Tube map

Tube map as of May 2015

The Tube map is a schematic transit map of the lines, stations and services of London's public transit systems. The London Underground is the base of the map (which it is named after), but the map also includes the Docklands Light Railway and the London Overground network. In newer versions, the Emirates Air Line cable car, TfL Rail and sometimes the London Tramlink are included.

As a schematic diagram, it does not show the geographic locations but rather the relative positions of the stations, lines, the stations' connective relations, and fare zones. The basic design concepts have been widely adopted for other network maps around the world,[1] and for maps of other sorts of transport networks and even conceptual schematics.[2] The precursor for the current map was first designed by Harry Beck in 1931.[3]

A regularly updated version of the tube map is available from the official TfL website.[4]

History

Early maps

As London's transit network used to be a collection of independent companies, there were no full maps of the system, only ones for the individual companies. These maps were usually not schematic and were just the line overlaid on a regular city map. There was no integration of the companies' services, nor was there any co-operation in advertising.

The first combined map was published in 1908 by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) in conjunction with four other underground railway companies using the "Underground" brand as part of a common advertising factor.[5]

Tube map of 1909

The map showed eight lines – four operated by the UERL and one from each of the other four companies:

Being geographically-based presented restrictions in this early map; to enable sufficient clarity of detail in the crowded central area of the map, the extremities of the District and Metropolitan lines were omitted, so a full network diagram was not provided. The problem of truncation remained for nearly half a century. Although all of the western branches of the District and Piccadilly lines were included for the first time in 1933 with Harry Beck's first map, the portion of the Metropolitan line beyond Rickmansworth did not appear until 1938 and the eastern end of the District line did not appear on the map until the mid-1950s.

The route map continued to be developed and was issued in various formats and artistic styles until 1920, when, for the first time, the geographic background detail was omitted in a map designed by MacDonald Gill.[6] This freed the design to enable greater flexibility in the positioning of lines and stations. The routes became more stylised but the arrangement remained, largely, geographic in nature. The 1932 edition was the last geographic map to be published, before the diagrammatic map was introduced.

Beck's maps

The first diagrammatic map of London's rapid transit network was designed by Harry Beck in 1931.[3] Beck was a London Underground employee who realised that because the railway ran mostly underground, the physical locations of the stations were irrelevant to the traveller wanting to know how to get to one station from another — only the topology of the railway mattered. This approach is similar to that of electrical circuit diagrams; while these were not the inspiration for Beck's maps, his colleagues pointed out the similarities and he once produced a joke map with the stations replaced by electrical circuit symbols and names, with terminology such as "Bakerlite" for the Bakerloo line.[7]

To this end, Beck devised a simplified map, consisting of stations, straight line segments connecting them, and the River Thames; lines ran only vertically, horizontally, or on 45 degree diagonals. To make the map clearer and to emphasise connections, Beck differentiated between ordinary stations (marked just with tick marks) and interchange stations (marked with diamonds). London Underground was initially sceptical of his proposal — it was an uncommissioned spare-time project, and it was tentatively introduced to the public in a small pamphlet in 1933. It immediately became popular, and the Underground has used topological maps to illustrate the network ever since.

Despite the complexity of making the map, Beck was paid just ten guineas for the artwork and design of the card edition (five guineas for the poster).[8] After its initial success, he continued to design the Underground map until 1960, a single (and unpopular) 1939 edition by Hans Scheger being the exception.[9] During this time, as well as accommodating new lines and stations, Beck continually altered the design, for example changing the interchange symbol from a diamond to a circle, as well as altering the line colours – the Central line from orange to red, and the Bakerloo line from red to brown. Beck's final design, in 1960, bears a strong resemblance to the modern-day map. Beck lived in Finchley and one of his maps is still preserved on the southbound platform at Finchley Central station on the Northern line.[10]

In 1997, Beck's importance was posthumously recognised, and currently (2013) the statement 'This diagram is an evolution of the original design conceived in 1931 by Harry Beck' is printed on every London Underground map.

After Beck

Diagram containing several differently-coloured lines connecting nodes that are small hollow black circles. The lines are and stations are at geographically accurate positions and the curved lines drawn more flexibly than on the traditional Tube map. The river is also included, represented as a geographically accurate light blue strip. This map is arguably harder to read.
Unofficial map of zone 1, showing more correct geographic locations of the lines.

By 1960, Beck had fallen out with the Underground's publicity officer, Harold Hutchison. Hutchison, though not a designer himself, drafted his own version of the Tube map that year. It removed the smoothed corners of Beck's design and created some highly cramped areas (most notably, around Liverpool Street station); in addition, lines were generally less straight.[11] However, Hutchison also introduced interchange symbols (circles for Underground-only, squares for connections with British Rail) that were black and allowed multiple lines through them, as opposed to Beck who used one circle for each line at an interchange, coloured according to the corresponding line.

In 1964, the design of the map was taken over by Paul Garbutt who, like Beck, had produced a map in his spare time due to his dislike of the Hutchison design. Garbutt's map restored curves and bends to the diagram, but retained Hutchison's black interchange circles (the squares however were replaced with circles with a dot inside). Garbutt continued to produce Underground maps for at least another twenty years — Tube maps stopped bearing the designer's name in 1986, by which time the elements of the map bore a very strong resemblance to today's map.[12] While the standard Tube map mostly avoided representing mainline rail services, a new variant of the map issued in 1973, the 'London's Railways' map, was the first to depict Tube and surface rail services in a diagrammatic style closely matched to Beck's designs. This version was created by Tim Demuth of the London Transport publicity office and was jointly sponsored by British Rail and London Transport. Demuth's map did not replace the standard Tube map but continued to be published as a supplementary resource, later known as the 'London Connections' map.[13]

Some alterations have been made to the map over the years. More recent designs have incorporated changes to the network, such as the Docklands Light Railway and the extension of the Jubilee line. It has also been expanded to include certain rail lines not part of the Underground network (see below), and to indicate which Tube stops connect with National Rail services, rail links to airports, and river boats. In some cases, stations within short walking distance are now shown, often with the distance between them (this is an evolution of the pedestrian route between Bank–Monument station, which was once prominently marked on the map). Further, step-free access notations are also incorporated in the map.

In addition, since 2002 the fare zones have been added, to better help passengers judge the cost of a journey. Nevertheless, the map remains true to Beck's original scheme, and many other transport systems use schematic maps to represent their services, likely inspired by Beck.

Despite there having been many versions over the years, somehow the perception of many users is that the current map actually is, more or less, Beck's original version from the 1930s — a testament to the effectiveness of his design. Beck did actually draw versions with other formats, 22½ degrees rather than 45 (the Paris Métro version uses 22½ degrees as a base); and an unused version for the 1948 Olympic Games.

One of the major changes to be made to the revision of the Tube map put out in September 2009 was the removal of the River Thames. Although historically the river was not present on several official maps (for example, according to David Leboff and Tim Demuth's book; in 1907, 1908, and 1919), from 1921 it was absent for several years (on pocket maps designed by MacDonald Gill). The Thames-free 2009 version was the first time that the river has not appeared on the Tube map since the Stringemore pocket map of 1926. This latest removal resulted in widespread international media attention,[14][15] and general disapproval from most Londoners as well as from mayor Boris Johnson.[16] Based on this reaction, the following edition of the diagram in December 2009 reinstated both the river and fare zones.

In more recent years, TfL has expanded its rail services, notably with the launch of the London Overground network, which has taken over a number of National Rail lines and brought them into the TfL network, each of these converted lines being successively added to the Tube map. Further graphical additions have been made to the map, such as the inclusion of disability access symbols onto stations, the addition of the Emirates Air Line and the boundaries of fare zones. Some commentators have suggested that Beck's design should be replaced with a new design that can incorporate the new lines more comfortably.[17]

Technical aspects

The designers of the map have tackled a variety of problems in showing information as clearly as possible and have sometimes adopted different solutions.

The font for the map, including station names, is Johnston, which uses perfect circles for the letter 'O'. This is historic and generic font for all TfL uses, from tube station facades to London bus destination blinds.[18]

Line colours

The table below shows the changing use of colours since Beck's first map. The current colours are taken from Transport for London's colour standards guide,[19] which defines the precise colours from the Pantone palette, and also a colour naming scheme that is particular to TfL. Earlier maps were limited by the number of colours available that could be clearly distinguished in print. Improvements in colour printing technology have reduced this problem and the map has coped with the identification of new lines without great difficulty.

Line TfL colour name[19] Shown as[20]
Notes
Bakerloo Corporate Brown
Pantone 470		 brown
1934–present		 red
1933–1934		 brown
UERL
Central Corporate Red
Pantone 485		 red
1934–present		 orange
1933–1934		 blue
UERL
Circle Corporate Yellow
Pantone 116
yellow
1987–present		 yellow
(black outline)
1949–1987
 green
(black outline)
1948
originally part of the Metropolitan and District lines; not shown before 1948
District Corporate Green
Pantone 356		 green
1933–present		 green
UERL
East London Underground Orange
Pantone 137		 orange
(double stripe)
2010–present		 orange
1990–2010		 magenta
(double stripe)
1970-c.1990
magenta
1949–1969
green
1937–1948
magenta
1934–1937		 white
(red outline)
1933–1934
part of the Metropolitan line until c.1990; part of London Overground from 2010
Hammersmith
& City		 Underground Pink
Pantone 197		 pink
1988–present		 magenta
1949–1988		 green
1937–1948		 magenta
1934–1937
part of the Metropolitan line until given its own identity in 1988
Jubilee Corporate Grey
Pantone 430		 grey
1979–present
opened 1979; Baker Street to Stanmore section previously part of the Bakerloo line
Metropolitan Corporate Magenta
Pantone 235		 magenta
1948–present		 green
1937–1948		 magenta
1934–1937		 red
UERL
shown combined with the District line 1937–1948
Northern Corporate Black
Pantone Black		 black
1933–present		 grey (CCE&H)
UERL		 black (C&SL)
UERL
Northern City
none
 white
(black outline)
c.1990–1998
 orange
(double stripe)
1985-c.1990		 white
(black outline)
1975–1984
 black
(double stripe)
1970–1975
black
1937–1969		 white
(black outline)
1934–1937
 white
(magenta outline)
1933–1934
not shown since 1998; transferred to British Rail in 1976 (now part of National Rail) orange
(black outline)
UERL
Piccadilly Corporate Blue
Pantone 072		 blue
1933–present		 yellow
(black outline)
UERL
Victoria Corporate Light Blue
Pantone 299		 light blue
1968–present
opened 1968
Waterloo
& City		 Corporate Turquoise
Pantone 338
turquoise
1994–present		 white
(black outline)
1949–1994
 red
(black outline)
1943–1948
 white
(black outline)
1938–1941
 thin grey
(main line)
UERL
not shown before 1938; part of British Rail until 1994
Docklands
Light
Railway		 DLR Turquoise
Pantone 326		 turquoise
(double stripe)
1993–present		 blue
(double stripe)
1987–1993
opened 1987
TfL Rail Corporate Blue
Pantone 072		 blue
(double stripe)
2015–present
Tramlink Trams Green
Pantone 368		 green
(double stripe)
 green
(dotted)
not shown on the standard map – see below; both styles used on other maps
West London Overground Orange
Pantone 158		 orange
(double stripe)
2010–present		 white
(black outline)
2007–2010
not shown
1943–2007
 white
(black outline)
1938–1941
 thin grey
(main line)
UERL
now part of London Overground
North London Overground Orange
Pantone 158		 orange
(double stripe)
2007–present		 white
(black outline)
c.1990–2007
not shown
1985-c.1990
 white
(black outline)
1977–1984
 thin grey
(main line)
UERL
now part of London Overground
Watford DC Overground Orange
Pantone 158		 orange
(double stripe)
2007–present
not shown
1985–2007
 white
(black outline)
1984
 brown
(triple stripe)
1975–1983
 brown/black/brown
(triple stripe)
1973–1974
 thin grey
(main line)
UERL
now part of London Overground; only Queen's Park–Watford shown 1973–1984 (Bakerloo peak hours service)
Gospel Oak–
Barking		 Overground Orange
Pantone 158		 orange
(double stripe)
2007–present		 thin grey
(main line)
UERL
not shown before 2007
Thameslink
none
 white
(black outline)
c.1990–1998
 orange
(double stripe)
1985-c.1990		 white
(black outline)
1977–1984
 thin grey
(main line)
UERL
a National Rail line; not shown since 1998
Emirates Air Line Red red
(triple stripe)
2012–present

Dashed lines have at various times indicated lines with limited service, lines under construction or lines closed for renovation.

It has not been announced how the Crossrail service will be depicted on the tube map when the service opens in 2018. It may be a double stripe in purple or in grey.

Station marks

From the start, interchange stations were given a special mark to indicate their importance, though its shape has changed over the years. In addition, from 1960, marks were used to identify stations that offered connections with British Railways (now National Rail). The following shapes have been used:

Since 1970 the map has used a reversed (red on white) British Rail "double arrow" beside the station name to indicate mainline interchanges. Where the mainline station has a different name from the Underground station that it connects with, since 1977 this has been shown in a box. The distance between the Tube station and the mainline station is now shown.

Contemporary maps have marked stations offering step-free access suitable for wheelchair users with a blue circle containing a wheelchair symbol in white.

Tube stations with links to airports (Heathrow terminals 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 for London Heathrow, and the DLR station at London City) are shown with a black aeroplane symbol.

Since 2000, stations with a nearby interchange to river bus piers on the Thames have been marked with a small boat symbol to promote London River Services.

When Eurostar services used Waterloo International, the Eurostar logo was shown next to Waterloo station. On 14 November 2007, these services were transferred to St. Pancras International, and thus King's Cross St. Pancras tube station now bears the text "for St. Pancras International", although it does not show the Eurostar logo.

Some interchanges are more convenient than others and the map designers have often rearranged the layout of the map to try to indicate where the interchanges are more awkward, such as by making the interchange circles further apart and linking them with thin black lines. Sometimes the need for simplicity overrides this goal: the Bakerloo/Northern lines interchange at Charing Cross is not particularly convenient and passengers may be better off changing at Embankment, but the need to simplify the inner-London area means that the map seems to indicate that Charing Cross is the easier interchange.

Lines or services

The Tube map aims to make the complicated network of services easy to understand, but it is not possible to have complete information about the services that operate on each line.

Limited-service routes have sometimes been identified with hatched lines, with some complications added to the map to show where peak-only services ran through to branches, such as that to Chesham on the Metropolitan line. The number of routes with a limited service has declined in recent years as patronage recovered from its early-1980s low point. As there are now fewer restrictions to show, the remaining ones are now mainly indicated in the accompanying text rather than by special line markings.

Official versions of the Tube map

The Tube map exists to help passengers navigate the London rapid transit network and it has been questioned whether it should play a wider role in helping people navigate London itself. The question has been raised as to whether mainline railways should be shown on the map, in particular those in inner-London. The Underground has largely resisted adding additional services to the standard Tube map, instead producing separate maps with different information, including:

Maps are produced in different sizes, the most common being Quad Royal (40 × 50 inches[24]) poster size and Journey Planner pocket size. The maps showing all the National Rail routes provide useful additional information at the expense of considerably increased complexity, as they contain almost 700 stations.

Non-Underground lines on the standard tube map

Some non-Underground lines have appeared on the standard tube map:

Currently the only non-Underground lines shown are the Emirates Air-Line, TfL Rail, the Docklands Light Railway and the London Overground.

When Transport for London expanded its London Overground service to include the East London Line in 2010, the East London line (extended to Croydon) changed from a solid orange line to a double orange stripe. According to 2007 proposals, the addition of the South London Line to London Overground was due to add the southern loop onto future tube maps in late 2010,[26] and, as of May 2013, it is up and running.

Underground lines on geographically accurate maps

Because the Tube map ignores geography, it does not accurately depict the relative orientation and distance between stations. Those traveling from Bank Station to Mansion House on the Underground would, based on the map, take the Central Line to Liverpool Street, change to the Circle Line, travel five more stops, and arrive at a station that is 200 feet away from the start of the trip.[27]

Transport for London publishes several bus maps that depict the approximate paths of tube routes relative to major streets and London bus routes.[28] These maps also show locations of certain cultural attractions and geographic landmarks.

Internet mapping services (e.g., Google Maps) offer a "Transit Layer" showing actual routes superimposed on the standard street map. A map shows underground, overground and DLR lines and National Rail stations within Zone 1-2.[29]

The website carto.metro offers extremely detailed maps showing individual tracks, platforms, yards, turning loops, abandoned lines, etc., in their geographical position.[30]

Spin-offs and imitations

A London Buses "spider map" on display next to a Tube map at Waterloo Station
a graphic of the Google logo drawn out in coloured Tube-style lines and stations
Google Doodle in January 2013 (150th anniversary of the Tube)
Diagram containing several differently-colored lines connecting nodes that are small hollow black circles. The lines are mostly straight but sometimes have curved bends at regular angles. A stylized light blue river is included.
A Wikimedia schematic version of the Tube map. Locations of lines and stations are not geographically accurate.

The 'look' of the London Underground map (including 45 degree angles, evenly spaced 'stations', and some geographic distortion) has been emulated by many other subway systems around the world.[31][32] While London Underground have been protective of their copyright they have also allowed their concepts to be shared with other transport operators (Amsterdam's GVB even pays tribute to them on their map).[33]

The success of the tube map as a piece of information design has led to many imitations of its format. What is probably the earliest example is the Sydney Suburban and City Underground railway map of 1939. Not only does it follow Beck's styling cues, but in size, design and layout it is a near-clone to the London map of the late 1930s, right down to the use of the Underground roundel.[34][35]

In 2002, Transport for London launched a series of London Buses "spider diagrams" to display at bus stops around the city, conveying bus route information in a schematic style similar to Beck's design,[36] with straight lines and 45° angles depicting geographically distorted bus routes, coloured lines and numbers to differentiate services, and graphical markers to show bus stops. Tube and rail lines are not included, but interchanges are denoted with appropriate symbols by bus stop names, such as the Tube roundel. Unlike the traditional Tube map, the bus maps display services appropriate to specific transport hubs rather than a full network. Each map also contains a central rectangle of a simple, geographically accurate street map to display the positions of bus stops; outside this rectangle, the only geographic feature to appear on the bus maps is the River Thames. These maps are also available for electronic download, with map collections ordered by London borough.[37] The bus maps were designed for TfL by the cartographic design company T-Kartor group.[38]

An isochrone map of the network was made available in 2007.[39]

In 2009, British Waterways produced their own map of London's waterways in a Tube-style diagrammatic map, depicting the River Thames, the various canals and subterranean rivers in the city.[40]

Attempts to create alternative versions to the official London Underground map have continued. In June 2011, British Designer Mark Noad unveiled his vision for a more 'geographically accurate' London Underground map.[41] The map is an attempt to see if it is possible to create a geographically-accurate representation of the underground system while still retaining some of the clarity of Beck's original diagram. It uses similar principles, fixed line angles – in this case 30 and 60 degrees instead of 45 – and shortens the extremities of the lines to make it more compact.[42] In 2013, Dr Max Roberts, a psychology lecturer at the University of Essex with a particular interest in usability, information design and schematic mapping, issued his own version of the Tube map. His design, based on a series of concentric circles, emphasised the concept of the newly completed orbital loop surrounding Central London with radial lines.[43] A map created to illustrate Tube-related articles on Wikipedia in 2014 was praised for its clarity and for including future developments such as Crossrail.[44][45]

In July 2015, a map of the network displaying walking calorie burn information for each leg was published by Metro newspaper.[46]

Cultural references

The design has become so widely known that it is now instantly recognisable as representing London. It has been featured on T-shirts, postcards, and other memorabilia. In 2006, the design came second in a televised search for the most well known British design icon.[47] It is widely cited by academics and designers as a 'design classic'[1][48][49][50] and it is due to these cultural associations that London Underground does not usually permit the design to be used or altered for any other purpose.[51] This has only been officially sanctioned on a few occasions:

Stylistic aspects of the London diagram, such as the line colours and styles, the station ticks or interchange symbols, are also frequently used in advertising.

Animals on the Underground

The shape of a pig seen in the lines of the London Underground map.

Animals on the Underground is a collection of over 20 animal characters depicted using only lines, stations and interchange symbols on the London Underground map, created by illustrator Paul Middlewick in 1987. In 2003, the concept was used in a poster campaign by advertising agency McCann-Erickson to promote the London Zoo.[55] The pictures have appeared on London Television and in press articles around the world including The Daily Mail, The Guardian and Metro. The designs are a registered trademark, and as of 2009 Middlewick has depicted a total of 38 animals.

The International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) ran a fund raising poster campaign on the London Underground in April 2008. The posters used the seal, elephant and whale images to raise awareness of seal hunting in Canada, the ivory trade and whale hunting respectively. The Animals have appeared many times in London's Metro newspaper. Animals on the Underground concept and images are copyright protected and uses the London Underground map, symbol and typeface under license.

In May 2010, a children's storybook was released that used the characters, titled "Lost Property". It is the story of an elephant called "Elephant & Castle" who loses his memory and is helped by Angel the angel fish. The book was illustrated by Middlewick, and written by Jon Sayers, and the official launch took place at the London Transport Museum.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Harry Beck and the London Underground Map – The background to the designing of a 'Design Icon' – London Underground Map changing through time but remaining true to Beck's original principle – Designers & Designing – Design & Technology On The Web support resource for students and teachers of Design & Technology at KS3, KS4, A-Level and beyond". Design-technology.info. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  2. ↑ "15 subway-style maps that explain everything but subways". vox.com. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  3. 1 2 1933 map from "A History of the London Tube Maps". Retrieved 7 February 2009.
  4. ↑ Tube map - TfL Website
  5. ↑ Badsey-Ellis, Antony (2005). London's Lost Tube Schemes. Capital Transport. pp. 282–283. ISBN 1-85414-293-3.
  6. ↑ 1920 map from "A History of the London Tube Maps". Retrieved 7 February 2009.
  7. ↑ Train, Omnibus and Tram Staff Magazine, March 1933 – Garland, Ken (1994). Mr Beck's Underground Map. Capital Transport. p. 25. ISBN 1-85414-168-6.
  8. ↑ Garland, Ken (2003). Mr Beck's Underground Map. Capital Transport. p. 19. ISBN 1-85414-168-6.
  9. 1 2 1939 map from "A History of the London Tube Maps". Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
  10. ↑ 1960 map from "A History of the London Tube Maps". Retrieved 7 February 2009.
  11. ↑ 1963 map from "A History of the London Tube Maps". Retrieved 7 February 2009.
  12. ↑ 1986 map from "A History of the London Tube Maps". Retrieved 7 February 2009.
  13. ↑ Garland, Ken (1998). Mr Beck's Underground Map. Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-168-6.
  14. ↑ "Thames missing | PRI's The World". Theworld.org. 18 September 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  15. ↑
  16. ↑ Patrick Barkham (17 September 2009). "New London Tube Map 17 September 2009". Guardian. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  17. ↑ Elledge, Jonn (29 May 2015). "London’s iconic tube map is 84 years old. It’s time to scrap it". CityMetric. New Statesman. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  18. ↑ "Font requests | Transport for London". Tfl.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  19. 1 2 "TfL Colour Standards" (PDF). TfL. 2 March 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
  20. ↑ London Transport Underground Maps; sub-pages are for specific years
  21. ↑ "National Rail Enquiries - Maps". Nationalrail.co.uk. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  22. ↑ "London Tube Map". London Insider. November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  23. ↑ Barney, Katharine (23 November 2009). "Travel revolution: Oyster rail will cut fares by 30%". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  24. ↑ "Search Results: Quad royal - Poster and poster artwork collection, London Transport Museum". ltmcollection.org.
  25. ↑ 1977 map from "The London Tube Map Archive". Retrieved 7 February 2009.
  26. ↑ Transport for London (2006). "The Tube in 2010". Retrieved 3 November 2007. (map illustrating future development phases as proposed by TfL in 2006, subject to change)
  27. ↑ Bryson, Bill (1996). "Chapter 4". Notes from a Small Island. William Morrow.
  28. ↑ "Central London Bus Map" (PDF). TfL. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
  29. ↑ "Inner London Tube Map". innerlondontubemap.blogspot.com.
  30. ↑ "Detailed map of London Tube, Underground, Overground, DLR & Tramlink". carto.metro. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
  31. ↑ Underground Railway Maps
  32. ↑ McKie, Robin (7 December 2003). "All right, which bright spark moved Heathrow Airport?". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 26 May 2010.
  33. ↑ "Where is my tram, bus or metro?". gvb.nl.
  34. ↑ "Sydney suburban & city underground railway map cover - 1939". Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  35. ↑ "Sydney suburban & city underground railway map diagram - 1939". Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  36. ↑ Mayor of London. "Transport Strategy – Buses". Archived from the original on 5 October 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2007.
  37. ↑ "Bus route maps". Transport for London. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
  38. ↑ "London bus spider maps". T-Kartor. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  39. ↑ DrAlanRae (25 July 2007). "Getting about – Isochrone map of London Underground". howtodobusiness.com. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  40. ↑ "Tunnel vision: a history of the London tube map". The Guardian. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
  41. ↑ Samuel, A. (28 June 2011). "Designer gives London Tube map a makeover". Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  42. ↑ Bourner, Tom (28 June 2011). "21st Century Tube Map – Interview with Mark Noad". Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  43. ↑ "Every line becomes a circle line: a new way to see the tube map". The Guardian. 31 January 2013. Archived from the original on 17 August 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  44. ↑ Brooks-Pollock, Tom (5 June 2015). "The Independent". Archived from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  45. ↑ "This amateur London Tube map someone posted on Wikipedia is far better than the real thing". CityMetric. Archived from the original on 6 June 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  46. ↑ "August Tube strike 2015: How to walk the Tube map, how many calories you’ll burn and the apps to save your day". Metro. 5 Aug 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  47. ↑ "The Tube Map – The Tube Map – Icons of England". Icons.org.uk. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  48. ↑ "The London Underground Map – Harry Beck's Design Icon". Diagrams.org. 11 January 2002. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  49. ↑ "London Transport / Designing Modern Britain – Design Museum Exhibition : Design Patron (1933–) – Design/Designer Information". Designmuseum.org. 26 November 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  50. ↑ "BBC – h2g2 – Life and Times of the London Underground Map". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  51. ↑ The London Underground anagram map is an example of a parody map which was removed because Transport for London claimed copyright infringement.
  52. ↑ The Tate Gallery by Tube from "The London Tube Map Archive". Retrieved 8 February 2009.
  53. ↑ Lynskey, Dorian (3 February 2006). "Going Underground". Guardian Unlimited (London: The Guardian). Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  54. ↑ "Website from Mini Metro".
  55. ↑ "Animals Underground". London.net. 14 August 2003. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 18 November 2007.

Further reading

External links

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