Ts'ehlanyane National Park

Ts'ehlanyane National Park

Ts'ehlanyane National Park is Lesotho's largest National Park and is located in the Maloti Mountains in Butha-Buthe District, Lesotho, and is part of the larger Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area. This Lesotho northern park protects a high-altitude, 5,600-metre (18,400 ft) patch of rugged wilderness, including one of Lesotho’s only stands of indigenous forest with a number of rare undergrowth plants that are unique to this woodland habitat.

The name "Ts'ehlanyane" is the local common name for the berg bamboo (Thamnocalamus tesselatus), from which the river and park take their name. It is fitting that the park should bear the name of this Drakensberg endemic plant, as it may be the most important refuge for this plant in the entire Maloti-Drakensberg mountain range.

History

This proclaimed protected pristine area lies at the junction of the Ts'ehlanyane and the Holomo rivers. It owes its origin to the access road to the "Mamohale tunnel" (May 1991), which was the first adit drive for the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. This adit covers 22 km (14 mi) from the source at Katse Dam to the As River outfall near Clarens, Free State.

Terrain

This Lesotho northern park protects a high-altitude, 2,600-metre (8,500 ft) patch of rugged wilderness, including one of Lesotho's few stands of indigenous forest with a number of rare undergrowth plants that are unique to this woodland habitat. Here indigenous "ouhout" (Leucosidea) trees of significant size are preserved.

The park has an altitude ranging from 1,940 to 3,112 metres (6,365 to 10,210 ft) and is considered mostly sub-alpine. The diversity of habitat types is exceptionally wide and derived from the large altitudinal range that the park has.

Biota

Bird species

Bird species found in the park include:[1]

Wild flower and shrub varieties

Wild flowers and shrubs recorded at Ts'ehlanyane National Park on the Matsa-Mararo route via Lets'a-le-ts'o and the lower bridle path (4 × 4 track) that leads to Holomo Pass
(* = exotic)

  1. *Cannabis sativa
  2. *Persicaria lapathifolia[lower-alpha 1]: exotic, robust annual herb in damp areas
  3. *Solanum sp. (wild potato)
  4. Ajuga ophrydis (bugle-plant)
  5. Alepidea amatymbica[lower-alpha 1] (Lesoko): large serrated (basal) leaves, tall herb. Tea made from leaves applied as cough and cold remedy
  6. Alepidia cf woodii: small herb with white, star-like flowers
  7. Anisodontea julii subsp pannosa(lefeta; mountain hibiscus; wildestokroos): shrub, 1–4 m (3 ft 3 in–13 ft 1 in), flowers shiny pink. On the Holomo Pass bridle path, often near streams in scrub forest.
  8. Argyrolobium tuberosum
  9. Argyrolobium sp.: yellow pea-flowers
  10. Asclepias fruticosa
  11. Berkheya cirsiifolia: thorny sub-shrub with white daisy-like flowers, damp Basalt slopes at approx. 2,200 m (7,200 ft)
  12. Cephalaria natalensis
  13. Clematis brachiata: common climber esp. on dead cheche trees next to the 4 × 4 track leading to the Holomo Pass bridle path
  14. Coccinea sp. or Zehneria sp.[lower-alpha 1].: climber in cheche forest, deeply lobed leaves, hairy. Small cucumber-like fruit of approx. 30 mm (1.2 in) in length(slightly bitter, probably poisonous)
  15. Conium sp.: tall herb >1 m (39 in), slightly aromatic
  16. Cotyledon orbiculata: on eroded basalt cliffs(south-east facing) next to the Ts'ehlanyane river
  17. Crassula cf natalensis: small succulent(200 mm (7.9 in)) on damp rocks next to the Lets'a-le-ts'o trail
  18. Crassula sarcocaulis: on eroded basalt cliffs(south-east facing) next to the Ts'ehlanyane river
  19. Diascia cf barberae
  20. Dierama cf cooperi: white, with mauve and yellow flecks on inside of perianth. Next to 4 × 4 track directly above the conference centre
  21. Dichilus reflexus
  22. Disa cooperi[lower-alpha 1]: light pink with long spur, fragrant, evident in the vicinity of the quarry
  23. Erica caffrorum: large shrub or small tree
  24. Erica oatessi[lower-alpha 1]: shrub with pink, bottle-shaped flowers
  25. Eucomis autumnalis subsp. clavata
  26. Euphorbia cf natalensis: herb
  27. Euryops evansii
  28. Euryops sp.: large shrub up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in), small fynbos-like leathery leaves, small yellow flowers
  29. Geranium cf wakkerstroomianum
  30. Geranium pulchrum
  31. Geranium spp
  32. Gladiolius crassifolius
  33. Gladiolius dalenii
  34. Gunnera perpensa[lower-alpha 1] (qobo; wild rhubarb; rivierpampoen): usually in large stands, marshy places, or sub-shade
  35. Habenaria epipactidea: greenish flowers with long white spur, one example seen on the 4×4 track leading to the Holomo Pass bridal path
  36. Helichrysum cooperi
  37. Helichrysum herbaceum[lower-alpha 1]: golden yellow everlasting with small overlapping leaves
  38. Helichrysum mundtii
  39. Helichrysum splendidum
  40. Jamesbritennia sp.: ill-aromatic herb, or sub-shrub, on path, disturbed soil
  41. Lobelia spp.
  42. Lotononis sp[lower-alpha 1]. : greyish sub-shrub, blue pea-flowers
  43. Myssotis semiamplexicaulis[lower-alpha 1](Forget-me-not): common on disturbed areas i.e. the path, pink - deep blue
  44. Orchidaceae[lower-alpha 1]: small leaves similar to Agapanthus, Disa thodei?
  45. Orchidaceae[lower-alpha 1]: yellow-green flowers with two wings, long spur, probably Habenaria epipactidea
  46. Oxalis smithiana[lower-alpha 1]: leaves are deeply divided, lobes narrow. Pink flowers. Common on the lower Lets'a-le-ts'o trail
  47. Passerina drakensbergensis (Berg Gonna): large shrub in scrub
  48. Pelargonium cf ranuncullophyllum[lower-alpha 1]: herb with small white flowers, tiny pink flecks on the inside of petals. Leaves with purplish brown mark. Common on the lower Lets’a-le-ts’o trail
  49. Pentzia cooperi
  50. Phygelius capensis: grassy slopes within cheche forest, damp and rocky moist slopes and on streambanks. Flowers curved.
  51. Printzia cf pyrifolia : grassy slopes within cheche forest
  52. Plectranthus grallatus[lower-alpha 1]: common in shade of cheche forest
  53. Polygala cf rhinostigma: small perennial herb, pink flowers
  54. Polygala cf uncinata: perennial herb, purple flowers
  55. Polygala virgata: common shrub next to 4 × 4 track leading to the Holomo Pass bridal path
  56. Rumex cf saggitatus: climber on dead/burnt cheche en route to the Matsa-mararo falls from Lets'a-le-ts'o. Heart-shaped leaves, conspicuous fruit: papery 3-winged, pink-red en masse
  57. Satyrium parviflorum: small yellowish green flowers on long spike, petals drying brown soon after flowering. Basal leaves, heart-shaped, fairly large
  58. Scabiosa cf columbaria
  59. Schizoglossum artropurpureum subsp. artropurpureum
  60. Scilla natalensis : on basalt cliffs south of the Ts’ehlanyane river
  61. Selago cf melliodora: white inflorescence, honey scented, next to path near Matsa-mararo falls
  62. Selago galpinii
  63. Senecio macrocephalus
  64. Senecio sp: common, herbaceous shrub with masses of yellow flowers. Large stands in damp areas or rocky places
  65. Silene cf burchelli[lower-alpha 1]: pink, near campsite at river deck
  66. Stachys cf aethiopica
  67. Thalictrum cf rhyncocarpum[lower-alpha 1]: herb, forest floor near and on the lower Lets'a-le-ts'o path, leaves resemble maidenhair fern (Adianthium cappilus-veneris)
  68. Thamnocalamus tesselatus (liqaloe; berg bamboo; bergbamboes) damp slopes and near rivers/streams 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) tall. Endangered specie in South Africa
  69. Unknown specie[lower-alpha 1]: common on disturbed soil, small herb (150 mm), leaves are serrated and spatulate, of particular interest are the discoloured characteristic of the leaves: above green and below purple-pink
  70. Vernonia hirsuta
  71. Wahlenbergia krebsii
  72. Xerophyta viscosa: on eroded basalt cliffs (south-east-facing) next to the Ts'ehlanyane river
  73. Zaluzianskya cf microsiphon
  74. Zaluzianskya smitziae: night-flowering species, common on the trail between Lets'a-le-ts'o and Matsa-mararo falls

Indigenous Tree varieties in the Park

Indigenous Trees as seen at the campsite, on the lower Lets'a-le-ts'o path en route to Matsa-Mararo falls and the lower bridle path (4 x 4 track) that leads to Holomo Pass

  1. *Rosa eglanteria (rosehip): thorny tree, pink flowers followed by orange–red fruit, in scrub forest near river and cheche forest
  2. Buddleja loricata (lelora; mountain sage; bergsaliehout) very similar to B. salviifolia but leaves are leathery, lanceolate, whilst B. salviifolia leaves are softer and oval/heart-shaped at base. B.loricata usually at higher altitudes than B. salviifolia, but their habitats do overlap(1,800–2,450 m (5,910–8,040 ft)). Inflorescences of B.loricata, smaller, only white, sweetly scented. B. loricata common in the vicinity of Lets'a-le-ts'o.
  3. Buddleja salviifolia (lelothoane; quilted sage; saliehout) Very similar to B. loricata but leaves and inflorescence differ: see B. loricata (supra). Flowers: fragrant, white to mauve in spring.
  4. Diospyros austro-africana subsp africana (liperekisi-tsa-makhoaba, senokonoko; firesticks star-apple; kritikom; vuurmaakbossie; jakkalsbessie) usually a shrub, sometimes small tree, grey appearance. Flowers: pink to red, highly fragrant during springtime. Fruit conspicuous: grey-green, red to black when ripe up to 20 mm (0.79 in) in diameter.
  5. Heteromorpha trifoliata (monkhoane; parsley tree; pietersieliebos) small tree with conspicuous bark peeling off in papery flakes, on steep slopes and cliffs where protection from veld fires esp. vicinity of the Matsa-mararo falls. Flowers and seeds resemble parsley.
  6. Leucosidea sericea (cheche; oldwood: ouhout), according to an entomological study made on the cheche of the Golden Gate area (EFS), these trees are the habitat of 117 species of beetles
  7. Myrsine africana (semapo; Cape myrtle; mirting) evergreen shrub with very small leaves, toothed in upper half, rarely a tree
  8. Rhamnus prinoides (mofifi; dogwood; blinkblaar) small tree, often in shade of cheche forest. Glossy-green leaves, small red–black berries
  9. Rhus divaricata (kolitsane; rusty-leaved current; roesblaartaaibos) shrub or small tree with trifoliate leaves, slightly leathery, dark olive green above, grey-green–rusty-brown hairs beneath, large numbers of small yellow to brown berries 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter.

Other Tree Varieties

Other trees expected to occur in the area include:

  1. Bowkeria verticillata (isiduli; umbaba; southern shell-flower)
  2. Euclea crispa (mohlakola; blue guarri)
  3. Halleria lucida (lebetsa; tree fuschia; notsung)
  4. Passerina montana (lekhapu; mountain gonna)
  5. Rhus dentata (lebelebele; nana-berry)
  6. Rhus pyroides (kolitsane; common taaibos)

Fern Varieties

Ferns and fern allies

Underneath shade of cheche forest, an abundance of ferns occur: Polystichum spp. and Cheilanthes quadripinnata. Pteris cretica in damp places often near boulders. In exposed areas on rocky mountain slopes, typical poikylohydrous species evident like the resurrection fern and Cheilanthes eckloniana. Selaginella spp. expected on exposed rock surfaces.

Location

The park is located deep in the northern range of the Maloti Mountains at the foot of the Holomo Pass and only about 45 minutes on tarred road from the South African border post of Caledonspoort, 15 minutes drive from the popular Free State town of Clarens and about 4 hours from O. R. Tambo International Airport).

Activities

How to get there

A 32-kilometre (20 mi) tarred access road leaves the main A1 route 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Butha Buthe. The route passes through the village of Khabo and parallels the Hlotse river along the Holomo valley until it reaches the park entrance gate.

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 specimens collected by Patsy Millin (31 jan 2006 – 2 feb 2006)

References

  1. ↑ "Bird Species" (PDF). Birds of Lesotho. Retrieved March 19, 2015.

Coordinates: 29°00′S 28°25′E / 29.000°S 28.417°E / -29.000; 28.417

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