Transient liquid phase diffusion bonding

Transient liquid phase diffusion bonding (TLPDB) is a joining process that has been applied for bonding many metallic and ceramic systems which cannot be bonded by conventional fusion welding techniques. The bonding process produces joints with a uniform composition profile, tolerant of surface oxides and geometrical defects. The bonding technique has been exploited in a wide range of applications, from the production and repair of turbine engines in the aerospace industry[1][2][3] to the atomic nuclear power plants[4][5] and the connection of circuit lines in the microelectronics industry.[6][7]

Process

The process differs from diffusion bonding in which diffusion occurs when a melting point depressant element from an interlayer moves into lattice and grain boundaries of the substrates at the bonding temperature. Solid state diffusional processes lead to a change of composition at the bond interface and the dissimilar interlayer melts at a lower temperature than the parent materials. Thus a thin layer of liquid spreads along the interface to form a joint at a lower temperature than the melting point of either of the parent materials. This method differs from brazing in that it is "isothermally solidifying". While holding the temperature above the filler metal melting point, interdiffusion shifts the composition away from eutectic, so solidification occurs at the process temperature. If sufficient interdiffusion occurs, the joint will remain solid and strong well above the original melt process temperature. This is why it is termed "transient liquid phase." The liquid solidifies before cooling.

Interlayer

In this technique it is necessary to select a suitable interlayer by considering its wettability, flow characteristics, high stability to prevent reactions with the base materials, and the ability to form a composition having a remelt temperature higher than the bonding temperature. The joining technique dates back to ancient times.[8] [9][10] For example, copper oxide painted as an interlayer and covered with some tallow or glue to hold some gold balls on to a gold article were heated in a reducing flame to form a eutectic at the bond area.

Kinetics

There are many theories on the kinetics of the bonding process but the most common theory divides the process into four main stages.[11] [12] The stages are:

  1. dissolution of the interlayer
  2. homogenization of the liquid
  3. isothermal solidification
  4. homogenization of the bond region

References

  1. ↑ D.S. Duvall, W.A. Owczarski, D.F. Paulonis (1974). "TLP bonding: a new method for joining heat resisting alloys". Welding Journal 53 (4): 203–214.
  2. ↑ S.R. Cain, , J.R. Wilcox, J.R., R. Venkatraman (1997). "A diffusional model for transient liquid phase bonding". Acta Materialia 45: 701–707. doi:10.1016/s1359-6454(96)00188-7.
  3. ↑ Y. Zhou, W.F. Gale, T.H. North (1995). "Modelling of transient liquid phase bonding". International Materials Review 40 (5): 181–196. doi:10.1179/imr.1995.40.5.181.
  4. ↑ M. Maza Atabaki, J. Idris (2011). "Partial transient liquid phase diffusion bonding of Zircaloy-4 to stabilized austenitic stainless steel 321 using active titanium filler metal". Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 3 (406): 330–344.
  5. ↑ Mazar Atabaki, M. "Microstructural evolution in the partial transient liquid phase diffusion bonding of Zircaloy-4 to stainless steel 321 using active titanium filler metal". Journal of Nuclear Materials, 406(3) (2010), 330-344
  6. ↑ Hou, M.M., Eager, Thomas W. " Low temperature transient liquid phase (LTTLP) bonding for Au/Cu and Cu/Cu interconnections ". Journal of Electron. Package, 114(4) (1992), 443-448
  7. ↑ Mazar Atabaki, M. " Recent progress in joining of ceramic powder metallurgy products to metals". Metalurgija. 16(4) (2010), 255-268
  8. ↑ Hawthorne, J.G., Smith, C.S. " On divers arts, the treatise of theophilus". Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (1963), 216
  9. ↑ Smith, C.S., " A search for structure". Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. (1981), 92-94
  10. ↑ Littledale, H.A.P. Brit. Patent No. 415,181 (1933)
  11. ↑ MacDonald W.D., and Eager, " T.W. Transient liquid phase bonding. Annual Review of Materials Science ". 22 (1) (1992), 23-46
  12. ↑ Tuah-poku, I., Dollar, M., Massalski, T.B. " A study of the transient liquid phase bonding process applied to a Ag/Cu/Ag sandwich joint". Metallurgical Transactions A. 19(A) (1988), 675-686
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