Trade unions in India

AITUC rally in Alappuzha
May Day rally in Mumbai
APFTU rally in Hyderabad
UTUC(L-S) mural in Kolkata

Trade Unions in India are registered and file annual returns under the Trade Union Act (1926). Statistics on Trade Unions are collected annually by the Labour Bureau of the Ministry of Labour, Government of India. As per the latest data, released for 2012, there were 16,154 trade unions which had a combined membership of 9.18 million (based on returns from 15 States - out of a total of 36 States).[1] The Trade Union movement in India is largely divided along political lines and follows a pre-Independence pattern of overlapping interactions between political parties and unions. The net result of this type of system is debated as it has both advantages and disadvantages.

The firm or industry level trade unions are often affiliated to larger Federations. The largest Federations in the country represent labour at the National level and are known as Central Trade Union Organisations (CTUO). As of 2002, when the last Trade Union verification was carried out, there are 12 CTUOs recognised by the Ministry of Labour.[2]

History

The setting up of textile and clothing mills around the port cities of Bombay (now Mumbai), Calcutta (now Kolkata), Madras (now Chennai) and Surat in the second half of the 19th century led to the beginnings of the industrial workforce in India. Several incidents of strikes and protests by workers have been recorded during this time. The credit for the first registered Trade Union in India is generally given to the Bombay Mill-Hands Association founded by Narayan Meghaji Lokhande or N.M. Lokhande in 1884. This was just after the passing of the Factories Act (1881) by the British Government of the time. The first trade union federation to be set up was the All India Trade Union Congress which was set up in 1920.

Following the rapid growth of unions around the time of the First World War, the Russian Revolution and the setting up of the ILO - industrial conflict began to increase and over 1000 strikes were recorded between 1920 and 1924. The waves of strikes boiled over with the arrest of prominent leaders and trade-unionists in the infamous 'Cawnpore Conspiracy case' in 1924 with the union leaders being arrested and accused of attempting a Communist revolution against the existing British government. Subsequently, the Trade Union Act (1926) was passed which created the rules for the regulation and closer monitoring of Trade Unions. In the first year of the law's operation, in 1927-28, 28 unions registered and submitted returns with a total membership 100,619.[3] The number of unions grew rapidly after that and by the time of Independence of India in 1947, there were 2,766 unions registered which had a combined membership of over 1.66 million. This led to significantly favourable social legislation being enacted in the first decade of Independence and several important labour laws were passed during this time.

Independence (1947) to Liberalisation (1991)

Following its Independence in 1947 and the formation of the Republic in 1950, India followed a Socialist economic approach encouraging public sector employment and pro-worker legislations. The trade-union movement reflected the main political divisions of the time and was divided mainly along Socialist and Communist lines. The subsequent decades saw significant expansion in trade union membership with the number of active unions reaching its peak in the mid-1970s and mid-1980s. While the 1970s in India was a period characterised by political instability, the 1980s was characterised by the beginnings of a distinct turn towards more market-friendly policies, support for industrialists and an implicit opposition to workers. A key break in the history of textile workers was the Great Bombay textile strike of 1982 which subsequently led to a long and complicated stalemate.

Liberalisation (1991) to Present

The period following the Economic liberalisation in 1991 was characterised by declining public sector employment and encouragement for the private sector. Efforts for unionisation in the private sector was often met with opposition and the wider general withdrawal of State support for workers further undermined their bargaining power. These policies led to a stagnation in the number of unionised formal sector workers.

A gradual shift in focus about the importance of the Informal sector and 'Informal employment in the formal sector' meant that trade unions also began to focus on these workers. This has led to greater enrolment of these workers and subsequently led to increases in union membership. The Central Trade Union Organisations (CTUO) increased their combined membership from 13.21 million in 1989 to 24.85 million in 2002. Almost all the CTUOs now have at least 20 percent of their official members coming from the informal sector.

Central Trade Union Organisations (CTUOs) of India

Local, firm-level or industry-level trade unions are often affiliated to larger Federations. The largest Federations in the country represent labour at the National level and are known as Central Trade Union Organisations (CTU or CTUO). To acquire status as a CTUO, a trade union federation must have a verified membership of at least 500,000 workers who are spread over a minimum of four states and four industries (including agriculture). Trade-union membership verification is usually done once in a decade and an updated verification with new criteria is currently underway, with 2011 as the reference year.[4] Complications around membership verification have existed due to discrepancies between membership claimed by the unions and actual members. These complications have increased in recent years following the wider inclusion of informal sector workers in union membership data.

The following is a list of national-level CTUOs as recognised by the Ministry of Labour, Government of India. The list is for the reference year 2002 whose verification was completed in 2008. The political affiliation of the union federation is mentioned in brackets.

(In alphabetical order.)

  1. All India Central Council of Trade Unions (Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation)
  2. All India Trade Union Congress (Communist Party of India)
  3. All India United Trade Union Centre (Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist))
  4. Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, indirectly Bharatiya Janata Party)
  5. Centre of Indian Trade Unions (Communist Party of India (Marxist))
  6. Hind Mazdoor Sabha (Unaffiliated)
  7. Indian National Trade Union Congress (Indian National Congress)
  8. Labour Progressive Federation (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam)
  9. National Front of Indian Trade Unions (Unaffiliated [5])
  10. Self Employed Women's Association (Unaffiliated)
  11. Trade Union Coordination Committee (All India Forward Bloc)
  12. United Trade Union Congress (Revolutionary Socialist Party)

Other Trade Unions and Centres

(Incomplete list, In Alphabetical order)

Defunct trade union centres

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://labourbureau.nic.in/Trade%20Union%202012.pdf
  2. ↑ Order of verification of membership of trade unions affiliated to CTUOs, as of 31 Dec. 2002 (MoLE, 2008)
  3. ↑ Indian Labour Year Book, 1946
  4. ↑ http://clc.gov.in/estb/shtm/verificationbrief.php
  5. ↑ http://nfitu.org/about-us/
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