Tubba Abu Karab As'ad
| King Tubba Abu Karab As'ad | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Abu Kariba As'ad |
| Ethnicity | Yemen |
| Years active | 390–420 CE |
| Known for | Conversion to Judaism (per legend) |
| Religion | Judaism (convert; per legend) |
| Children | Sons Hasan, Amru, and Zorah (Yussuf)[1] |
Tubba Abu Karab As'ad (Abu Karab) was the Himyarite king of Yemen. Tubba is a title which means "the one who follows the sun like a shadow"; Abu Karab means "the father of strength and solidity". He ruled Yemen from 390–420 CE.[2] Abu Karab is commonly cited as the first of several kings of Arabia to convert to Judaism.[1][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Background
Fifth century Arabia was located between the two competing empires of Christian Byzantium and Zoroastrian Persia. Prized Indian spices were delivered over Arabia’s trade routes. Some historians believe that conversion to Judaism was a means by which the inhabitants of Arabia at the time could remain neutral vis-a-vis the neighboring powers, in order to grow their prosperity. Some others say that the philosophy and rules of Judaism were attractive to the pagans of Arabia.[1]
Conversion
While most sources agree that Abu Karab was the first of the Himyarite kings to convert to Judaism, the circumstances of his conversion are immersed in myth and legend. According to the traditional account, Abu Karab undertook a military expedition to eliminate the growing influence of Byzantium in his northern provinces.[1] His forces reached Medina, which was then was known as "Yathrib". Not meeting any resistance, they passed through the town, leaving one of the king’s sons behind as governor of the town. A few days later, however, the people of Yathrib killed their new governor, the king's son. Upon receiving the news, the king turned his troops back to avenge his son’s death, and destroy the town. He ordered that all palm trees around the town be cut down, because the trees were the main source of the town's inhabitants' income, and then laid siege to the town.[1]
The Jews of Yathrib fought alongside their pagan Arab neighbors, trying to protect their town. During the siege, Abu Karab fell ill. Two local Jewish scholars, named Kaab and Assad, took the opportunity to travel to his camp, and persuaded him to lift the siege.[9] The scholars also inspired in the King an interest in Judaism, and he converted in 390, persuading his army to do likewise.[1][10] Kaab and Assad later returned with Abu Karab to his kingdom, where they were tasked with converting the population. However, while some scholars say the population converted on a wholesale basis,[11] others opine that only about half became converts, the rest maintaining their pagan beliefs and temples.[1] Among those who converted to Judaism was Harith Ibn-Amru, a nephew of Abu Karab, whom Abu-Karab appointed Viceroy of the Maadites on the Red Sea, and headed the government of Mecca and Yathrib.[1]
Tubba Abu Karab As'ad is said to have been killed by his own soldiers, who tired of his constant military campaigns. He left three sons: Hasan, Amru, and Zorah (Yusuf).[1]
One dissenter from the view that Abu Karab was a convert to Judaism is author J. R. Porter. Writing in the 1980s, Porter argued that the accounts of Karab's conversion first appear much later in the historical record and are therefore unreliable. Porter nonetheless acknowledged that a move toward Judaism on Karab's part would be "entirely credible", given the presence of powerful Jewish tribes in Yathrib. Porter states that a later Himyarite King, Dhu Nowas (517–525 CE) was "certainly" a convert to Judaism.[12]
Archeological evidence
Although the last Jewish king of Yemen, Dhu Nuwas, was overpowered in 525 CE after he was defeated by Christian Ethiopian invaders,[13][14] other Jewish kingdoms continued in Arabia up until 620 CE. The last of them were destroyed with the rise of Islam.[4][5] Archeologists have discovered inscriptions from the fifth and sixth centuries containing Jewish religious terms such as: "Rahman" ("the Merciful," a divine epithet), "the God of Israel", and the "Lord of Judah".[14]
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Heinrich Graetz, Bella Löwy, Philipp Bloch (1902). History of the Jews, Volume 3. Jewish Publication Society of America. pp. 62–64.
- ↑ Nehama C. Nahmoud (January 1, 1998). "When We Were Kings; The Jews of Yemen, Part II".
- ↑ Simon Dubnov (1968) [Prior to 1941]. History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period. Cornwall Books. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-8453-6659-2.
- 1 2 S.B. Segall (2003). Understanding the Exodus and Other Mysteries of Jewish History. Etz Haim Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-9740461-0-5.
- 1 2 The Oriental Herald and Journal of General Literature 14. London. 1827. p. 544.
- ↑ Nathanael Ibn Al-fayyumi (1907). Columbia University Oriental Studies 6. Columbia University Press. p. vii.
- ↑ Kevin Alan Brook (1999). The Jews of Khazaria. Jason Aronson. ISBN 0-7657-6032-0. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
- ↑ Kharif, Badr Al (February 15, 2009). "Kiswah: The Covering of the Kaaba". Aawsat.com. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
- ↑ Moses Avigdor Chaikin (1899). The Celebrities of the Jews: A glance at the historical circumstances of the Jewish people from the destruction of Jerusalem to the present day. Part I. 70-1290. Pawson & Brailsford. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
- ↑ Justin Paul Heinz (August 2008). "The Origins of Muslim Prayer: Sixth and Seventh Century Religious Influences on the Salat Ritual" (PDF). Retrieved July 9, 2010.
- ↑ Sigmund Hecht (1908). Post-Biblical History: a compendium of Jewish history from the close of the biblical records to the present day, for the home and Sabbath-school. Bloch. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
- ↑ Netton, Ian Richard (1986): Arabia and the Gulf: From Traditional Society to Modern States, Croom Helm Ltd., p. 10, ISBN 978-0-7099-1834-9.
- ↑ Holland Thompson, Viscount James Bryce Bryce, Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1915). The Book of History: The Near East. New York, The Grolier Society, and London, The Educational Book Co. p. 1,889.
- 1 2 Raphael Patai, Jennifer Patai (1967). The myth of the Jewish race. Colombia University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8143-1948-2.