Tribes of Karadagh

Arasbaran, also known as Karadagh in Azerbaijani language (قره‌داغ) is a vast mountainous area in the north of East Azarbaijan Province in Iran. In this area there were several Turkic tribes; Beghdillu, Chalabianlu, Haji-Alilu, Mohammad Khanlu, Hoseynaklu, Hasanbeyglu, Ilyaskhanlu, Tokhmaqlu, Bayburdlu, Qaradaghlu, Qarachorlu. All of these tribes are now sedentary, but characteristic aspects of their culture, developed around Nomadic pastoralism,^[1] have persisted to our times.

Aqdash temporary pasturage of migrating tribes.

Chaparli summer camp near Abbasabad still is used as summer camp by remnants of Mohammad Khanlu.

Land ownership

According to A. Lampton, in Karadagh khanate the pasturage belonged to Khans, who also owned arable land in winter quarters.^[2]

History

In the following sections a brief history of Arasbaran tribes is given according to a comprehensive article by Oberling ^[3] and other English language sources. More information may be found in a Persian book by Colnel H. Baibordi.^[4]

History until the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906

In the wake of Russo-Persian War (1804–13) a significant fraction of the inhabitants of Arasbaranlived as nomadic tribes. The major tribes included; Chalabianlu 1500 tents and houses, Qarachorlu 2500, Haji-Alilu 800, Begdillu 200, and various minor groups 500.^[5] At the time Ahar, with 3500 inhabitants, was the only city of Qaradağ.^[6] It is not clear when the remaining three tribes have been founded. It should be noted that in Arasbaran the tribe is a political entity rather than an ethnic concept; the bond between different families in the tribe is through their allegiance to a common chief.^[7] Therefore, at a critical moment of time a strong man, often from the ruling family of a tribe, may have gathered sufficient number of nomadic families and form a new tribe. There are unconfirmed evidences, based on oral traditions, that this may have been the case for Mohammad Khanlu tribe.

The status of tribes in the wake of White Revolution

After World War II, The central government commissioned the security of, generally unruly tribes, to tribal chiefs. This had disastrous results in Arasbaran as the chiefs apparently used their weapons "to overawe their settled neighbors and to levy illegal dues".^[8] Consequently, villagers started migrating to Tabriz and Tehran well before the White Revolution, which was intended to improve the living conditions of peasants.

The cultural relics of Tribes

During the epoch of Rezā Shāh (1925–1941) there was a concerted campaign not only to settle the pastoral nomads but also to eliminate their distinctive culture in terms of language, dress and authority structures. The nomads reverted to their former life style following the king's forced abdication. The new king, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, began persecution of nomads after introducing his White Revolution in early 1960s.^[9] Following the departure of the Shah and the ensuing period of uncertainty, some nomads revived remnants of their culture without attempting to return to the traditional authority structures. After the end of Iran–Iraq War in 1988, the Islamic government promoted selective aspects of nomadic life, and, accordingly, government sponsored TV series were made. Unfortunately, none of the noteworthy programs is dedicated to the Tribes of Arasbaran. The government's unexpectedly soft approach to the Ashik music, has provided Tribes of Arasbaran to safeguard their cultural identity. This music has evolved in relation to the pastoral life of Turkic tribes^[10] and was mainly preserved in Arasbaran region during the cultural repression of Pahlavi era.

References

1. Dyson-Hudson, Rada, and Neville Dyson-Hudson. "Nomadic pastoralism." Annual Review of Anthropology 9 (1980): 15-61.
2. A. S. K. Lambton, "Landlord and Peasant in Persia: A Study of Land Tenure and Land Revenue..", 1991, p.285
3. Oberling, Pierre. "The Tribes of Qarāca Dāġ: A Brief History." Oriens 17 (1964): 60-95.
4. سرهنگ حسین بایبوردی، "تاریخ ارسباران"، ابن سینا، تهران ۱۳۴۱
5. R. Khanam, Encycl. Ethnography Of Middle-East And Central Asia, 2005, p. 313
6. Bibliothèque orientale Elzévirienne, Volume 52; Volume 55, 1887 p.224.
7. P. Oberling, “The Tribes of Qarāca Dāġ,” Oriens 17, 1964, p. 61
8. A. K. S. Lambton, "Landlord and Peasant in Persia", 1953, Oxford university press, p. 287.
9. Blench, R. (2001). You can’t go home again: pastoralism in the new millennium. London: Overseas Development Institute.
10. A. O.Senarslan, Women asiqs of Azerbaijan: tradition and transformation, Ph. D.Thesis University of Wisconsin-Madison (2008)