1996 Pacific hurricane season

1996 Pacific hurricane season
Season summary map
First system formed May 13, 1996
Last system dissipated November 11, 1996
Strongest storm1 Douglas – 946 mbar (hPa) (27.94 inHg), 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-minute sustained)
Total depressions 14
Total storms 9
Hurricanes 5
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) 2
Total fatalities 41
Total damage Unknown
1Strongest storm is determined by lowest pressure
Pacific hurricane seasons
1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998

The 1996 Pacific hurricane season saw a record-four Pacific hurricanes strike Mexico.[1] It officially began May 15, 1996 in the eastern north Pacific and on June 1, 1996 in the central north Pacific. It ended on November 30, 1996. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.[2] The season slightly exceeded these bounds when tropical storm One-E formed on May 13.

Few storms formed this season, but it was very eventful. Twelve tropical cyclones formed during this season, of which five made landfall and two other impacted land areas. Two tropical cyclones that formed in other basins entered the eastern north Pacific Ocean. Early in the season three tropical cyclones impacted Mexico in a ten-day span, while the first cyclone of the season formed before it officially began. Hurricane Douglas was the strongest storm, reaching Category 4 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale and had its beginnings in the Atlantic as Hurricane Cesar.

Season summary

Hurricane Hernan (1996) Hurricane Fausto (1996) Hurricane Cesar-Douglas Tropical Storm Cristina (1996) Hurricane Boris (1996) Hurricane Alma (1996) Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

This hurricane season officially started on May 15, 1996 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1996 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1996. These dates limit the time period when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. In actuality the season exceeded these limits slightly with the formation of Tropical Depression One-E on May 13 and ended on November 11 with the dissipation of Tropical Depression Twelve-E.

This season was below average in activity. In the eastern north Pacific, eleven tropical cyclones formed. Of these, four became hurricanes, one of which were major hurricanes because they reached Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The remainder were tropical storms.[3] In addition, one Atlantic hurricane, Hurricane Cesar, crossed into this zone from the Atlantic Ocean and was renamed Douglas.[4] None of the systems in the eastern north Pacific crossed 140°W and entered the central Pacific. The last time that happened was in the 1979 season.[5]

In the central north Pacific, one tropical depression formed. In addition, a depression crossed the dateline from the western Pacific before dissipating in this basin. None of these two systems reached tropical storm strength.[6]

In terms of the number of storms, the season was below average. Despite this, there were a large number of landfalls. Of note is the fact that three tropical cyclones approached close to, or made landfall on, Mexico during a ten-day span from June 23 to July 3.[7]

Storms

Tropical Storm One-E

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration May 13 – May 16
Peak intensity 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min)  1000 mbar (hPa)

The season had an early start on May 13 when a tropical wave in the open ocean organized into Tropical Depression One-E. The depression moved west-northwest and strengthened into a tropical storm on May 14. On that day, the tropical storm reached its peak intensity, with maximum sustained winds at 50 mph (80 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 1,000 hPa (29.53 inHg).[8] Wind shear steadily weakened the cyclone until it dissipated early on May 17. This system was the only tropical storm to form in May during the period from 1992-99.[9]

Tropical Storm One-E was not assigned a name because it was determined to be a tropical storm after the season was over.[8] The storm was initially forecast to become a tropical storm, but information available at the time did not warrant the upgrade.[10] Subsequently, wind reports relayed from the US Coast Guard to the National Hurricane Center suggested that this cyclone was a tropical storm.[8]

This tropical cyclone impacted two ships. The first — called the True Blue - was near the fringes of the storm and escaped. The other — the trimaran Solar Wind - provided wind observations until communications with the vessel were lost after 0600 UTC on May 14. Despite a search by the US Coast Guard, the ship and its two-person crew were never found.[8]

Tropical Depression Two-E

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Duration May 15 – May 19
Peak intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min)  1006 mbar (hPa)

On May 15 an area of disturbed weather in the Intertropical Convergence Zone developed into a tropical depression. The disturbance was not readily traceable back to a tropical wave from the Atlantic. On its first day of its existence, Tropical Depression Two-E was a well-organized system with maximum sustained winds of 35 mph (56 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 1,006 mbar (29.7 inHg).[11] As it slowly moved west, Two-E experienced a few intermittent bursts of convection. However, the depression gradually became less organized during the remainder of its life. On May 18, the cyclone's organization deteriorated markedly until it dissipated the next morning.

Tropical Depression Two-E never threatened land. Consequently, there were no reports of deaths or damage.[11]

Hurricane Alma

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration June 20 – June 27
Peak intensity 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min)  969 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Alma (1996)

On June 20, the southern part of the same tropical wave that spawned Tropical Storm Arthur in the Atlantic overcame shear to strengthen into Tropical Depression Three-E. It reached tropical storm intensity that same day. When the shear relaxed, Alma strengthened into a hurricane. Weak steering currents sent Alma towards the Mexican coast. It made landfall near Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán on June 23 and almost immediately went back out to sea. Alma slowly paralleled the coast as the topography disrupted the cyclone's circulation. Alma weakened to tropical storm intensity on June 24 and to tropical depression intensity on June 26. It dissipated the next day. Alma's maximum winds were 105 mph (165 km/h) and Alma's minimum pressure was 969 mbar (28.6 inHg).[12]

Hurricane Alma was the first of three consecutive storms to come close to, or make landfall on, the Pacific coast of Mexico during a ten-day span. At least three, and possibly twenty, people were killed. Three were killed when a house near Lázaro Cárdenas collapsed. There were unconfirmed reports that 17 people were killed by floods in the state of Puebla caused by Alma's rains. Trees were downed and power was knocked out to many places. Roads were flooded and covered with debris throughout the affected area.[12]

Hurricane Boris

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration June 27 – July 1
Peak intensity 90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min)  979 mbar (hPa)

On June 27, a tropical wave developed convection and became Tropical Depression Four. It moved north and slowly intensified. The rate of intensification increased and the depression became a tropical storm on June 28. Boris reached hurricane intensity on June 28 and peaked with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) and a central pressure of 979 mbar (28.9 inHg).[13] Boris then made landfall on June 29 about midway between Lázaro Cárdenas and Acapulco. Boris then moved offshore after turning to the southwest and dissipated on July 1 while south of Puerto Vallarta.[13]

Hurricane Boris was, in general, a well-forecast storm. Due to the short time when the system was at or above tropical storm intensity, long-range forecasts were not verified. The average errors were 116 mi (187 km) at one and a half days in the future.[13] Boris caused at least five deaths. One person was killed in Tecpan. Nearby, three other people drowned and five fishers were missing. In Acapulco, a child was killed when a roof collapsed.[13] Rain was heavy throughout the impacted region, with the highest totals in Guerrero.[13] The highest total was 14.98 in (380 mm) at Paso de San Antonio, to the east of the point of landfall.[14]

Tropical Storm Cristina

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration July 1 – July 3
Peak intensity 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min)  991 mbar (hPa)

On July 1, a tropical wave organized into Tropical Depression Five-E.[7] The location of the depression was the easternmost since the depression that eventually became Hurricane Paul in the 1982 season.[15] Five-E strengthened into Tropical Storm Cristina on July 2 as it continued its west-northwest track. Cristina was almost a hurricane at the time of its landfall near Puerto Angel on July 3. It peak strength, which occurred at landfall, was 70 mph (110 km/h) and 991 mbar (29.3 inHg). Cristina dissipated over the mountains of Mexico on July 3.[7]

As a whole, both Cristina's intensity and track were well-forecast. However, the tropical cyclone's short life made verification of a small number of forecasts limited.[7] When Cristina was approaching, the Mexican government issued a tropical storm warning for the coast between Tapachula and Punta Maldonado on July 2.[7]

Tropical Storm Cristina killed one person, a fisherman, who was aboard a boat caught at sea. Another person from that boat was missing, and a third individual was rescued. Eleven other fishing boats, with a total of twenty-two people aboard, were missing. Their fate is unknown.[7] The National Hurricane Center received no reports of damage due to Tropical Storm Cristina; however, there was flooding due to storm surge and damage from wind. It also produced rain.[7]

Tropical Depression Six-E

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Duration July 4 – July 6
Peak intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min)  1003 mbar (hPa)

On July 4, a persistent area of thunderstorms organized into a tropical depression. Weak steering currents slowly moved it northwest.[16] Easterly wind shear inhibited the development of the system.[17] Despite the wind shear, Six-E was forecast to strengthen into a tropical storm,[18] but it instead weakened to a swirl of clouds and advisories were ended on July 5.[19] Tropical Depression Six-E dissipated on July 6. At its peak strength, Six-E had winds of 35 mph (56 km/h) and a central pressure of 1,003 mbar (29.6 inHg).[20]

This cyclone never came ashore. Consequently, no reports of damage or deaths were received by the National Hurricane Center.[20]

Hurricane Douglas

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration July 29 (Entered basin) – August 6
Peak intensity 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min)  946 mbar (hPa)

Hurricane Douglas was a continuation of Atlantic Hurricane Cesar, which crossed Central America. Continuing Cesar's nearly due-west heading, it was still a tropical storm when it entered the Pacific on July 29, and quickly regained hurricane status.[4]

Douglas strengthened over the next two days as it turned west-northwest, paralleling the coast of Mexico. It reached its peak intensity on August 1, with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a central pressure of 946 mbar (27.9 inHg), making it the strongest hurricane of the season at a Category 4 strength.[4] It slow weakening began on August 2 as it entered cooler waters, and it officially dissipated on August 6, though like many Pacific hurricanes, a remnant circulation could be tracked westward for several days afterward.[4]

Compared with the long-tern average, Hurricane Douglas was a well-forecast storm.[4] The cyclone passed close enough to Mexico to necessitate a tropical storm warning starting on July 29 for the coast from Salina Cruz to Acapulco, with a watch along a further section of coast. The watches and warnings were discontinued on July 30.[4]

Hurricane Douglas brought up to 6 in (150 mm) of rain on the south coast of Mexico and resulted in a 4-ft (1.2-m) storm surge.[21] No deaths or damages were attributed to the Douglas portion of Hurricane Cesar-Douglas.[4]

Tropical Depression Seventeen-W

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Duration August 14 (entered basin) – August 15 (crossed basin)
Peak intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min)  1000 mbar (hPa)

A tropical depression, which formed August 13 from a cutoff area of low pressure area, crossed the dateline on August 14. It continued to head east, passing close to Midway Island. It dissipated on August 14, although the remnants of the system hung around the area for a few more days. At its strongest in the central north Pacific, Tropical Depression Seventeen-W had winds of 35 mph (56 km/h) and a pressure of 1,000 mbar (30 inHg).[6][22]

Seventeen-W brought light winds, with gusts reaching gale-force, to Midway Island. It also brought about 2.5 in (63.5 mm) of rain. After the cyclone dissipated, showers and gusty winds continued to occur on Midway and Kure for a few more days.[6]

Seventeen-W was the first tropical cyclone to cross the international dateline in either direction since Typhoon John in the 1994 season.[5]

Tropical Storm Elida

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration August 30 – September 6
Peak intensity 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min)  994 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave organized into Tropical Depression Eight-E on August 30. The cyclone paralleled the coast of Mexico and also gradually decelerated. Despite some wind shear, Eight-E strengthened into a tropical storm on September 2 and was named Elida. On September 3 and 4, Elida came close to the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula at its peak intensity of 994 mbar (29.4 inHg) and winds of 65 mph (100 km/h). The cyclone then drifted into cooler waters, was devoid of deep convection on September 5, and dissipated the next day.[23]

The storm was forecast slightly better than the long-term averages for the eastern North Pacific.[23] Elida posed enough of a threat to the Baja California Peninsula to require a tropical storm warning for the Baja California Peninsula south of Cabo San Lázaro on September 3. The warning was lifted on September 5 after the threat ended.[23] Moderate to heavy rains fell in association with the tropical cyclone across southwest Mexico and the Baja California Peninsula, with the maxima falling at San Marcos/Compostela in southwest mainland Mexico, which measured 6.60 in (168 mm), and a maximum for Baja California of 3.88 in (99 mm) at La Poza Honda/Comondu.[24] While passing offshore, the tropical storm killed six people and affected 1,200 others,[25] but Elida caused no known damage.[23]

Hurricane Fausto

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration September 10 – September 14
Peak intensity 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min)  955 mbar (hPa)

The precursor disturbance to Fausto was first noticed over Venezuela as early as August 31, and may have been related to the tropical wave that spawned Hurricane Fran.[26] By September 4 the wave had crossed Central America into the Pacific; it steadily organized until it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Fausto on September 10.[26]

Fausto intensified rapidly after it reached hurricane intensity on the September 12, peaking with sustained winds of 105 knots (194 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 955 mb.[26] The hurricane weakened as an approaching trough increased shear over the storm; this same trough also turned the storm north on the September 13, where it made landfall as a minimal hurricane on Baja California that day.[26] On September 14, the storm turned northeastward across the Gulf of California, and dissipated inland over the Sierra Madre range after its second landfall as a hurricane.[26] Its extratropical remnants flared up briefly over northern Mexico and the U.S. state of Texas, but otherwise soon lost their identity.

Heavy rainfall was accompanied with the passage of this cyclone, with a storm total of 18.50 inches (470 mm) reported at San Vicente de la Sierra.[27] Damage in Mexico was relatively minor, with only a single casualty caused by a downed power line.[26] Damage totaled to around $800,000 (1996 USD).[28]

Tropical Depression One-C

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Duration September 15 – September 20
Peak intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min) 

A tropical disturbance organized into a tropical depression on September 15. It headed west until September 17. That day, it turned to the west for two days before heading back west-northwest on September 19. It soon began to weaken and dissipated the next day. At its most intense, Tropical Depression One-C had winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and unknown pressure.[5]

The tropical cyclone caused no known impact and never came near land.[5]

Tropical Storm Genevieve

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration September 27 – October 9
Peak intensity 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min)  999 mbar (hPa)

In the Gulf of Tehuantepec, an area of disturbed weather containing convection formed on September 23. It moved westward without incident until September 27, when it developed stronger convection and became Tropical Depression Ten-E. Immediately thereafter, it strengthened into a tropical storm and was named Genevieve while it continued its westward track.[29]

Genevieve slowly got better organized, and reached its peak intensity of 999 mbar (29.5 inHg) and 50 mph (85 km/h) on September 29.[29] The tropical storm then turned to the west-southwest as steering currents collapsed. The cyclone began a time of erratic motion, which included two loops. The erratic motion also exposed Genevieve to wind shear, and the tropical storm weakened to a tropical depression on October 1. On October 6, the shear temporarily weakened, and Tropical Depression Genevieve restrengthened into a tropical storm. The cyclone's wandering continued, and it entrained dry air. This dry air weakened the system to a depression for a second time on October 8, and Genevieve dissipated the next day. Brief flare-ups of convection could still be seen for a few days thereafter.[29]

Tropical Storm Genevieve was a rather poorly forecast storm. Most tropical cyclone prediction models indicated a northwesterly track that never happened, and also over-intensified the system.[29] In addition, advisories on Tropical Depression Genevieve were discontinued on October 3, and only resumed three days later. Later analysis determined that Genevieve had been a tropical depression for this whole time.[29]

Tropical Storm Genevieve never came near land, and consequently no watches or warnings were required for any location. The tropical cyclone had no impact on any land.[29]

Hurricane Hernan

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration September 30 – October 4
Peak intensity 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min)  980 mbar (hPa)

On September 30, a tropical wave organized into Tropical Depression Eleven-E. Gradual strengthening ensued, and the depression strengthened into a tropical storm twelve hours later and was named Hernan.[30] Hernan's initial track was to the west, but the system gradually started to recurve. Its center of circulation reformed, and Hernan briefly turned to the northwest again. By October 2, and Hernan was close to the coast. It strengthened into a hurricane that day. Late on October 2 and early on October 3 Hernan closely paralleled the coast. Interaction with land weakened the cyclone, and when Hernan made landfall on October 3 near Barra de Navidad, Jalisco, it was only a minimal hurricane. Land weakened the cyclone, and by the time it emerged into the ocean north of Puerto Vallarta, it was so disorganized that it dissipated on October 5. At its strongest, Hurricane Hernan had winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) and a central pressure of 980 mbar (29 inHg).[30]

The National Hurricane Center forecasts on the Hurricane were generally forecast slightly worse than the "average" system. Errors by tropical cyclone prediction models were attributed mainly to Hernan's recurvature. In terms of intensity, this system was correctly predicted to become a hurricane although advisories underforecast its eventual intensity.[30]

For the coast from Acapulco to Manzanillo, a tropical storm warning was issued on October 1. A hurricane watch was issued from Zihuatanejo to Manzanillo on October 2. It was upgraded to a warning later that day. Also on October 2, the coast from Manzanillo to San Blas was placed under a tropical storm warning. Meanwhile, the hurricane warning was extended to Cabo Corrientes. On October 3, the hurricane warning was extended to San Blas and the tropical storm warning was extended to Mazatlán.[30]

Because it made landfall in a sparsely populated area, Hernan killed no one. Around 1,000 homes were damaged or destroyed and 100 people were injured. Flooding occurred in Melaque, Jalisco. Flooding also caused washed-out roads along Mexico Route 200 and 80. In many areas, telephone service was interrupted and power outages occurred. Along the coasts of Colima and Jalisco, waves caused by Hernan reached 13 ft (3.9 m) in height.[30]

Tropical Depression Twelve-E

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Duration November 7 – November 11
Peak intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min)  1003 mbar (hPa)

A system acquired enough convection and became organized enough to be considered a tropical depression on November 7.[31] Although the environment was initially favourable and the system was almost upgraded into a tropical storm as was forecast,[32] wind shear kept the cyclone weak. Its convection was eventually destroyed and advisories were ended on November 10.[33] Twelve-E dissipated on November 11 and no deaths or damages were reported.[34]

Other storms

Tropical Depression Rick

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Counterclockwise vortex
Duration September 01 (Entered basin) – September 03
Peak intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min) 

According to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, on September 1 Tropical Depression Rick crossed the International Dateline, entering into CPHC's area of responsabiity;[35] however, this storm wasn't included into CPHC database. The storm eventually became extratropical on September 3 over open waters.

Season effects

Name Dates active Peak classification Sustained
wind speeds		 Pressure Land areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
One-E May 13 – 16 Tropical storm 50 mph (85 km/h) 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) None None 2 [8]
Two-E May 15 – 19 Tropical depression 35 mph (55 km/h) 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) None None None
Alma June 20 – 27 Category 2 hurricane 105 mph (165 km/h) 969 hPa (28.61 inHg) Western Mexico 20
Boris June 27 – July 1 Category 1 hurricane 90 mph (150 km/h) 1003 hPa (29.65 inHg) Western Mexico 10
Cristina July 1 – 3 Tropical storm 70 mph (X km/h) 991 hPa (X inHg) Southwestern Mexico 13
Six-E July 4 – 6 Tropical depression 35 mph (55 km/h) 1003 hPa (29.65 inHg) None None None
Douglas July 24 – August 6 Category 4 hurricane 130 mph (X km/h) 946 hPa (X inHg) None None None
Seventeen-W August 13 – 14 Tropical depression 35 mph (55 km/h) 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) None None None
Elida August 30 – September 6 Tropical storm 65 mph (X km/h) 994 hPa (29.36 inHg) Baja California Peninsula Minimal 6
Fausto September 10 – 14 Category 3 hurricane 120 mph (195 km/h) 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) Baja California Sur $80 million 1
One-C September 15 – 20 Tropical depression 35 mph (55 km/h) Not Specified None None None
Genevieve September 27 – October 9 Tropical storm 50 mph (85 km/h) 999 hPa (29.50 inHg) None None None
Hernan September 30 – October 4 Category 1 hurricane 85 mph (140 km/h) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) Western Mexico, Texas None
Twelve-E November 7 – 11 Tropical depression 35 mph (55 km/h) 1003 hPa (29.65 inHg) None None None
Season Aggregates
14 systems May 13 – November 11 135 946 41

Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE)

ACE (104kt²) (Source) — Storm:
1 19.96 Douglas 6 2.400 Elida
2 9.648 Fausto 7 2.063 Genevieve
3 9.393 Alma 8 1.473 Cristina
4 3.963 Hernan 9 0.645 Unnamed
5 2.913 Boris    
Total: 52.46

Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) is a measure of how active a season is. It is found by taking a tropical storm or hurricane's windspeed in knots every six hours, squaring it, adding up the results, and dividing the total by 104. The ACE of this season makes it a below-normal season. It is one of the lowest totals ever recorded, indeed only the 2007, 1977 and 2010 seasons had lower totals.

Storm names

The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1996. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray. No names were retired, so it was used again in the 2002 season. This is the same list used for the 1990 season, except for Winnie, which had interchanged with Wallis.

  • Iselle (unused)
  • Julio (unused)
  • Kenna (unused)
  • Lowell (unused)
  • Marie (unused)
  • Norbert (unused)
  • Odile (unused)
  • Polo (unused)
  • Rachel (unused)
  • Simon (unused)
  • Trudy (unused)
  • Vance (unused)
  • Winnie (unused)
  • Xavier (unused)
  • Yolanda (unused)
  • Zeke (unused)

For storms that form in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility, encompassing the area between 140 degrees west and the International Date Line, all names are used in a series of four rotating lists. The next four names that were slated for use in 1996 are shown below; however, none of them were used.

  • Oliwa (unused)
  • Paka (unused)
  • Upana (unused)
  • Wene (unused)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Blake, Eric S; Gibney, Ethan J; Brown, Daniel P; Mainelli, Michelle; Franklin, James L; Kimberlain, Todd B; Hammer, Gregory R (2009). Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Basin, 1949-2006 (PDF). Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  2. ↑ Dorst Neal. "When is hurricane season?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
  3. ↑ National Hurricane Center (1996). "The 1996 East Pacific Hurricane Season". Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lixion Avila (1996-10-24). "Hurricane Douglas". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Central Pacific Hurricane Center. "Previous Tropical Systems of the Central Pacific". Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  6. 1 2 3 Central Pacific Hurricane Center. "The 1996 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season". Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Max Mayfield (1996-08-11). "Tropical Storm Cristina". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Rappaport, Edward N; National Hurricane Center (November 7, 1996). Unnamed Tropical Storm, (formerly Tropical Depression One-E): May 13 - 16 1996 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  9. ↑ Gary Padgett. "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary May 2006". Archived from the original on 29 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
  10. ↑ Edward Rappaport (1996-05-13). "Tropical Depression One-E Discuission Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
  11. 1 2 Richard Pasch (1996-06-05). "Brief Information about Tropical Depression Two-E". Retrieved 2006-02-23.
  12. 1 2 Lixion Avila (1996-07-24). "Hurricane Alma". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Miles Lawrence (1996-08-15). "Hurricane Boris". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 20 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
  14. ↑ David Roth (2007). "Hurricane Boris — June 26-July 1, 1996". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
  15. ↑ National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (September 25, 2015). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2014". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved September 26, 2015. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
  16. ↑ Max Mayfield (1996-07-04). "Tropical Depression Six-E Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
  17. ↑ Max Mayfield (1996-07-05). "Tropical Depression Six-E Discussion Number 2". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
  18. ↑ Jerry Jarrell (1996-07-05). "Tropical Depression Six-E Discussion Number 3". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
  19. ↑ Lixion Avila (1996-07-05). "Tropical Depression Six-E Discussion Number 5". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
  20. 1 2 Richard Pasch. "Tropical Depression Six-E Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
  21. ↑ Associated Press (1996-07-30). "Hurricane Douglas leaves at least 35 dead as it crosses from Caribbean to Pacific". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  22. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Depression Seventeen-W ATCR" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-10-05.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Edward Rappaport (1996-07-11). "Tropical Storm Elida Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  24. ↑ David M. Roth (2009-05-10). "Tropical Storm Elida — August 30-September 7, 1996". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
  25. ↑ "Hurricane Marty". Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miles Lawrence (1996-10-12). "Hurricane Fausto". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
  27. ↑ "Hurricane Fausto". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2007-01-26.
  28. ↑ "CICESE — La Paz: de proyecto a realidad en expansión". Departamento de Comunicación para el Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Max Mayfield (1996-11-14). "Tropical Storm Genevieve". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 Richard J. Pasch (1997-01-17). "Hurricane Hernan". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
  31. ↑ Richard Pasch (1996-11-07). "Tropical Depression Twelve-E Special Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
  32. ↑ Max Mayfield (1996-11-07). "Tropical Depression Twelve-E Discussion Number 3". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
  33. ↑ Miles Lawrence (1996-11-10). "Tropical Depression Twelve-E Discussion Number 14". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
  34. ↑ Edward Rappaport (1996-11-13). "Tropical Depression 12-E". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
  35. ↑ "bwp221996" (TXT). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1996. Retrieved November 29, 2015.

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