Tsewang Dorji Namjal

Tsewang Dorji Namjal
Died	1750 (aged 17–18)
Nationality	Choros-Oirat
Occupation	Khan
Known for	Economic improvements in Dzungaria

Tsewang Dorji Namjal (Chinese: 策妄多尔济·那木扎尔; Mongolian：ᠼᠧᠸᠠᠩ ᠳᠥᠷᠵᠢ ᠨᠠᠮᠵᠠᠯ; 1732–1750) was the mid-eighteenth century khan or ruler of the Dzungar Khanate, which covered most of present-day Xinjiang and part of eastern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and southern Siberia.

Background

Tsewang Dorji Namjal became khan on the death of his father, Galdan Tseren in 1745.^[1] The Khanate was in political, military and economic terms an important power in Central Asia. Since 1739 there had been a form of peace with the Chinese Qing dynasty. As a result, trade opportunities between Dzungaria and China expanded significantly and had a positive impact on the economic base of the Khanate. Galdan Tseren had implemented modern irrigation systems in the fertile oases of his empire by bringing in Turkic Taranchi people who possessed the requisite skills for such innovations. He also improved trade and productivity in the local economy.^[2]

In the last years of Galdan Tseren era there was talk of increasing tension with Imperial Russia, but bipartisan relations were not beyond repair; an influential faction within the Russian political elite saw the maintenance of an independent khanate in Dzungaria as an important counterbalance to Chinese influence on the southeastern border with Siberia.

In the period after the death of Galdan Tseren an unprecedented internal power-struggle broke out within the Khanate, which resulted in total anarchy and its eventual destruction.

Succession

Galdan Tseren had three sons and a daughter. At his death, the eldest son Lama Dorji (d. 1752) was 17 years old, the middle son, Tsewang Dorji Namjal, 13 years old and the youngest son, Tsewang Dashi just seven years old.

In his will Galdan Tseren determined that it should be Tsewang Dorji Namjal who succeeded him. In 1746, he was also proclaimed by the nobility of the Dzungars as their new leader.

Little is known about Tsewang Dorji Namjal. However, available sources describe him as someone who was seen in his youth as a perverse, cruel and paranoid man who drank copious amounts of alcohol^[1] and was "more interested in killing dogs than attending to affairs of state".^[3] According to one source, "The king's favorite ways were to roam around in the villages, drinking chang,^[A] seducing girls and indulging in carnal pleasures".^[4]

Decline in power and death

Several missions to Tibet had depleted Tsewang Dorji Namjal's influence amongst the Dzungarian elite. At the same time, his elder brother Lama Dorji conspired with their sister Ulam Bayar's husband, the Baghatur Sayin Bolek and other saisans or high officials (宰桑), to kill Tsewang Dorji Namjal while he was on a hunting trip.^[1] During an abortive attack on the plotters, Tsewang Dorji Namjal was captured and blinded then sent as a prisoner to Aksu, Xinjiang along with his brother, Tsewang Dashi. ^[5] He died in 1750.^[6]

Notes

1. ^ A type of barley beer

References

1. Perdue 2009, p. 270.
2. Perdue 2009, p. 306.
3. Arthur W. Hummel (1991). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period: 1644-1912. SMC publ. p. 10. ISBN 978-957-638-066-2.
4. Damchø Gyatsho Dharmatala; Nyalo Trulku Jampa Kelzang (1987). Rosary of White Lotuses: Being the Clear Account of How the Precious Teaching of Buddha Appeared and Spread in the Great Hor Country. Otto Harrassowitz. p. 126. ISBN 978-3-447-02520-1.
5. Perdue 2009, p. 271.
6. Bert G. Fragner (2009). Horses in Asia (in German). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. ISBN 978-3-7001-6103-5.

Bibliography

• Perdue, Peter C (2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04202-5.

Further reading

• Bergholz, Fred W. (1993). The partition of the Steppe; The struggle of the Russians, Manchus and the Zunghar Mongols for Empire in Central Asia, 1619-1758. American University Studies, Peter Lang. ISBN 0820415758.