Two wrongs make a right

In rhetoric and ethics, two wrongs make a right and two wrongs don't make a right are phrases that denote philosophical norms. "Two wrongs make a right" is a fallacy of relevance, in which an allegation of wrongdoing is countered with a similar allegation. Its antithesis, "two wrongs don't make a right", is a proverb used to rebuke or renounce wrongful conduct as a response to another's transgression.

History

The phrase "two wrongs infer one right" appears in a poem dated to 1734, published in The London Magazine.^[1]

Examples

This is an informal fallacy that occurs when assuming that, if one wrong is committed, then another wrong will cancel it out.

• Speaker A: You shouldn't embezzle from your employer. It's against the law.
• Speaker B: My employer cheats on their taxes. That's against the law, too!

The unstated premise is that breaking the law (or the wrong) is justified, as long as the other party also does so. It is often used as a red herring, or an attempt to change or distract from the issue. For example:

• Speaker A: President Williams lied in his testimony to Congress. He should not do that.
• Speaker B: But you are ignoring the fact that President Roberts lied in his Congressional testimony!

Even if President Roberts lied in his Congressional testimony, this does not establish a precedent that makes it acceptable for President Williams to do so as well. (At best, it means Williams is no worse than Roberts.) By invoking the fallacy, the contested issue of lying is ignored.

The tu quoque fallacy is a specific type of "two wrongs make a right". Accusing another of not practicing what they preach, while appropriate in some situations, does not in itself invalidate an action or statement that is perceived as contradictory.

Criticism

Common use of the term, in the realm of business ethics, has been criticized by scholar Gregory S. Kavka writing in the Journal of Business Ethics. Kavka refers back to philosophical concepts of retribution by Thomas Hobbes. He states that if something supposedly held up as a moral standard or common social rule is violated enough in society, then an individual or group within society can break that standard or rule as well since this keeps them from being unfairly disadvantaged. As well, in specific circumstances violations of social rules can be defensible if done as direct responses to other violations. For example, Kavka states that it is wrong to deprive someone of their property but it is right to take property back from a criminal who takes another's property in the first place. He also states that one should be careful not to use this ambiguity as an excuse recklessly to violate ethical rules.^[2]

Conservative journalist Victor Lasky wrote in his book It Didn't Start With Watergate that while two wrongs don't make a right, if a set of immoral things are done and left unprosecuted, this creates a legal precedent. Thus, people who do the same wrongs in the future should rationally expect to get away as well. Lasky uses as an analogy the situation between John F. Kennedy's wiretapping of Martin Luther King, Jr. (which led to nothing) and Richard Nixon's actions in Watergate (which Nixon thought would also lead to nothing).^[3]

Two wrongs do not make one right

Two wrongs don't make a right is a proverb that contradicts this fallacy – a wrongful action is not a morally appropriate way to correct or cancel a previous wrongful action.

See also

• An eye for an eye
• Double negative
• False dilemma
• Lesser of two evils principle
• Norm (philosophy)
• Punishment
• Retributive justice
• Revenge
• Tit for tat

References

1. C. Ackers for J. Wilford, ed. (1734). "Poetical Essays in NOVEMBER, 1734". The London Magazine: Or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer, Volume 3. p. 600.

   An orient star led, thro' his blind-
    Side, to a prize his eye of mind:
    The lightning said, its he; in Spight
    Of fate two wrongs infer one right.
    let fly; well shot! thanks to my Spark;
    A blind boy, once, has cleft the mark.

   — The Moral (translated—origin?—in Hudibrastic)

2. Kavka, G. S. (1983). "When two ?wrongs? Make a right: an essay on business ethics". Journal of Business Ethics 2: 61–66. doi:10.1007/BF00382714.
3. It Didn't Start With Watergate. Victor Lasky.

External links

• The Fallacy Files: Two Wrongs Make a Right
• Nizkor: two wrongs make a right