Tun Abdul Majid of Pahang

Tun Abdul Majid تون عبد المجيد
Raja Bendahara of Pahang
Reign	1770–1802
Predecessor	Position established
Successor	Tun Muhammad
Born	1718
Died	1802 Pekan
Burial	Royal cemetery, Kuala Pahang
House	Bendahara
Father	Tun Abbas
Religion	Sunni Islam

Tun Abdul Majid ibni Tun Abbas, Dato' Bendahara Paduka Raja, was the 19th Bendahara of Johor Empire, who believed by historians to be the first Raja Bendahara of Pahang that gained effective control over the principality, following the gradual dissolution of the Johor Empire by the end of the 18th century.^[1]

Bendahara rule in Pahang

Little is known about Pahang in the eighteenth century except that it formed part of the Johor state and was established as the seat of power for the Bendahara of the empire.^[2]

In the war against the pretender from Siak, Raja Kecil, the chieftains of Pahang supported the Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah IV. The Bugis allies that helped restoring the Bendahara dynasty rule began dominating Johor politics shortly after the defeat of Raja Kecil. In the latter half of the century, the Bendahara in Pahang grew tired of these over-powering friends and petitioned both the Dutch and English for help to drive them out of Riau.^[3]

In the same century, Pahang became the special province of the Bendaharas. The first Bendahara that effectively governing the principality was Tun Abdul Majid who was elevated to that dignity about 1770. The allegiance of the Bendahara to the Sultan however, continued, though it weakened in time.^[4]

The potentate, as the senior Chief, had the privilege of installing Sultan, and was himself installed by Sultans. The Bendahara became the fully accredited representative of the sovereign in Pahang, and in fact assumed to himself all the Sultan's prerogatives.^[5]

Treaty with the Dutch and peace settlement in Riau

On December 12th, 1757, Tun Abdul Majid was the signatory of the treaty during the reign of Mahmud Shah III which surrendered Rembau and Linggi to the Dutch, in return to their assistance against the Bugis faction.^[6]

After the Dutch had expelled the Bugis from Riau in 1784, the island has been occupied by Tengku Muda as Yamtuan Muda. When the English lifted the ban on the Bugis, Raja Ali returned to reclaim his position of Yamtuan Muda. Tengku Muda retorted by blockading Riau in May 1801. Bendahara Abdul Majid who was summoned from Pahang to effect settlement could, at first, do nothing. However in February 1802, he managed to persuade the warring chiefs to go to Lingga where Mahmud Shah III made peace between the Malays and Bugis. In December 1804, Mahmud Shah III settled Raja Ali at Pulau Penyengat as Yamtuan Muda.^[7]

Assassination of Tun Abdul Mutalib

Tun Abdul Majid had four sons, Tun Abdul Mutalib who resided at Pekan Sebrang, Tun Muhammad (styled 'Engku Sentul') who lived at Chenor, Tun Koris who resided with his Bugis mother at Endau, and Deh (Da) whose home at Pedah.^[8]

On one occasion, when the Bendahara's eldest son was on a visit to Riau, the Sultan showed special favour to Tun Abdul Mutalib by inviting him to be his guest at table. The custom was that the son of the Bendahara to whom the Sultan paid that honour was tacitly recognized as Bendahara designate (Bendahara Muda). In the same way, a Temenggong's son so honoured was recognized as successor to his father. Temenggong Abdul Jamal, whose two sons were present but had received no such invitation, became jealous of his nephew and brooded over the sight.^[9]

Some time afterwards, while the Sultan, accompanied by the Temenggong, was on a visit to Pahang, Abdul Jamal one night, stole to the Bendahara's house, concealed himself behind a door, and as Abdul Mutalib was passing, stabbed him to death. The murderer fled to Padang Buloh. A search party went in pursuit, captured him and handed him over to Abdul Majid.^[10]

Tun Koris arrived and attempted to kill Abdul Jamal but was restrained by his father, citing that the Temenggong was a relative and a mad man. The Sultan ordered the murderer to be sent back to Riau. At Riau, the crazy Temenggong solved the difficulties of his position by taking a lighted torch into the hold where the gunpowder was stored. He and his two sons were killed in the explosion which followed.^[11]

Succession

In the meantime, when the news of his brother's murder reached him, Tun Muhammad of Chenor hurried to Pekan with forty spearmen. At Pekan, he found that Abdul Jamal had left for Riau. In spite of his father's attempt to restrain him, he followed the Temenggong. On his arrival at Riau he found that the demented Abdul Jamal was dead. Tun Muhammad settled at Riau, and when his father Bendahara Abdul Majid died at Pekan in 1802, the Sultan installed him as the next Bendahara.^[12]

Controversy over his ancestry

There was a controversy whether Temenggong Tun Mutahir or Bendahara Tun Abbas, both are sons of Abdul Jalil Shah IV, was the father of Tun Abdul Majid from whom the Pahang Sultans are descended. One writer, the author of the Hikayat Negeri Pahang, takes an easy way out of the difficulty by commencing with Abdul Majid and ignoring all mention of his chief ancestors. Suffice to say that on the evidence at present available, it is likely that Abdul Majid's father was Tun Abbas, the 18th Bendahara of Johor.^[13]

References

1. Linehan 1973, p. 52
2. Linehan 1973, p. 52
3. Linehan 1973, p. 52
4. Linehan 1973, p. 52
5. Linehan 1973, p. 53
6. Buyers 2009, Pahang - Genealogy of Bendahara dynasty
7. Linehan 1973, p. 52
8. Linehan 1973, p. 52
9. Linehan 1973, p. 52
10. Linehan 1973, p. 52
11. Linehan 1973, p. 52
12. Linehan 1973, p. 53
13. Linehan 1973, p. 49

Bibliography

• Buyers, Christopher (2009), Royal Ark
• Linehan, William (1973), History of Pahang, Malaysian Branch Of The Royal Asiatic Society, Kuala Lumpur, ISBN 978-0710-101-37-2