Trey Parker

Trey Parker

Parker in April 2013
Born Randolph Severn Parker III
(1969-10-19) October 19, 1969
Conifer, Colorado, U.S.
Education Evergreen High School
Alma mater Berklee College of Music
University of Colorado Boulder
Occupation Actor, animator, writer, producer, director, singer, songwriter
Years active 1989–present
Spouse(s) Emma Sugiyama (m. 2005; div. 2008)
Boogie Tillmon (m. 2014)
Children 1

Randolph Severn "Trey" Parker III (born October 19, 1969) is an American actor, animator, screenwriter, director, producer, singer, and songwriter. He is best known for being the co-creator of South Park along with his creative partner Matt Stone, as well as co-writing and co-directing the Tony-winning 2011 musical The Book of Mormon. Parker was interested in film and music as a child, and attended the University of Colorado, Boulder following high school, where he met Stone. The two collaborated on various short films, and starred in a feature-length musical, titled Cannibal! The Musical, in 1993.

Parker and Stone moved to Los Angeles and premiered South Park on Comedy Central in August 1997. The duo, who possess full creative control of the show, have since produced a feature film, music, and video games based on the show, which continues to run. Alongside Stone, he has also produced various feature films and television series, including Team America: World Police (2004). After several years of development, The Book of Mormon, a musical co-written by Parker, Stone, and composer Robert Lopez, premiered on Broadway and became immensely successful. In 2013, he and Stone established their own production studio, Important Studios.

Parker has been the recipient of various awards over the course of his career, including five Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on South Park, as well as four Tony Awards and a Grammy Award for The Book of Mormon.

Early life

Parker was born in Conifer, Colorado, the son of insurance saleswoman Sharon and geologist Randolph "Randy" Parker.[1][2] He was a shy child who received "decent" grades and was involved in honors classes.[3] He idolized Monty Python, which he began watching on television in the third grade; his later ventures into animation would bear considerable influence from Terry Gilliam.[3] In the sixth grade, Parker wrote a sketch titled The Dentist and appeared in his school's talent show. He played the dentist and had a friend play the patient. The plot involved what can go wrong at the dentist; due to the amounts of fake blood involved, Parker's parents were called and were upset, with Parker later recalling that "the kindergartners were all crying and freaking out".[4]

Parker has described himself as "the typical big-dream kid" who envisioned a career in film and music.[3] He made short films on the weekends with a group of friends, beginning when he was 14. His father had purchased him a video camera and the group continued making films until graduation.[3][5] He became interested in pursuing music at 17, but only comedy-centered songs; he wrote and recorded a full-length comedy album, Immature: A Collection of Love Ballads For The '80's Man, with friend David Goodman during this time.[3] As a teenager, Parker developed a love for musical theatre, and joined the Evergreen Players, a venerable mountain community theater outside of Denver. At 14, he performed his first role as chorus member in The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas and Flower Drum Song and went on to also design sets for the community theater's production of Little Shop of Horrors. Parker attended high school at Evergreen High, where he continued his musical endeavors through starring as Danny Zuko in Grease.[5] He also played piano for the chorus and was president of the choir counsel.[6][7] As Evergreen was nationally known for its choir program, Parker was a very popular high school student, connected to his position as the head of the choir. He was typically the lead in school plays and was also prom king.[3] While in school, Parker had a part-time job at a Pizza Hut and was described as a film geek and music buff.[8]

Following his graduation from high school in 1988, Parker spent a semester at Berklee College of Music before transferring to the University of Colorado at Boulder.[2] During his time there, he took a film class in which students were required to collaborate on projects.[3] In the course, he met Matt Stone — a math major from the nearby town of Littleton — and the two immediately bonded over provocative, anti-authoritarian humor and Monty Python.[2] Parker's first film was titled Giant Beavers of Southern Sri Lanka (1989), parodying Godzilla-style rampages with beavers; fellow student Jason McHugh later remarked that the idea nearly got him laughed out of class.[9][10] Parker and Stone wrote and acted in many short films together, among those First Date, Man on Mars and Job Application.[11][12] Parker later remarked that he and Stone would shoot a film nearly every week, but he has since lost most of them.[13] Parker first used a construction paper animation technique on American History (1992), a short film made for his college animation class. It became an unexpected sensation, resulting in Parker's first award — a Student Academy Award. Parker recalled sitting in the auditorium in front of students from animation schools such as CalArts, who had produced works of a higher artistic caliber and were "fuming" that he won.[3]

Career

Career beginnings

Cannibal! The Musical (1992–94)

In 1992, Parker, Stone, McHugh, and Ian Hardin founded a production company named the Avenging Conscience, named after the D.W. Griffith film by the same name, which was actively disliked by the group.[14] Parker again employed the cutout paper technique on Avenging Conscience's first production, Jesus vs. Frosty (1992), an animated short pitting the religious figure against Frosty the Snowman.

The quartet created a three-minute trailer for a fictional film titled Alferd Packer: The Musical. The idea was based on an obsession Parker had with Alfred Packer, a real nineteenth-century prospector accused of cannibalism.[5] During this time, Parker had become engaged to long-time girlfriend Lianne Adamo, but their relationship fell apart shortly before production on the trailer had begun.[5] "Horribly depressed", Parker funneled his frustrations with her into the project, naming Packer's "beloved but disloyal" horse after her.[5][15] The trailer became somewhat of a sensation among students at the school, leading Virgil Grillo, the chairman and founder of the university's film department, to convince the quartet to expand it to a feature-length film.[15] Parker wrote the film's script, creating an Oklahoma!-style musical featuring ten original show tunes.[16] The group raised $125,000 from family and friends and began shooting the film. The movie was shot on Loveland Pass as winter was ending, and the crew endured the freezing weather.[14][16] Parker — under the pseudonym Juan Schwartz — was the film's star, director and co-producer.[15]

Alferd Packer: The Musical premiered in Boulder in October 1993; "they rented a limousine that circled to ferry every member of the cast and crew from the back side of the block to the red carpet at the theater's entrance."[16] The group submitted the movie to the Sundance Film Festival, who did not respond. Parker told McHugh he had a "vision" they needed to be at the festival, which resulted in the group renting out a conference room in a nearby hotel and putting on their own screenings.[5] MTV did a short news segment on The Big Picture regarding the film,[14] and they made industry connections through the festival.[3][5] They intended to sell video rights to the film for $1 million and spend the remaining $900,000 to create another film.[3] The film was instead sold to Troma Entertainment in 1996 where it was retitled Cannibal! The Musical,[2] and upon the duo's later success, it became their biggest-selling title.[15] It has since been labeled a "cult classic" and adapted into a stage play by community theater groups and even high schools nationwide.[17]

The Spirit of Christmas and Orgazmo (1995–97)

We were sleeping on floors thinking, Wow, another two weeks and we're going to be fucking rich. And pretty soon two weeks turns into two months, and two months turns into two years, and you definitely stop listening.

“
”

Parker on his early career[3]

Following the film's success, the group, sans Hardin, moved to Los Angeles.[16] Upon arrival, they met a lawyer for the William Morris Agency who connected them with producer Scott Rudin. As a result, the duo acquired a lawyer, an agent, and a script deal.[3] Despite initially believing themselves to be on the verge of success, the duo struggled for several years. Stone slept on dirty laundry for upwards of a year because he could not afford to purchase a mattress.[3] They unsuccessfully pitched a children's program titled Time Warped to Fox Kids, which would have involved fictionalized stories of people in history.[2] The trio created two separate pilots, spaced a year apart, and despite the approval of development executive Pam Brady, the network disbanded the Fox Kids division.[16] While at Fox, executive Brian Graden cut Parker and Stone a personal check of a few thousand dollars to produce a video greeting card he could deliver to friends; the film would be a sequel to their earlier short Jesus vs. Frosty.[16]

David Zucker, who was a fan of Cannibal!, contacted the duo to produce a 15-minute short film for Seagram to show at a party for their acquisition of Universal Studios.[13] Due to a misunderstanding, Parker and Stone improvised much of the film an hour before it was shot, creating it as a spoof of 1950s instructional videos.[13] The result, Your Studio and You, features numerous celebrities, including Sylvester Stallone, Demi Moore, and Steven Spielberg. "You could probably make a feature film out of the experience of making that movie because it was just two dudes from college suddenly directing Steven Spielberg," Parker later remarked, noting that the experience was difficult for the two.[13] During the time between shooting the pilots for Time Warped, Parker penned the script for a film titled Orgazmo, which later entered production. Half of the budget for the picture came from a Japanese porn company called Kuki, who wanted to feature its performers in mainstream Western media.[16] Independent distributor October Films purchased the rights to the film for one million dollars after its screening at the Toronto Film Festival.[16] The film received an NC-17 rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, which resulted in the poor box office performance of a film. Parker and Stone attempted to negotiate with the organization on what to delete from the final print, but the MPAA would not give specific notes.[3] The duo later theorized that the organization cared less because it was an independent distributor which would bring it significantly less money.[3]

Graden sent the film on a VHS to several industry executives in Hollywood; meanwhile, someone digitized the clip and put it up on the Internet, where it became one of the very first viral videos.[4][16][18] As Jesus vs. Santa became more popular, Parker and Stone began talks of developing the short into a television series. Fox refused to pick up the series, not wanting to air a show that included the character Mr. Hankey, a talking piece of feces.[19] The two were initially skeptical of possible television deals, noting that previous endeavors had not turned out successful.[3] The two then entered negotiations with both MTV and Comedy Central. Parker preferred the show be produced by Comedy Central, fearing that MTV would turn it into a kids show.[20] When Comedy Central executive Doug Herzog watched the short, he commissioned for it to be developed into a series.[4][21]

South Park

Premiere and initial success (1997–98)

The pilot episode of South Park was made on a budget of $300,000,[22] and took between three and three and a half months to complete, and animation took place in a small room at Celluloid Studios, in Denver, Colorado, during the summer of 1996.[23][24] Similarly to Parker and Stone's Christmas shorts, the original pilot was animated entirely with traditional cut paper stop motion animation techniques.[23] The idea for the town of South Park came from the real Colorado basin of the same name where, according to the creators, a lot of folklore and news reports originated about "UFO sightings, and cattle mutilations, and Bigfoot sightings."[25]

South Park premiered in August 1997 and immediately became one of the most popular shows on cable television, averaging consistently between 3.5 and 5.5 million viewers.[26] The show transformed the then-fledgling Comedy Central into "a cable industry power almost overnight."[4] At the time, the cable network had a low distribution of just 21 million subscribers.[26] Comedy Central marketed the show aggressively before its launch, billing it as "that's why they invented the V-chip." The resulting buzz led to the network earning an estimated $30 million in T-shirts sales alone before the first episode was even aired.[26] Due to the success of the series' first six episodes, Comedy Central requested an additional seven; the series completed its first season in February 1998.[27][28][29] An affiliate of the MTV Network until then, Comedy Central decided, in part due to the success of South Park, to have its own independent sales department.[30] By the end of 1998, Comedy Central had sold more than $150 million worth of merchandise for the show, including T-shirts and dolls.[31] Over the next few years, Comedy Central's viewership spiked largely due to South Park, adding 3 million new subscribers in the first half of 1998 alone and allowed the network to sign international deals with networks in several countries.[26]

Parker and Stone became celebrities as a result of the program's success; Parker noted that the success of South Park allowed him to pursue, for a time, a lifestyle that involved partying with women and "out-of-control binges" in Las Vegas.[3] Their philosophy of taking every deal (which had surfaced as a result of their lack of trust in the early success of South Park) led to their appearances in films, albums, and outside script deals. Among these included BASEketball, a 1998 comedy film that became a critical and commercial flop, and rights to produce a prequel to Dumb and Dumber, which was never completed.[3]

Bigger, Longer, and Uncut and continued success (1999–present)

Two adult males sitting in chairs; the male at the right is speaking into a handheld microphone
Parker (left) and Matt Stone (right) continue to do most of the writing, directing and voice acting on South Park.

Parker and Stone signed a deal with Comedy Central in April 1998 that contracted the duo to producing South Park episodes until 1999, gave them a slice of the lucrative spinoff merchandising the show generated within its first year, as well as an unspecified seven-figure cash bonus to bring the show to the big screen, in theaters.[32] During the time, the team was also busy writing the second and third seasons of the series, the former of which Parker and Stone later described as "disastrous". As such, they figured the phenomenon would be over soon, and they decided to write a personal, fully committed musical.[33] Parker and Stone fought with the MPAA to keep the film R-rated; for months the ratings board insisted on the more prohibitive NC-17.[34] The film was only certified an R rating two weeks prior to its release, following contentious conversations between Parker/Stone, Rudin, and Paramount Pictures.[35] Parker felt very overwhelmed and overworked during the production process of the film, especially between April and the movie’s opening in late June. He admitted that press coverage, which proclaimed the end of South Park was near, bothered him.[3] The film opened in cinemas in June 1999 and received critical acclaim, grossing $83 million at the box office.

Parker and Stone continue to write, direct, and voice most characters on South Park. Over time, the show has adopted a unique production process, in which an entire episode is written, animated and broadcast in one week.[36] Parker and Stone state that subjecting themselves to a one-week deadline creates more spontaneity amongst themselves in the creative process, which they feel results in a funnier show.[4] Although initial reviews for the show were negative in reference to its crass humor, the series has received numerous accolades, including five Primetime Emmy Awards, a Peabody Award, and numerous inclusions in various publications' lists of greatest television shows. Though its viewership is lower than it was at the height of its popularity in its earliest seasons, South Park remains one of the highest-rated series on Comedy Central.[37] In 2012, South Park cut back from producing 14 episodes per year (seven in the spring and seven in the fall) to a single run of 10 episodes in the fall, to allow the duo to explore other projects the rest of the year.[38] The show is currently renewed through 2016, when it will reach its twentieth season.[39]

South Park has continued, becoming an enterprise worth hundreds of millions of dollars. The franchise has also expanded to music and video games. Comedy Central released various albums, including Chef Aid: The South Park Album and Mr. Hankey's Christmas Classics, in the late 1990s.[40][41][42] The song "Chocolate Salty Balls" (as sung by the character Chef) was released as a single in the UK in 1998 to support the Chef Aid: The South Park Album and became a number one hit.[43] Parker and Stone had little to do the development of video games based on the series that were released at this time,[44][45] but took full creative control of South Park: The Stick of Truth, a 2014 video game based on the series that received positive reviews.[46]Broadcast syndication rights to South Park were sold in 2003,[47][48] and all episodes are available for free full-length on-demand legal streaming on the official South Park Studios website.[49] In 2007, the duo, with the help of their lawyer, Kevin Morris, cut a 50-50 joint venture with Comedy Central on all revenue not related to television; this includes digital rights to South Park, as well as movies, soundtracks, T-shirts and other merchandise, in a deal worth $75 million.[50]

Television and film projects

That's My Bush! (2000–01)

In 2000, Parker and Stone began plotting a television sitcom starring the winner of the 2000 Presidential election. The duo were "95 percent sure" that Democratic candidate Al Gore would win, and tentatively titled the show Everybody Loves Al.[51] The main goal was to parody sitcom tropes, such as a lovable main character, the sassy maid, and the wacky neighbor.[52] Parker said the producers did not want to make fun of politics, but instead lampoon sitcoms.[51] They threw a party the night of the election with the writers, with intentions to begin writing the following Monday and shooting the show in January 2001 with the inauguration. With the confusion of who the President would be, the show's production was pushed back.[51] The show was filmed at Sony Pictures Studios, and was the first time Parker and Stone shot a show on a production lot.[53]

Although That's My Bush!, which ran between April–May 2001, received a fair amount of publicity and critical notice, according to Stone and Parker, the cost per episode was too high, "about $1 million an episode."[54] Comedy Central officially cancelled the series in August 2001 as a cost-cutting move; Stone was quoted as saying "A super-expensive show on a small cable network...the economics of it were just not going to work."[55] Comedy Central continued the show in reruns, considering it a creative and critical success.[54] Parker believed the show would not have survived after the September 11 attacks anyway, and Stone agreed, saying the show would not "play well".[56][57] During this time, the duo also signed a deal with Macromedia Shockwave to produce 39 animated online shorts in which they would retain full artistic control; the result, Princess, was rejected after only two episodes.[58][59]

Team America (2002–04)

In 2002, the duo began working on Team America: World Police, a satire of big-budget action films and their associated clichés and stereotypes, with particular humorous emphasis on the global implications of the politics of the United States.[60] Team America was produced using a crew of about 200 people, which sometimes required four people at a time to manipulate a marionette.[61] Although the filmmakers hired three dozen top-notch marionette operators, simple performances from the marionettes was nearly impossible, with a simple shot such as a character drinking taking a half-day to complete successfully.[61] The deadline for the film's completion took a toll on both filmmakers, as did various difficulties in working with puppets, with Stone, who described the film as "the worst time of [my] life", resorting to coffee to work 20-hour days and sleeping pills to go to bed.[61][62][63] The film was barely completed in time for its October release date,[64] but reviews were positive and the film made a modest sum at the box office.[65]

Broadway and movie studio

The Book of Mormon (2011–present)

Parker and Stone, alongside writer-composer Robert Lopez, began working on a musical centering on Mormonism during the production of Team America. Lopez, a fan of South Park and creator of the puppet musical Avenue Q, met with the duo after a performance of the musical, where they conceived the idea.[2][66] The musical, titled The Book of Mormon: The Musical of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, was worked on over a period of various years; working around their South Park schedule, they flew between New York and Los Angeles often, first writing songs for the musical in 2006.[2] Developmental workshops began in 2008,[67] and the crew embarked on the first of a half-dozen workshops that would take place during the next four years.[2] Originally, producer Scott Rudin planned to stage The Book of Mormon off-Broadway at the New York Theatre Workshop in Summer 2010, but opted to premiere it directly on Broadway, "[s]ince the guys [Parker and Stone] work best when the stakes are highest."[68]

After a frantic series of rewrites, rehearsals, and previews,[2] The Book of Mormon premiered on Broadway at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on March 24, 2011.[69][70] The Book of Mormon received broad critical praise for the plot, score, actors' performances, direction and choreography.[71] A cast recording of the original Broadway production became the highest-charting Broadway cast album in over four decades.[72] The musical received nine Tony Awards, one for Best Musical, and a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album. The production has since expanded to two national tours, a Chicago production, UK production, and Parker and Stone have confirmed a film adaption is in pre-production.[38][50]

Important Studios and future projects (2013–present)

With sufficient funds from their work on South Park and The Book of Mormon, the duo announced plans to create their own production studio, Important Studios, in January 2013. The studio will approve projects ranging from films to television to theatre.[50]

On April 13, 2016, Universal Pictures announced that Trey Parker would be voicing the villain Balthazar Bratt in Despicable Me 3, set to be released in June 2017, making for Parker's first voice role not scripted out by either himself or Matt Stone.[73]

Personal life

In 2006, Parker married Emma Sugiyama. The officiant was 1970s sitcom producer Norman Lear.[74][75] That marriage ended in 2008.[75][76][77][78] In 2009, Parker had been dating Boogie Tillmon and living with her, and her then-8-year-old son. Parker's representative confirmed on March 22, 2013 that the couple were expecting their first child together. Their daughter, Betty Boogie Parker was born in August 2013.[76][78] In April 2014, Parker and Tillmon married in a private ceremony.[79]

In a September 2006 edition of the ABC News program Nightline, Parker expressed his views on religion, stating that he believes in "a God" and that "there is knowledge that humanity does not yet possess" while cautioning that it would take a long time to explain exactly what he meant by his belief in God. Parker believes all religions are "silly". He states that "All the religions are superfunny to me... The story of Jesus makes no sense to me. God sent his only son. Why could God only have one son and why would he have to die? It's just bad writing, really. And it's really terrible in about the second act." Parker further remarked,

Basically... out of all the ridiculous religion stories which are greatly, wonderfully ridiculous—the silliest one I've ever heard is, 'Yeah... there's this big giant universe and it's expanding, it's all gonna collapse on itself and we're all just here just 'cause... just 'cause'. That, to me, is the most ridiculous explanation ever.[80]

Discography

Albums

Soundtrack albums

List of soundtrack albums, with selected chart positions
Title Details Peak chart positions
US
[81]		 Can
[82]
Chef Aid: The South Park Album 16 14
South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut
  • Release date: November 24, 1998
  • Label: Atlantic Records
  • Formats: CD, vinyl, digital download
 28 20
Mr. Hankey's Christmas Classics — —
Team America: World Police — —
"—" denotes releases that did not chart

Cast recording

List of cast recording albums, with selected chart positions
Title Details Peak chart positions
US
[83]
The Book of Mormon: Original Broadway Cast Recording 31
"—" denotes releases that did not chart

Songwriting and other appearances

Year Song Artist Album Contribution
1998 "Chocolate Salty Balls" Isaac Hayes Chef Aid: The South Park Album Writer
1999 "Blame Canada" Mary Kay Bergman South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut Co-writer, composer
2000 "Timmy and the Lords of the Underworld" Himself and Matt Stone Non-single album Co-writer, composer

Filmography

References

  1. ↑ "Trey Parker biography". Biography.com. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Galloway, Stephen (March 24, 2011). "Why South Park's Trey Parker and Matt Stone Now Say It's 'Wrong' to Offend". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Pond, Steve (June 2000). "Interview: Trey Parker and Matt Stone". Playboy 47 (6): 65–80.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Devin Leonard (October 27, 2006). "South Park creators haven't lost their edge". CNN. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Carl Swanson (March 7, 2011). "Latter-Day Saints". New York (New York Media, LLC). Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  6. ↑ "Frank Rich’s Liner Notes for The Book of Mormon". Playbill. May 20, 2011.
  7. ↑ Moore, John (June 12, 2011). "The Book of Mormon: Colorado's kings of pop-culture subversion". The Denver Post.
  8. ↑ Paul Harris (April 1, 2007). "Undisputed kings of cartoon satire". The Guardian. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  9. ↑ Johnny Davis (April 3, 2009). "Smalltown heroes". The Guardian. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  10. ↑ McHugh, Jason (2011). Shpadoinkle: The Making of Cannibal! The Musical. Certified Renegade American Publishing.
  11. ↑ Josh Matusak (February 13, 2013). "Rare Matt Stone & Trey Parker Videos". Stand Up NY. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  12. ↑ Josh Kurp (February 23, 2013). "Watch Matt Stone And Trey Parker’s Pre-‘South Park’ Short From College". Uproxx. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Galloway, Stephen (July 16, 2001). "'South Park' Creator Trey Parker Cops to Kooky Universal Spoof". Zap2it. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  14. 1 2 3 Roberts, Michael. "The South Park Anniversary: The First Trey Parker-Matt Stone Interview". Westword. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Joshua Kurp (March 29, 2011). "Cannibal!: Matt Stone and Trey Parker's Original Twisted Musical". Splitsider (The Awl). Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Phillips, Glasgow (2007). The Royal Nonesuch: Or, What Will I Do When I Grow Up?. Grove Press. p. 14. ISBN 9781555847203.
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  18. ↑ Jeffrey Ressner and James Collins (March 23, 1998). "Gross And Grosser". Time. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
  19. ↑ Trey Parker, Matt Stone (1998). The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (Television show). NBC. Interview with Jay Leno
  20. ↑ Trey Parker; Matt Stone (March 1, 2002). Matt Stone, Trey Parker, Larry Divney 'Speaking Freely' transcript. (Interview). Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2007.
  21. ↑ Halbfinger, David M. (August 27, 2007). "'South Park' Creators Win Ad Sharing In Deal". The New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
  22. ↑ Littlefield, Kinney (February 1, 1998). "South Park is a Far-out Place to Play". AAP Newsfeed (LexisNexis). (subscription required)
  23. 1 2 Parker, Trey; Stone, Matt (2002). South Park – The Complete First Season: Episode Commentary (Audio commentary for "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe") (CD). Comedy Central.
  24. ↑ Back cover. South Park – The Original Unaired Pilot (DVD). Warner Home Video. 2003. (Included with purchase of the following at Best Buy, USA: South Park – The Complete Second Season (DVD). Paramount Home Entertainment. 2003.)
  25. ↑ Pennington, Gail (August 13, 1997). "A cartoon about kids that isn't for them". St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Missouri). p. 6E.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Gournelos, Ted (2009). Popular Culture and the Future of Politics: Cultural Studies and the Tao of South Park. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 11–19. ISBN 978-0-7391-3721-5.
  27. ↑ Mink, Eric (October 29, 1998). "South Park comes up with a hallo-winner". Daily News (New York, New York). p. 89.
  28. ↑ "Tonight on TV". Newsday (New York, New York). October 29, 1997. p. B35.
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  30. ↑ Forkan, Jim (September 29, 1997). "Comedy Central will fly solo in '98". Multichannel News.
  31. ↑ McCabe, Janet; Akass, Kim (2007). Quality TV: Contemporary American Television and Beyond. I. B. Tauris. p. 91. ISBN 1-84511-511-2.
  32. ↑ The Charlotte Observer staff (May 2, 1998). "Sweet! Creators Sign to Do South Park Movie". The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
  33. ↑ Andre Dellamorte (October 22, 2009). "South Park: Bigger, Longer, & Uncut [Blu-ray] – Review". Collider.com. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
  34. ↑ Bernard Weinraub (June 29, 1999). "Loosening a Strict Film Rating for South Park". The New York Times. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
  35. ↑ David Hochman (July 9, 1999). "Putting the 'R' in South Park". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 8, 2011.
  36. ↑ Jake Trapper and Dan Morris (September 22, 2006). "Secrets of 'South Park'". ABC News. Retrieved April 18, 2009.
  37. ↑ "Comedy Central press release". Comedy Central. December 20, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
  38. 1 2 David Carr (January 27, 2013). "Fortifying the Empire ‘South Park’ Built". The New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  39. ↑ Bill Gorman. "'South Park' Renewed Through 2016 By Comedy Central". TV By the Numbers.
  40. ↑ Browne, David (January 8, 1999). "Shower Hooks". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
  41. ↑ Nazareth, Errol. ""Chef" Hayes cooks crazy stew". jam! Showbiz: Music. Canadian Online Explorer. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
  42. ↑ Moorhead, M.V. (December 23, 1999). "Mr. Hankey's Christmas Classics". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
  43. ↑ "One Hit Wonders". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
  44. ↑ "40 Questions". South Park Studios. October 4, 2001. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
  45. ↑ PlayStation 2 Premiere. shpadoinkle. October 18, 2000. Retrieved September 4, 2011. External link in |publisher= (help) Video on YouTube.
  46. ↑ "'South Park: The Stick of Truth Delayed". IGN. October 31, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
  47. ↑ "Debmar Studios Acquires Broadcast Syndication Rights To Comedy Central's(R) 'South Park'". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved May 27, 2009.
  48. ↑ Grossberg, Josh (July 30, 2004). "Oh My God! "South Park" Syndicated". www.eonline.com. Retrieved May 27, 2009.
  49. ↑ ""South Park" Creators Trey Parker And Matt Stone And Comedy Central Launch The All-New Southparkstudios.com". southparkstudios.com. March 25, 2008. Retrieved October 19, 2008. (Link not accessible from outside the U.S..)
  50. 1 2 3 Andrew Ross Sorkin; Amy Cozick (January 13, 2013), "'South Park' Creators to Start Company, Important Studios", The New York Times, retrieved July 1, 2014
  51. 1 2 3 Parker, Trey (October 2006). That's My Bush! The Definitive Collection: "A Poorly Executed Plan" (Audio commentary) (DVD). Paramount Home Entertainment.
  52. ↑ Stone, Matt (October 2006). That's My Bush! The Definitive Collection: "A Poorly Executed Plan" (Audio commentary) (DVD). Paramount Home Entertainment.
  53. ↑ Parker, Trey (October 2006). That's My Bush! The Definitive Collection: "Eenie Meenie Miney Murder" (Audio commentary) (DVD). Paramount Home Entertainment.
  54. 1 2 Lynn Elber (August 3, 2001). "Comedy Central Cancels "That's my Bush"". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. AP Newswire. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
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