Trial of the Sixteen

The Trial of the Sixteen (Polish: Proces szesnastu) was a staged trial of 16 leaders of the Polish Underground State held by the Soviet Union in Moscow in 1945.

The show trial of 16 leaders of the Polish wartime underground movement (including the Home Army and civil authorities) convicted of "drawing up plans for military action against the U.S.S.R.", Moscow, June 1945. All of them had been invited to help organize the new "Polish Government of National Unity" in March 1945 and were subsequently captured by the NKVD.

History

The Government Delegate, together with most members of the Council of National Unity and the Commander-in-chief of the Armia Krajowa, were invited by Soviet general Ivan Serov[1][2] with agreement of Joseph Stalin to a conference on their eventual entry to the Soviet-backed Provisional Government. (Some accounts say approaches were made in February with others saying March 1945.[3][1][4][2]) They were presented with a warrant of safety, but were instead arrested in Pruszków by the NKVD on 27 and 28 March.[4][5][5][6] Leopold Okulicki, Jan Stanisław Jankowski and Kazimierz Pużak were arrested on the 27th with 12 others the following day. Alexander Zwierzynski had been arrested earlier. They were brought to Moscow for interrogation in the Lubyanka.[4][7][8][9]

After several months of brutal interrogation and torture[10] they were presented with the forged accusations of:

The trial took place between 18 and 21 June 1945 with foreign press and observers from the United Kingdom and USA present. The date was chosen carefully to be at the same time as a conference on the creation of the Soviet-backed Polish puppet government was organized.[13][14]

Immediately after the kidnapping of all the leaders, the Polish government in exile sent a protest note to Washington and London demanding their release. At first the Soviets declared that the whole case was a bluff by the “Fascist Polish government”. When they finally admitted that the leaders had been arrested (on 5 May), the American envoy of Harry S. Truman, Harry Lloyd Hopkins, was told by Joseph Stalin that “there is no point in linking the case of the Trial of the Sixteen with the support for the Soviet-backed government of Poland because the sentences will not be high.” Both British and American governments shared this view.

All but one of the defendants were forced to admit to the alleged crimes, and on 21 June the verdict was issued. According to international law the trial should not have taken place. The Soviet Union kidnapped and sentenced a group of citizens of a foreign country whose alleged crimes were committed on a foreign land. They were deprived of basic human rights and tortured. General Okulicki's witnesses were not allowed to enter the court, which was a violation of Soviet law.

People involved

  1. Commander in Chief of the Armia Krajowa - Leopold Okulicki (Niedźwiadek) - 10 years in prison,[13][15] may have been murdered on Christmas Eve of 1946 but may have died due to complications caused by hunger strike.[13]
  2. Deputy Prime Minister of Poland and the Government Delegate - Jan Stanisław Jankowski - 8 years in prison,[13][15] never released, died in a Soviet prison on 13 March 1953, two weeks before the end of his sentence; probably murdered.[13]
  3. Minister of Internal Affairs - Adam Bień - 5 years[15]
  4. Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs - Stanislaw Jasiukowicz - 5 years[15]
  5. Head of the Council of National Unity and PPS-WRN socialist party - Kazimierz Pużak - 1.5 years,[13][15] released in November 1945 and returned to Poland. Refused to emigrate, Pużak was again arrested by the Urząd Bezpieczeństwa in 1947 and sentenced to 10 years in prison; died 30 April 1950
  6. Deputy head of the Council of National Unity and head of the Labor Party - Aleksander Zwierzyński - 8 months[15]
  7. Member of the Council of National Unity, - Kazimierz Bagiński - 1 year,[15] later released and forced to emigrate to the USA
  8. Member of the Council of National Unity, Head of Zjednoczenie Demokratyczne - Eugeniusz Czarnowski - 6 months[15]
  9. Member of the Council of National Unity, Head of the Labor Party - Józef Chaciński - 4 months[15]
  10. Member of the Council of National Unity, - Stanisław Mierzwa - 4 months[15]
  11. Member of the Council of National Unity, - Zbigniew Stypułkowski - 4 months,[15] later released and forced to emigrate to the United Kingdom
  12. Member of the Council of National Unity, - Franciszek Urbański - 4 months[15]
  13. Member of the Council of National Unity, - Stanisław Michałowski - acquitted of all the charges
  14. Member of the Council of National Unity, - Kazimierz Kobylański - acquitted of all the charges
  15. Member of the Council of National Unity, interpreter for the group, - Józef Stemler - acquitted of all the charges
  16. Deputy Government Delegate - Antoni Pajdak was sentenced to 5 years in prison in a secret trial in November; he was not released until 1955.

Aftermath

Main article: Cursed soldiers

In his book, Europe at War, Norman Davies described it as "obscene" that there was no official protest abroad.[16] As a result of the trial, the Polish Secret State was deprived of most of its leaders. Its structures were soon rebuilt, but were never able to fully recover. On 6 July 1945 the United Kingdom and the USA withdrew support for the legitimate Polish government in exile,[17] and all its agendas in Poland. Soviet and Polish Communist repressions aimed at former members of the Polish Secret State and the Armia Krajowa lasted well into the 1960s, corporal Józef Franczak being shot dead by paramilitary-police in 1963.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Malcher, G.C. (1993) Blank Pages Pyrford Press ISBN 1-897984-00-6 Page 73
  2. 1 2 Garlinski, J.(1985) Poland in the Second World War Macmillan ISBN 0-333-39258-2 Page 324
  3. ↑ Prazmowska, A. (2004) Civil war in Poland, 1942-1948 Palgrave ISBN 0-333-98212-6 Page 115
  4. 1 2 3 Mikolajczyk, S. (1948) The pattern of Soviet domination Sampson Low, Marston & Co Page 125
  5. 1 2 Prazmowska, A. (2004) Civil war in Poland, 1942-1948 Palgrave ISBN 0-333-98212-6 Page 116
  6. ↑ Michta, A. (1990) Red Eagle Stanford University ISBN 0-8179-8862-9 Page 39
  7. ↑ Garlinski, J.(1985) Poland in the Second World War Macmillan ISBN 0-333-39258-2 Page 325-326
  8. ↑ Umiastowski, R. (1946) Poland, Russia and Great Britain 1941-1945 Hollis & Carter Pages 462-464
  9. ↑ Piesakowski, T. (1990) The fate of Poles in the USSR 1939~1989 Gryf Pages 198-199
  10. ↑ Garlinski, J.(1985) Poland in the Second World War Macmillan ISBN 0-333-39258-2 Page 335
  11. ↑ Garlinski, J.(1985) Poland in the Second World War Macmillan ISBN 0-333-39258-2 Page 336
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Umiastowski, R. (1946) Poland, Russia and Great Britain 1941-1945 Hollis & Carter Pages 467-468
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prazmowska, A. (2004) Civil war in Poland, 1942-1948 Palgrave ISBN 0-333-98212-6 Page 117
  14. ↑ Umiastowski, R. (1946) Poland, Russia and Great Britain 1941-1945 Hollis & Carter Pages 465-471
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Mikolajczyk, S. (1948) The pattern of Soviet domination Sampson Low, Marston & Co Page 145
  16. ↑ Davies, N. Europe at War Pan Books ISBN 978-0-330-35212-3 Page 195
  17. ↑ Hope, M. (2005) The Abandoned Legion Veritas ISBN 1-904639-09-7 Page 76

Further reading

English language

Polish language

External links

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