Transjordan Frontier Force

Trans Jordan Frontier Force units. Photo taken in 1934–1939

The Transjordan Frontier Force was formed on 1 April 1926 as a para-military border guard to defend Trans-Jordan's northern and southern borders. The TJFF was also an Imperial Service regiment whose Imperial Service soldiers agreed to serve wherever required and not just within the borders of their own colony, protectorate or, in the case of the Transjordan, mandate. This was in contrast to the Arab Legion, which was seen more as an internal security militia, deriving from the troops of the Arab Revolt and closely associated with the Hashemite cause. The Amir Abdullah was an Honorary Colonel of the Trans-Jordan Frontier Force from its inception.

History

The Transjordan Frontier Force (TJFF) was established at Sarafand on 1 April 1926 with a cadre drawn from the Arab Legion and quickly grew to three cavalry squadrons, each of 120 men each, and an infantry unit. Its first commander was Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick William Bewsher. Other units, such as a camel squadron and mechanised units, were subsequently added.

The TJFF would be equipped in a conventional manner, with modern weapons, whilst the Arab Legion would, initially, remain a traditional force, looser in structure and without training in alien technology. Accordingly, the Arab Legion transferred its inventory of machine guns, artillery, and radios.

The TJFF replaced the disbanded British Gendarmerie which previously had the task of protecting Transjordan's borders.

In the post-war era, with the independence of the Transjordan and of Palestine looming, there was no longer a requirement for an Imperial Service unit in the region. On 9 February 1948 the 3,000 man Trans-Jordan Frontier Force was disbanded and most of its members transferred to the Arab Legion.

Organization

The TJFF served under Headquarters, British Forces, in Palestine and Trans-Jordan, from 3 September 1939 until 9 February 1948. The O.C. TJFF was a British lieutenant colonel, with headquarters at Zerqa. Second-in-command was a British major, responsible for administration, workshops, quartermaster's stores and pay. The adjutant, another British major, was responsible for training and personnel and was aided by an assistant adjutant who was an Arab officer.

The squadrons and companies were all commanded by British majors, with another British officer as second-in-command. The cavalry squadrons were organised into three rifle troops (36 men) and one machine gun troop (36 rifles and 4 machine guns). The normal tactical and reconnaissance unit however, was the half-squadron or half-company and these were commanded by local captains. Each half-squadron or company consisted of two troops, led by local lieutenants and captains.

By the end of 1927 there were 39 officers, including 17 British, 12 British warrant officers, three staff sergeants and 676 other ranks. In 1930 there were 17 British officers, two in each of the four squadrons and companies with the remainder at Force HQ. In 1935 there were 24 British officers – the OC, seven majors and sixteen captains.

The TJFF spent its first six months training in Palestine at Sarafand then at Shunet Nimrinfrom (from October 1926) in the Jordan Valley. TJFF HQ moved to Zerqa east of the Jordan River in Trans-Jordan. The cavalry squadrons were based at Zerqa and the camel company was based at Ma'an. In 1929, the TJFF was called upon to help deal with Arab unrest in Palestine. The camel company moved to Jericho and a cavalry squadron went to Jisr el Majamie. A second cavalry squadron was raised and dispatched as reinforcement in early 1930.

In 1930, the mechanised company, based at Ma'an, was formed and later that year the camel companies were disbanded. Motorisation extended the range of the TJFF further out into the desert. In 1930 the TJFF had 980 men, including 28 Jews.

Officers Commanding

• Lieutenant-Colonel F. W. Bewsher, DSO, OBE, MC, 1 April 1926 – 1928.^[1]
• Major (local Lieutenant-Colonel) C. A. Shute, CBE, Indian Army, previously second-in-command, 1928 – 1933.^[1][2]
• Major (local Lieutenant-Colonel) C. H. Miller, 13th/18th Hussars, 1933 – 1936.^[2]
• Lieutenant-Colonel J. I. Chrystall, 1936 – May 1940.
• Lieutenant-Colonel P. L. Wilson, May 1940 – 1946.
• Colonel (later General Sir) John Hackett, former OC 4th Parachute Brigade, 1946 – 9 February 1948. (Hackett was previously seconded to TJFF from 1937–1941.)

TJFF Units

• HQ Wing, 1 April 1926 – 9 February 1948.
• "A" Squadron (cavalry), 1 April 1926 – 1 January 1941.
• "B" Squadron (cavalry), 1 April 1926 – 1 January 1941.
• "C" Squadron (cavalry), 1 April 1926 – 1 January 1941.
• Camel Company, 1 April 1926 – 1930, replaced by Mechanised Company.
• "D" Company (Mechanised), 1930 – February 1941. Based at the H4 pumping station on the Iraq Petroleum Company pipeline.
• "E" Company (Mechanised), 1933 – February 1941.
• Line of Communication Squadron, February – May 1941. Raised to protect the Baghdad–Haifa road, reformed as "L" Company in the 1st Mechanised Regiment, May 1941.
• Mobile Guard Squadron, 1 May 1941 – 9 February 1948. Formed to replace the Line of Communication Squadron in May 1941 and to take over the line of communication duties.

By 1929 there were also four Troops of Reservists

TJFF Regiments

• 1st Cavalry (Horsed) Regiment, 1 January 1941 – 9 February 1948. Based at Jisr el Majamie with "A", "B", and "C" Squadrons. (Cavalry)
• 1st Mechanised Regiment, February 1941 – 9 February 1948. Based at Irbid with "D", "E", and "L" Squadrons (Mechanised)

Ethnicity

Arab peasants called fellahin from rural villages made up around 70 percent of the other ranks and there were some Sudanese in the camel company before 1930 when the company was replaced by a mechanised company. Jews and town Arabs, being better educated, served in the technical and administrative posts. By 1935 just under 25 percent of the Force were Circassians (a small ethnic, Muslim minority living in Trans-Jordan). The senior commanders were all British Army officers, however junior officers were Arabs, Circassians, Sudanese and a few Jews.

References

Notes

1. "Report by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Palestine and Trans-Jordan for the year 1928". United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine (UNISPAL). 31 December 1928. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
2. "Report by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Palestine and Trans-Jordan for the year 1933". United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine (UNISPAL). 31 December 1933. Retrieved 19 July 2015.

Bibliography

• Roubiçek, Marcel (1974). Echo of the Bugle : Extinct Military and Constabulary Forces in Palestine & Transjordan, 1915–1967. Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press.
• Vatikiotis, Panayiotis Jerasimof (1967). Politics and the Military in Jordan: A Study of the Arab Legion, 1921–1957. New York: F. A. Praeger.
• Young, Peter (1972). The Arab Legion. Reading, Berkshire: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85045-084-2.
• Farndale, Sir Martin (1996). The History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat, 1939–41. London: Brassey’s. ISBN 978-1-85753-080-3.
• Dupuy, Trevor N. (1984). Elusive Victory: The Arab-Israeli Wars, 1947–1974. Fairfax, Virginia: Hero Books.
• Glubb, John Bagot (1948). The Arab Legion. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
• Pal, Dharm (1958). Prasad, Bisheshwar, ed. The Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War, 1939–45: The Campaign in Western Asia 10. New Delhi: History Division, Ministry of Defence.
• Isseroff, Ami (2005). "Kfar Etzion Remembered: A history of Gush Etzion and the Massacre of Kfar Etzion". Zionism & Israel Information Center. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
• Levi, Y. (1986). Nine Measures: Jerusalem in the War of Independence. Tel Aviv: Maarachot. ISBN 978-9-65050-287-4.
• "Jordan : Country Studies". Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2015.

External links

• Rothwell, Steve (2009). "The Trans-Jordan Frontier Force". British & Commonwealth Orders of Battle. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
• Rothwell, Steve (2007). "The Arab Legion". British & Commonwealth Orders of Battle. Retrieved 19 July 2015.