - 30,621; D.C. MacGregor - 26,637; William D. Robbins - 26,594; F.M. Johnston - 22,542; J.R. Beamish - 20,161

1923: Thomas Foster (incumbent) - 36,040; Joseph Gibbons (incumbent) - 33,740; Wesley Hiltz (incumbent) - 32,551; Joseph Singer - 32,033; Sam McBride - 30,606; A.R. Nesbitt (incumbent) - 29,947; Alfred Burgess - 24,876; J.R.I. Starr - 25,931

1922: Thomas Foster - 23,355; Wesley Hiltz (incumbent) - 20,001; Joseph Gibbons (incumbent) - 18,647; A.R. Nesbitt (incumbent) - 16,453; William D. Robbins - 16,814; R.H. Cameron - 15,403; J. George Ramsden - 14,721; Clifford Blackburn - 12,950; William Varley - 3,419

1921: Charles A. Maguire (incumbent) - 34,141; Wesley Hiltz - 22,615; Joseph Gibbons (incumbent) - 18,612; A.R. Nesbitt - 19,202; William D. Robbins - 18,015; R.H. Cameron (incumbent) - 17,872; J. George Ramsden (incumbent) - 17,393; Herbert Henry Ball - 16,911

1920: Charles A. Maguire (incumbent) - 28,438; Joseph Gibbons - 23,269; R.H. Cameron (incumbent) - 21,055; J. George Ramsden - 18,473; William D. Robbins (incumbent) - 17,716; Herbert Henry Ball - 16,506; James Simpson - 10,832; Wright - 7,927

1919: Charles A. Maguire (incumbent) - 19,963; R.H. Cameron - 19,094; Sam McBride (incumbent) - 18,476; William D. Robbins (incumbent) - 19,270; Joseph Gibbons - 16,397; Garnet Archibald - 15,603; Fred McBrien - 13,570

1918: John O'Neill (incumbent) - 24,952; William D. Robbins - 19,000; Sam McBride - 17,850; Charles A. Maguire - 17,711; William Henry Shaw (incumbent) - 14,255; D.C. MacGregor - 14,468; Garnet Archibald - 8,992; Miles Vokes - 2,720; Edward Meek - 2,262

1917: R.H. Cameron (incumbent) - 15,615; John O'Neill (incumbent) - 15,141; Thomas Foster (incumbent) - 13,939; William Henry Shaw - 11,967; James Simpson - 10,779; Sam McBride - 10,085; Frank S. Spence - 9,281

1916: Joseph Elijah Thompson (incumbent) -18,209; John O'Neill (incumbent) - 17,572; Thomas Foster (incumbent) - 16,085; R.H. Cameron - 15,391; James Simpson (incumbent) - 13,080; Frank S. Spence (incumbent) - 12,652; John Dunn - 11,009

1915: John O'Neill (incumbent) - 20,751; Thomas Foster - 18,608; Frank S. Spence - 17,747; Joseph Elijah Thompson - 16,505; James Simpson (incumbent) - 16,349; Fred McBrien - 15,447; John Wanless - 13,044

1914: James Simpson - 20,695; J.O. McCarthy (incumbent) - 17,490; Tommy Church (incumbent) - 17,085; John O'Neill (incumbent) - 14,597; Joseph Elijah Thompson - 14,233; Thomas Foster (incumbent) - 13,929; Robert Yeomans - 11,708; Eckardt - 7,755

1913: Thomas Foster (incumbent) - 15,861; John O'Neill - 14,600; J.O. McCarthy(incumbent) - 14,036; Tommy Church (incumbent) - 12,765; Frank S. Spence (incumbent) - 11,976; Robert Yeomens - 10,713; James Simpson - 10,122; Charles A. Maguire - 9,388; J.J. Ward - 9,278; George R. Sweeny - 1,643; Richard Woods - 498

1912: Horatio Clarence Hocken (incumbent) - 16,904; J.O. McCarthy - 14,897; Thomas Foster - 14,462; Tommy Church (incumbent) - 12,149; Frank S. Spence (incumbent) - 12,003; J.J. Ward (incumbent) - 11,735; O'Donohue - 4,022; George R. Sweeny - 3,921

1911: Horatio Clarence Hocken - 22,761; Frank S. Spence(incumbent) - 16,187; J.J. Ward (incumbent) - 15,999; Tommy Church (incumbent) - 15,760; Thomas Foster (incumbent) - 15,540; Thomas Davies - 3,285

1910: Frank S. Spence - 13,879; J.J. Ward (incumbent) - 13,401; Tommy Church - 12,657; Thomas Foster - 10,841; William Spence Harrison (incumbent) - 9,946; William Peyton Hubbard - 9,498; Mark Bredin - 8,708; James Henry McGhie - 7,511; James Hales - 5,852; Albert Chamberlain - 2,730

1909: George Reginald Geary - 19,027; Horatio Clarence Hocken (incumbent) - 17,380; J.J. Ward (incumbent) - 15,782; William Spence Harrison (incumbent) - 13,509; Frank S. Spence (incumbent) - 12,933; William Peyton Hubbard - 11,275; Hales - 8,171; Robert Buist Noble - 1,287; James O'Hara - 779

1908: Horatio Clarence Hocken (incumbent) - 16,844; Frank S. Spence - 11,512; William Spence Harrison (incumbent) - 10,312; J.J. Ward (incumbent) - 10,075; William Peyton Hubbard (incumbent) - 9,203; John Shaw - 6,385; Robert Fleming - 5,640; Oliver Sheppard - 5,099; John Dunn - 4,434; John Enoch Thompson - 1,291; James Lindala - 1,220; Hugh MacMath - 1,013; Robert Buist Noble - 745; James O'Hara - 367; Joel Marvin Briggs - 232

1907: J.J. Ward (incumbent) - 9,362; William Spence Harrison - 9,054; Horatio Clarence Hocken - 8,639; William Peyton Hubbard (incumbent) - 8,483; Robert Fleming - 7,077; S. Alfred Jones (incumbent) - 6,710; John Shaw (incumbent) - 6,465; John Dunn - 5,038; Davies - 1,390; Joel Marvin Briggs - 496

1906: William Peyton Hubbard (incumbent) - 14,081; S. Alfred Jones - 14,039; J.J. Ward (incumbent) - 13,770; John Shaw (incumbent) - 12,524; Hastings - 11,308

1905: Frank S. Spence (incumbent) - 13,032; J.J. Ward - 12,993; William Peyton Hubbard (incumbent) - 12,880; John Shaw - 12,436; J.R.L Starr - 9,823; Joseph Oliver - 8,141; Thomas Foster - 6,395; G.R. Ramsden - 5,839; Frank Moses - 5,048; A.R. Denison - 4,925; Edward Hanlan - 2,178

1904: Frank S. Spence - 12,294; John F. Loudon - 11,121; William Peyton Hubbard - 8,950; Fred H. Richardson - 8,923; Burns - 8,641; Joseph Oliver - 8,598; John Shaw - 7,184

References

Bibliography:

Russell, Victor (1982). The Mayors of Toronto: Volume 1: 1834–1909. Boston Mills Press. ISBN 0-919822-77-0.

Notes:

↑ "Municipal Act, RSO 1990, c. M.45, s. 68". archive.org.
↑ Russell 1982, p. 123.
↑ The Consolidated Municipal Act, 1903, S.O. 1903, c. 19, Part IV, Div. III