Tumbling Creek cavesnail

Tumbling Creek cavesnail
A live individual of Antrobia culveri
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
(unranked): clade Littorinimorpha
Superfamily: Truncatelloidea
Family: Amnicolidae
Genus: Antrobia
Hubricht, 1971[2]
Species: A. culveri
Binomial name
Antrobia culveri
Hubricht, 1971[2]

The Tumbling Creek cavesnail (Antrobia culveri) is a species of freshwater cave snail with gills and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Amnicolidae. [3]

Antrobia culveri is the only species in the genus Antrobia.[2][4] This is an endangered species.

The common name refers to Tumbling Creek Cave, a National Natural Landmark, in Taney County, Missouri, USA.

Taxonomy

The Tumbling Creek cavesnail was described as a new species by Leslie Hubricht in 1971, from specimens taken by David Culver, Thomas Aley, and Hubricht in 1969 and 1970.[5] Antrobia culveri is the type species for the genus Antrobia, also described as new to science in 1971 by Hubricht.[5][2]

Hershler and Hubricht (1988) examined specimens of Antrobia culveri and confirmed the taxonomic placement of this species at that time in the subfamily Littoridininae.[5] They also noted the similarity of the genus Antrobia to, but distinguished it from, the genus Fontigens, which contains cave-adapted snails found in other caves and springs of the Ozark Plateau in Missouri and Arkansas.[5]

Description

The Tumbling Creek cavesnail is a small, white, blind, aquatic snail.[5][2]

The shell is small, conical, well-rounded and pale-yellow with about 3.5 whorls.[5] The dimensions of the type specimen are as follows: height 2.3 millimeters (mm) (0.09 inches); diameter 2.0 mm (0.08 in); aperture height 1.2 mm (0.05 in); aperture diameter 1.1 mm (0.04 in).[5][2]

Distribution

Map of Missouri with Taney County marked in red, where Antrobia culveri occurs.

Antrobia culveri is an endemic species, part of the wildlife of Missouri, USA.

Its distribution is restricted to a single cave stream in Tumbling Creek Cave, in Taney County, in southwestern Missouri.[5]

Ecology

Habitat

This snail is an animal which lives in caves, thus it is a troglobite. In addition it is an aquatic troglobite, and animals who live in this specialized kind of habitat are known as stygobites or stygofauna.

The Tumbling Creek cavesnail lives on the underside of rocks in areas of Tumbling Creek that have little or no silt.[5] Antrobia culveri is using a solid rock bottom, and the species is usually observed on the undersurface of rocks and gravel of various sizes.[5]

Observations between March and August 2001 suggest that Antrobia culveri is now restricted to 23 m of available stream habitat or approximately 5 percent of the 457 meters of accessible suitable habitat.[5]

Species such as the Tumbling Creek cavesnail, which spend all of their life cycle in subterranean waters, are highly vulnerable to changes in the quality and quantity of that water.[5]

Feeding habits

Although little is known regarding the biology of this cavesnail, it is believed that the species feeds on aquatic microfauna (i.e., the microscopic, bacterial film or “biofilm" which does appear to be ingested by the cavesnail).[6] Because Tumbling Creek cavesnails are usually concentrated in those sections of Tumbling Creek Cave which are adjacent to large deposits of bat guano, it has been suggested that Antrobia culveri is indirectly dependent upon these deposits for food.[6]

Life cycle

Life history aspects of this species, including its reproductive behavior, are unknown.[5]

Conservation

The number of cavesnails has significantly decreased over the past few decades, from an estimated 15,118 in 1973,[5][6] to the point where only one individual was found within the survey areas during January 11, 2001[7] and April 22, 2003.[5] A small population containing approximately 40 individuals does exist however in a small area upstream from the part of the creek that is regularly surveyed.[5] Based on the decline of the Tumbling Creek cavesnail, it is listed as endangered at United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species since August 14, 2002.[5][8]

Although the primary limiting factor of the population appears to be decreased water quality, due to increased erosion and water pollution in the cave’s recharge area, scientific research is needed to confirm this hypothesis.[5]

See also

References

This article incorporates public domain text (a public domain work of the United States Government) from the reference[5]

  1. ↑ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). Antrobia culveri. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 15 November 2008.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hubricht (1971). "New Hydrobiidae from Ozark caves". The Nautilus 84: 93-96. page 95.
  3. ↑ Bouchet, P. (2014). Antrobia culveri Hubricht, 1971. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=729787 on 2015-02-19
  4. ↑ Kabat A. R. & Hershler R. (1993). "The prosobranch snail family Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda: Rissooidea): review of classification and supraspecific taxa". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 547: 1-94. PDF.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2003). "Tumbling Creek Cavesnail Recovery Plan (Antrobia culveri)"]. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ft. Snelling, Minnesota. 97 pages. PDF.
  6. 1 2 3 Greenlee R. E. (1974). "Determination of the range of the Tumbling Creek cavesnail". Missouri Speleology 14(3): 9-11.
  7. ↑ Ashley D. C. (2003). "A final report on the monitoring project to evaluate the population status of the Tumbling Creek cavesnail, Antrobia culveri (Gastropoda:Hydrobiidae)". Progress report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia, MO. 93 pp. Grant Agreement: 30181-0-G050.
  8. ↑ U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. "Species profile Tumbling Creek cavesnail (Antrobia culveri)". Accessed 15 November 2008.
  9. ↑ Hershler R. & Thompson F. G. (1990). "Antrorbis breweri, a new genus and species of hydrobiid cavesnail (Gastropoda) from Coosa River Basin, northeastern Alabama". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103(l): 197-204. PDF.

External links

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