1995 Pacific hurricane season

1995 Pacific hurricane season
Season summary map
First system formed May 21, 1995
Last system dissipated September 26, 1995
Strongest storm1 Juliette – 930 mbar (hPa) (27.46 inHg), 150 mph (240 km/h) (1-minute sustained)
Total depressions 11 (record low)
Total storms 10
Hurricanes 7
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) 3
Total fatalities 124 direct
Total damage $31 million (1995 USD)
1Strongest storm is determined by lowest pressure
Pacific hurricane seasons
1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997

The 1995 Pacific hurricane season was the least active Pacific hurricane season since 1979.[1] Of the eleven tropical cyclones that formed during the season, four affected land, with the most notable storm of the season being Hurricane Ismael, which killed at least 116 people in Mexico. The strongest hurricane in the season was Hurricane Juliette, which reached peak winds of 150 mph (240 km/h), but did not significantly affect land. Hurricane Adolph was an early-season Category 4 hurricane. Hurricane Henriette brushed the Baja California Peninsula in October.

The season officially started on May 15, 1995, in the Eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1995, in the Central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1995.[2] These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The season saw eleven tropical cyclones form, of which ten became tropical storms. Seven of these storms attained hurricane status, three of them becoming major hurricanes. There were fewer tropical storms than the average of 16, while the number of hurricanes and major hurricanes were slightly below average.[3] The season marked the beginning of a multi-decade period of low activity in the Eastern Pacific.

Season summary

Hurricane Juliette (1995) Hurricane Ismael Hurricane Henriette (1995) Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale
Tropical Depression Erick (left) and Tropical Storm Flossie (bottom-center) on August 7

The seasonal activity during 1995 was below normal, and marked the first of several seasons with lower than normal activity, a trend that persists to this date.[1] Four tropical cyclones affected Mexico: first, Hurricane Flossie passed within 75 miles (120 km) of Baja California Peninsula, producing moderate winds and killing seven people. Afterwards, Tropical Storm Gil dropped heavy rainfall in Southern Mexico early in its life, though caused no damage. Hurricane Henriette later made landfall near Cabo San Lucas with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h), resulting in moderate damage but no deaths. Finally, Ismael struck the state of Sinaloa as a minimal hurricane. Offshore, fishermen were caught off guard by the hurricane, causing 57 of them to drown. On land, Ismael destroyed thousands of houses, leaving 30,000 homeless and killing another 59. Both Hurricanes Flossie and Ismael also produced moisture and localized damage in the Southwestern United States.[4][5]

Activity in the Central Pacific Ocean was below normal, as well. No tropical storms formed in the basin. For the first time in four years,[1] Barbara was the only tropical cyclone to exist within the basin, but it formed in the Eastern Pacific. It entered as a weakening tropical storm, and quickly dissipated, without affecting land.[6] It was the least activity in the basin since 1979, when the basin was completely quiet, as no storms entered the basin that year.[1]

Storms

Eleven Tropical Cyclones, including one Tropical Depression that failed to attain tropical storm status, developed in the Eastern Pacific Ocean in 1995.

Tropical Depression One-E

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Duration May 21 – May 23
Peak intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min)  1005 mbar (hPa)

A westward-moving tropical wave entered the Pacific Ocean in mid-May. Convection within the disturbance became more concentrated and organized on May 19 while the wave was located a short distance south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec.[7] The deep convection concentrated around a low-level circulation with expanding outflow, and the system developed into Tropical Depression One-E on May 21,[8] while located about 400 mi (645 km) south of Manzanillo, Mexico.[7] Initially the depression was forecast to strengthen to reach winds of 55 mph (90 km/h) as it moved westward under the influence of a high-pressure system to its north.[8] Outflow increased as the storm moved through an area of warm waters and a favorable upper-level environment, and two satellite classifications indicated the system was at tropical storm status around nine hours after forming.[9] Despite the favorable environment and satellite classifications of tropical storm status, the depression failed to organize further.[10] The convection and organization continued to decrease, and on May 23 the depression dissipated.[7]

While it was developing, locally moderate to heavy rainfall fell across southern Mexico along the disturbance's northern periphery, with rainfall totals peaking at 5.18 inches (132 mm) at Vallecitos/Petatlan.[11]

Hurricane Adolph

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration June 15 – June 21
Peak intensity 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min)  948 mbar (hPa)

An area of disturbed weather associated with a tropical wave organized off the southwest coast of Mexico during the middle of June.[12] Banding features developed as a circulation persisted on the northeast side of its deep convection, and the system developed into Tropical Depression Two-E on June 15.[13] Under weak steering currents, the depression moved slowly northward, and with deep convection organizing near its center, the depression intensified to Tropical Storm Adolph on June 16. Located in an area of warm waters, Adolph exhibited a well-defined outflow pattern, and rapidly strengthened to attain hurricane status on June 17 as a banding-type eye developed. Hurricane Adolph turned to the northwest and attained major hurricane status late that same day. The small eye of the hurricane continued to organize, as very deep convection surrounded the eyewall, and Adolph reached its peak intensity of 135 mph (215 km/h) on June 18, making it a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale. Shortly thereafter, the storm weakened, as the upper-level environment became more hostile, and the system moved over progressively cooler waters. On June 19, Adolph turned to the west, and degenerated back into a tropical storm later that day. On June 20, the storm weakened to a tropical depression, and on June 21, Adolph began to dissipate as its center became devoid of deep convection.[12]

As Adolph moved north towards Mexico while about 290 mi (465 km) off the coast, the Mexican government issued a tropical storm warning and a hurricane watch from Punta Tejupan to Cabo Corrientes. When the storm turned to the northwest and later to the west, the government discontinued the warnings as it was determined the storm would not be a threat to land. No damage or casualties were reported.[12]

Hurricane Barbara

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration July 7 – July 18
Peak intensity 140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min)  940 mbar (hPa)

A few days later, on June 24, another weak tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa. It moved steadily westward through the Atlantic Ocean without any development, and entered the eastern Pacific Ocean on July 5. At this point, convection developed along the wave axis, and the system gradually organized. A circulation developed[14] as it passed through an area of warm waters, and the system developed into Tropical Depression Three-E on July 7, while located about 600 miles (965 km) south of Manzanillo, Colima.[15] Although the outer rainbands warmed slightly in the hours after the formation, the convection near the center deepened further with favorable upper-level outflow,[16] and the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Barbara early on July 8. Barbara steadily intensified,[14] and following the development of a ragged eye that night,[17] Barbara strengthened into a hurricane on July 9, while located about 700 miles (1130 km) south of the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula.[14]

After moving into an area of light vertical shear and warm water temperatures,[18] Barbara quickly intensified to reach major hurricane status on July 10. The eye continued to become better organized, and Barbara attained winds of 135 mph (215 km/h) later on July 10. After maintaining its intensity for 24 hours,[14] increased wind shear from an upper-tropospheric trough degraded the appearance of the deepest convection, and the eye became obscured from satellite images.[19] After weakening to a 115 mph (185 km/h) hurricane, Barbara maintained its intensity for 30 hours before moving into an area with very warm waters and a favorable upper-level environment. On July 13, the hurricane re-organized, a distinct eye again developed, and Barbara strengthened to reach its peak intensity of 140 mph (225 km/h) later that day. Barbara continued westward under the influence of a subtropical ridge to its north, and began to steadily weaken on July 14 as it moved into an area of cooler water temperatures. The hurricane degraded to a tropical storm on July 16, and a day later it deteriorated to a tropical depression. As a depression with little to no convection near its center, Barbara continued west-northwestward until dissipating on July 18 while located 720 mi (1160 km) east-southeast of Hilo, Hawaii. Barbara remained away from land for its entire lifetime, and it did not cause any damage or deaths.[14]

Hurricane Cosme

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration July 17 – July 22
Peak intensity 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min)  985 mbar (hPa)

As Barbara moved away from land, another area of disturbed weather moved off the coast of Central America on July 11. Moving westward, this area slowly organized, and developed a low-level circulation on July 15.[20] The convection developed into curved rainbands, and based on Dvorak classifications of 35 mph (55 km/h), the National Hurricane Center estimated that the system developed into Tropical Depression Four-E on July 17, while located about 400 mi (645 km) south-southeast of the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula. As the depression was situated in an area with warm waters and moderate upper-level outflow, the system was forecast to slowly intensify to a 50 mph (80 km/h) tropical storm.[21] Initially, the depression followed the forecasts, and it intensified into a tropical storm about 30 hours after developing, receiving the name "Cosme".[20] Cosme was expected to strengthen only slightly due to predicted cooler waters and increased shear.[22]

On July 18, contrary to the predictions, Cosme became much better organized, and well-defined banding features were visible on satellite imagery.[23] The storm continued to steadily intensify, and subsequent to the development of an eye, Cosme strengthened into a hurricane late on July 19, while located 380 miles (615 km) west-southwest of the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula.[24] After maintaining hurricane status for 18 hours, Cosme weakened back to a tropical storm on July 20.[20] Cooler water temperatures deteriorated the convection near the center, resulting in Cosme quickly weakening to a tropical depression on July 21.[25] After turning to the west-southwest, Cosme dissipated on July 22. Cosme never affected land, and as a result caused no damage or fatalities. However, the intensity of the storm is still uncertain; late on July 18, a ship 70 mi (110 km) to the east of Cosme reported winds of 17 mph (27 km/h), despite that a normal 50 mph (80 km/h) tropical storm would produce tropical storm force winds for locations within at least 70 mi (110 km) of the center.[20]

Tropical Storm Dalila

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration July 24 – August 2
Peak intensity 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min)  994 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on July 11. It moved westward and quickly developed two areas of convection along the wave axis. One of the areas nearly developed into a tropical depression after moving northwestward, though it failed to organize further and dissipated. The southern area continued westward and ultimately entered the eastern Pacific Ocean on July 21. Thunderstorms along the wave axis became more concentrated a few hundred miles south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, and the system developed into Tropical Depression Five-E on July 24 while located 500 mi (800 km) southwest of Manzanillo, Mexico.[26]

Located in an area of weak steering currents and easterly wind shear, the tropical depression drifted to the north-northeast while the convection was displaced up to 70 mi (110 km) west of the circulation. Slightly strengthening occurred, and on July 25 the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Dalila. The storm turned to the northwest, and later to the west-northwest, and remained a minimal tropical storm until July 28 when a decrease in wind shear allowed Dalila to strengthen. A strong anticyclone developed to the north of the system, causing Dalila to accelerate to the northwest. Late on July 28, Dalila reached a peak intensity of 65 mph (105 km/h) at a position 570 mi (915 km) southwest of Cabo San Lucas. Tropical Storm Dalila slowly weakened after moving over progressively cooler water temperatures, and on August 1 it degenerated into a tropical depression. Dalila turned to the southwest after much of the convection waned, and the system dissipated on August 2.[26]

Tropical Storm Erick

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration August 1 – August 8
Peak intensity 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min)  994 mbar (hPa)

On July 17 a tropical wave exited the coast of Africa, and moved westward. An area of convection along the wave organized slightly on July 18, though the next day the convection diminished. After moving through the Windward Islands on July 23, deep convection again increased. The system failed to organize further, though convection continued to develop upon entering the eastern Pacific Ocean on July 27. The cloudiness and thunderstorms became more consolidated off the coast of southern Mexico, and on July 31 Dvorak classifications began on the system. A circulation developed, and the system organized into Tropical Depression Six-E on August 1 while located about 520 mi (835 km) south of the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula.[27]

Initially, the depression was a small system with moderate amounts of easterly wind shear.[28] It organized slowly, and after moving to the southwest for 24 hours it turned to the northwest.[27] Subsequent to an increase in convection over the center, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Erick on August 4.[29] Erick gradually strengthened as it moved to the west-northwest, and reached peak winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) on August 5 while located about 720 miles (1160 km) southwest of Cabo San Lucas.[27] Operationally, the storm was forecast to continue to strengthen to reach hurricane status, though this did not occur.[30] The mid-level ridge which had been tracking Erick westward weakened, resulting in Erick to turn to the north over cooler waters. It quickly weakened to a tropical depression on August 6, and after turning to an eastward drift Erick dissipated on August 8 while located 700 mi (1130 km) west-southwest of the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula. Erick never affected land.[27]

Hurricane Flossie

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration August 7 – August 14
Peak intensity 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min)  978 mbar (hPa)

A large circulation with an area of low pressure persisted in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean in early August. The large circulation was well-developed by August 7, and the convection concentrated a few hundred miles southwest of Acapulco. Based on its organization, the National Hurricane Center designated the system Tropical Depression Seven-E. On August 8, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Flossie, based on ship reports. The storm paralleled the coast of Mexico as it moved northwestward, and after a decrease of wind shear Flossie developed very deep convection over its center. It intensified into a hurricane on August 10, reaching peak winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) as an embedded warm spot appeared in the center of the storm. After maintaining its peak intensity for 18 hours and passing within 75 mi (121 km) of Baja California Peninsula, Flossie weakened over cooler waters and degenerated to a tropical storm on August 12. The storm continued to weaken, and early on August 14 Flossie dissipated.[4]

The government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning from Punta Tejupan to Cabo Corrientes early in its life, though it was discontinued shortly thereafter. Officials issued a tropical storm watch and later a warning for Baja California Sur south of La Paz, which was later extended from Loreto on the east coast to San Juanico on the west coast. The large circulation of Hurricane Flossie produced gusty winds along the west coast of Mexico and southern Baja California Peninsula. Cabo San Lucas reported a gust of 55 mph (90 km/h), and San José del Cabo recorded a gust of 65 mph (105 km/h).[4] The storm produced heavy rainfall, peaking at 9.72 in (247 mm) at San Felipe/Los Cabos.[31] Seven people died in Mexico from the storm, including two that drowned in Cabo San Lucas.[4] A monsoon surge moving around its eastern periphery produced heavy rainfall in the American Southwest. Flooding from the rainfall killed one person and left eleven motorists stranded. Thunderstorms in Tucson, Arizona, produced hurricane-force wind gusts which caused widespread power outages and damage.[32] Damage from the storm in Arizona totaled to $5 million (1995 USD; $7.76 million 2016 USD), although damage in Mexico, if any, is unknown.[33]

Tropical Storm Gil

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration August 19 – August 27
Peak intensity 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min)  993 mbar (hPa)

An area of disturbed weather, possibly related to a tropical wave, persisted and gradually organized in the Gulf of Tehuantepec. A circulation developed within its deep convection, and the system organized into Tropical Depression Seven-E on August 19 while located about 115 mi (185 km) southeast of Acapulco.[34] Operationally, it was not until 15 hours later that the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on the system.[35] The depression moved westward and quickly intensified into a tropical storm. A nearby ship confirmed the existence of tropical storm force winds, and Gil reached winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) early on August 21.[34] With well-defined outflow and continually developing convection, forecasters predicted Gil to strengthen more and attain hurricane status within two days of becoming a tropical storm.[36] However, increased northeasterly wind shear initially prevented further strengthening.[37]

On August 22, the cloud pattern of Gil became better organized, though the low-level circulation was located to the northeast of the deep convection due to the wind shear.[38] The shear also limited outflow to the east, preventing further strengthening. Gradually the convection developed nearer to the center.[39] After Gil turned to the northwest, the deep convection organized into a central dense overcast, and it strengthened to reach winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) on August 24.[40] Later that day the storm attained a peak strength of 65 mph (105 km/h) while located 380 mi (610 km) southwest of the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula. After maintaining its peak strength for 30 hours, Gil moved over progressively cooler waters, and weakened to a tropical depression on August 26. The depression drifted westward and later turned to the north, and dissipated on August 27 while located 670 mi (1075 km) to the west of Cabo San Lucas.[34] While located a short distance off of Mexico, Gil produced heavy rainfall near the coast.[36] However, there were no reports of casualties or damages in association with the storm.[34]

Hurricane Henriette

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration September 1 – September 8
Peak intensity 100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min)  970 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 15. It traversed westward and entered the eastern Pacific Ocean on August 29. The system quickly developed deep convection and a low-level circulation, and on September 1 it organized into Tropical Depression Nine-E while located about 170 mi (270 km) off the southwest coast of Mexico. Under favorable conditions, the depression slowly strengthened to become Tropical Storm Henriette on September 2 while located 220 mi (350 km) west of Manzanillo.[41] Henriette quickly organized and intensified into a hurricane on September 3 while located 135 mi (235 km) west-southwest of Puerto Vallarta in Jalisco.[41] Late on September 3, an eye began to form in the center of the deep convection as Henriette turned to the northwest.[42] The eye became better defined the next day, and Henriette attained a peak intensity of 100 mph (160 km/h) as the northern portion of the eyewall moved over southern Baja California Peninsula. The hurricane quickly crossed the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula and re-emerged into the Pacific Ocean.[43] Convection gradually waned as the hurricane moved over progressively colder waters,[44] and on September 6 Henriette weakened to a tropical depression.[41]

On September 2, a few hours after Henriette became a tropical storm, the government of Mexico issued tropical cyclone warnings and watches for Baja California Peninsula.[41] The threat of Hurricane Henriette prompted a Carnival Cruise Line ship to alter their route.[45] Winds of up to 100 mph (160 km/h) in southern Baja California Sur left much of Cabo San Lucas without water or power.[46] 2,000 people were directly affected by the hurricane.[47] A strong storm surge produced flooding and heavy road damage in the state. 800 people were forced from their homes, and crop damage was reported. No damage estimates are available, and no deaths were reported.[41]

Hurricane Ismael

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration September 12 – September 16
Peak intensity 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min)  983 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Ismael

Hurricane Ismael developed from a persistent area of deep convection on September 12, and steadily strengthened as it moved to the north-northwest. Ismael attained hurricane status on September 14 while located 210 mi (340 km) off the coast of Mexico. It continued to the north, and after passing a short distance east of Baja California Peninsula it made landfall on Topolobampo in the state of Sinaloa with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). Ismael rapidly weakened over land, and dissipated on September 16 over northwestern Mexico. The remnants entered the United States and extended eastward into the mid-Atlantic states.[5]

Offshore, Ismael produced waves of up to 30 ft (9 m) in height. Hundreds of fishermen were unprepared by the hurricane, which was expected to move more slowly,[48] and as a result 52 ships were wrecked, killing 57 fishermen.[49] The hurricane destroyed thousands of houses, leaving 30,000 people homeless.[50] On land, Ismael caused 59 casualties in mainland Mexico and resulted in $26 million in damage (1995 USD; $40.4 million 2016 USD).[51] Moisture from the storm extended into the United States, causing heavy rainfall and localized moderate damage in southeastern New Mexico.[52]

Hurricane Juliette

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration September 16 – September 26
Peak intensity 150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min)  930 mbar (hPa)

Hurricane Juliette was the strongest and final hurricane of the season. It formed on September 16 from a tropical wave off the southwest coast of Mexico, and moved west-northwest for the early part of its duration. Juliette was smaller than usual tropical cyclones, and as a result it intensified quickly, reaching hurricane status on September 18 and major hurricane status a day later. On September 20, Juliette reached peak winds of 150 mph (240 km/h), a Category 4 on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. It subsequently began a slow weakening trend and turned toward the northeast, briefly threatening the Baja California Peninsula. Instead, strong wind shear overcame the storm, and Juliette dissipated on September 26 without significantly affecting land.[53]

Other storms

Tropical Depression One-W

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Counterclockwise vortex
Duration January 4 – January 7 (Exited basin)
Peak intensity 30 mph (45 km/h) (1-min)  1000 mbar (hPa)

According to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, on January 4 a tropical depression formed east of the International Dateline, and 3 days later it exited CPHC's area of responsibility;[54] however, this storm wasn't included into CPHC database.

Tropical Depression Colleen

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Counterclockwise vortex
Duration November 10 – November 11 (Exited basin)
Peak intensity 30 mph (45 km/h) (1-min)  1000 mbar (hPa)

According to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and Japan Meteorological Agency, on November 10 a tropical depression formed east of the International Dateline, and soon it exited CPHC's area of responsibility;[55][56] however, this storm wasn't included into CPHC database. As it entered into western Pacific, it strengthened as a tropical storm and received the name Colleen.

Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) ranking

ACE (104 kt2) – Storm
1 29.83 Barbara 6 5.20 Gil
2 26.53 Juliette 7 4.52 Dalila
3 10.68 Adolph 8 3.65 Cosme
4 7.93 Henriette 9 3.55 Ismael
5 6.39 Flossie 10 1.92 Erick

The table on the right shows the accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) for each storm in the season. The total ACE for the 1995 season was 100.2 x 104 kt2. The ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the storm multiplied by the length of time it existed for, so hurricanes that lasted a long time have higher ACEs. Because several storms in the season were long-lasting or intense, the ACE of the season was near normal. The 1995 season total was the lowest since 1981, though due to a period of inactivity in the following years it has only been surpassed by four seasons.[57]

Hurricane Barbara had the highest overall ACE of the season with a total of 29.83 x 104 kt2.

Source of data: Best track data from the National Hurricane Center's Tropical Cyclone Reports.[58]

Storm names

The following names were used for named storms that formed in the northeast Pacific in 1995. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray. The names not retired from this list were used again in the 2001 season. This is the same list used for the 1989 season. The name Dalila was used for the first time in 1995; in the 1989 season, it was Dalilia, though an error in documents prior to the season changed it. The name change has remained.[26]

  • Adolph
  • Barbara
  • Cosme
  • Dalila
  • Erick
  • Flossie
  • Gil
  • Henriette
  • Ismael
  • Juliette
  • Kiko (unused)
  • Lorena (unused)
  • Manuel (unused)
  • Narda (unused)
  • Octave (unused)
  • Priscilla (unused)
  • Raymond (unused)
  • Sonia (unused)
  • Tico (unused)
  • Velma (unused)
  • Wallis (unused)
  • Xina (unused)
  • York (unused)
  • Zelda (unused)

For storms that form in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility, encompassing the area between 140 degrees west and the International Date Line, all names are used in a series of four rotating lists. The next four names that were slated for use in 1995 are shown below, however none of them were used.

  • Oliwa (unused)
  • Paka (unused)
  • Upana (unused)
  • Wene (unused)

Retirement

The World Meteorological Organization retired one name in the spring of 1996: Ismael. It was originally replaced in the 2001 season by Israel, but for political reasons, due to its connection with Israel and the coincidence that the first name of 2001 was "Adolph" (later retired for similar reasons), this was changed to Ivo after the season began, but before it reached the "I" storm.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center. "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2015". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
  2. ↑ Dorst, Neal. "When is hurricane season?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
  3. ↑ "Average Cumulative Number of Systems Per Year". National Hurricane Center. 2005-08-17. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Edward N. Rappaport (1995). "Hurricane Flossie Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  5. 1 2 Max Mayfield (1995). "Hurricane Ismael Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  6. ↑ "The 1995 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 1996. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  7. 1 2 3 Richard J. Pasch (1996-01-10). "Brief Information about Tropical Depression One-E". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  8. 1 2 Edward N. Rappaport (1995-05-21). "Tropical Depression One Discussion One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  9. ↑ Britt Max Mayfield (1995-05-21). "Tropical Depression One-E Discussion Two". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  10. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (1995-05-21). "Tropical Depression One-E Discussion Four". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  11. ↑ David M. Roth (2009-05-07). "Tropical Depression 1E (1995) Rainfall Graphic". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  12. 1 2 3 Max Mayfield (1995-11-19). "Hurricane Adolph Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  13. ↑ Edward N. Rappaport (1995-06-15). "Tropical Depression Two-E Discussion". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Lixion A. Avila (1995). "Hurricane Barbara Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  15. ↑ Britt Max Mayfield (1995). "Tropical Depression Three Discussion One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  16. ↑ Britt Max Mayfield (1995). "Tropical Depression Three Discussion Two". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  17. ↑ Edward N. Rappaport (1995). "Hurricane Barbara Discussion Six". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  18. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (1995). "Hurricane Barbara Discussion Six". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  19. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (1995). "Hurricane Barbara Discussion Fifteen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Miles B. Lawrence (1995). "Hurricane Cosme Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-19.
  21. ↑ Max Mayfield (1995). "Tropical Depression Four-E Discussion One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-19.
  22. ↑ Britt Max Mayfield (1995). "Tropical Storm Cosme Discussion Five". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-19.
  23. ↑ Miles B. Lawrence (1995). "Tropical Storm Cosme Discussion Seven". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-19.
  24. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (1995). "Hurricane Cosme Discussion Eleven". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-19.
  25. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (1995). "Tropical Storm Cosme Discussion Sixteen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-19.
  26. 1 2 3 Edward N. Rappaport (1995). "Tropical Storm Dalila Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Richard J. Pasch (1995). "Tropical Storm Erick Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
  28. ↑ Steven W. Lyons (1995). "Tropical Depression Six-E Discussion One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
  29. ↑ Max Mayfield (1995). "Tropical Storm Erick Discussion Seven". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
  30. ↑ Miles B. Lawrence (1995). "Tropical Storm Erick Discussion Ten". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
  31. ↑ David M. Roth (2009). "Hurricane Flossie (1995) Rainfall Graphic". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  32. ↑ "1 dead in storm flooding Tucson". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 1995-08-13. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  33. ↑ "Event Report for Arizona". National Climatic Data Center. 1995. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  34. 1 2 3 4 Lixion A. Avila (1995). "Tropical Storm Gil Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  35. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (1995). "Tropical Depression Seven-E Discussion One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
  36. 1 2 Steven W. Lyons (1995). "Tropical Storm Gil Discussion Three". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  37. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (1995). "Tropical Storm Gil Discussion Six". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  38. ↑ Steven W. Lyons (1995). "Tropical Storm Gil Discussion Eight". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  39. ↑ Steven W. Lyons (1995). "Tropical Storm Gil Discussion Eleven". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  40. ↑ James M. Gross (1995). "Tropical Storm Gil Discussion Fourteen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 Miles B. Lawrence (1995). "Hurricane Henriette Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  42. ↑ James M. Gross (1995). "Hurricane Henriette Discussion Nine". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  43. ↑ James M. Gross (1995). "Hurricane Henriette Discussion Thirteen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  44. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (1995). "Hurricane Henriette Discussion Fifteen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  45. ↑ "A Raucous Ending to a Cruise". New York Times. 1995-09-12. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  46. ↑ "Orem, USA – La Paz, Mexico – Orem, USA: May 1995 – September 1995". 1995. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  47. ↑ "Desastres Ocurridos en México de 1980 a 1999" (PDF). Programa Nacional de Reforestación. 2000. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  48. ↑ "Hurricane kills 91 in Mexico". Associated Press. 1995. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  49. ↑ Daniel Bitrán Bitrán (2001). "Caracterásticas del Impacto Socioeconómico de los Principales Desastres Ocurridos en México en el Período 1980 – 99" (PDF) (in Spanish). Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
  50. ↑ "Hurricane Toll in Mexico Passes 100; Marilyn Fades". Sun-Sentinel Wire Services. 1995. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  51. ↑ "Impacto Socioeconómico de los Ciclones Tropicales 2005" (PDF) (in Spanish). Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres. 2006. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  52. ↑ "Event Report for New Mexico". National Climatic Data Center. 1995. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  53. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (1996-02-01). "Hurricane Juliette Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  54. ↑ "bwp011995" (TXT). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1995. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  55. ↑ "Japan Meteorological Agency Best Tracks" (ZIP). Japan Meteorological Agency. 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  56. ↑ "bwp311995" (TXT). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1995. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  57. ↑ "East North Pacific ACE: 1949–2005". National Climatic Data Center. 2005. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
  58. ↑ Jack Beven, John Thompson (1998-12-27). "1995 EAST PACIFIC HURRICANE SEASON". NCEP. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-06.

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