United States Coast Guard Academy

"USCGA" redirects here. For other uses, see USCGA (disambiguation).
United States Coast Guard Academy
Former names
 Revenue Cutter Service School of Instruction (1876)
Motto Scientiæ Cedit Mare (Latin)
Motto in English
 The sea yields to knowledge
Type U.S. Service Academy
Established 1876
Superintendent Rear Admiral James E. Rendon (USCGA 1983)
Dean Capt. (ret.) Kurt J. Colella
Commandant Capt. Melissa L. Rivera (USCGA 1991)
Academic staff
 130
Students 896 cadets (as of September 2014)
Location New London, Connecticut, U.S.
41°22′22″N 72°06′06″W / 41.37278°N 72.10167°W / 41.37278; -72.10167
Campus Suburban - 110 acres (44.5 ha)
Fight song "Semper Paratus"
Colors Blue      and      Orange
Athletics NCAA Division III - NEWMAC NEFC
Sports 26 varsity sports teams
(14 men's and 12 women's)
Nickname Bears
Mascot Objee the Bear
Website www.uscga.edu

Founded in 1876, the United States Coast Guard Academy (USCGA) is the military academy of the United States Coast Guard. Located in New London, Connecticut, it is the smallest of the five federal service academies. The academy provides education to future Coast Guard officers in one of eight major fields of study.

Unlike the other service academies, admission to the academy does not require a congressional nomination. Students are officers-in-training and are referred to as cadets. Tuition for cadets is fully funded by the Coast Guard in exchange for an obligation of five years active duty service upon graduation.[1] This obligation increases if the cadet chooses to go to flight school or graduate school. Approximately 250 cadets enter the academy each summer with about 200 cadets graduating. Graduates are commissioned as ensigns. The academic program grants a Bachelor of Science degree in one of eight majors, with a curriculum that grades cadets' performance upon a holistic education of academics, physical fitness, character and leadership. Cadets are required to adhere to the academy's "Honor Concept," "Who lives here reveres honor, honors duty," which is emblazoned in the halls of the academy's entrance.

The academy's motto is Scientiæ cedit mare, which is Latin for "the sea yields to knowledge" (the trident, emblem of the Roman god Neptune, represents seapower).

The Academy is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, ABET, and AACSB for its various programs.[2]·

History

Historic photograph of the USRC Dobbin

The roots of the academy lie in the School of Instruction of the Revenue Cutter Service, the school of the Revenue Cutter Service. Established near New Bedford, Massachusetts in 1876, the School of Instruction used the USRC Dobbin for its exercises. Captain John Henriques served as superintendent from founding until 1883. The one civilian instructor was Professor Edwin Emery, who taught mathematics, astronomy, English composition, French, physics, theoretical steam engineering, history, international law, and revenue law, among other subjects.[3] The School was, in essence, a two-year apprenticeship, supplemented by minimal classroom work. The student body averaged five to ten cadets per class. With changes to new training vessels, the school moved to Curtis Bay, Maryland, in 1900 and again in 1910 to Fort Trumbull, a Revolutionary War–era Army installation near New London, Connecticut. In 1914 the school became the Revenue Cutter Academy, and with the 1915 merger of the Revenue Cutter Service and the Life Saving Service, it became the Coast Guard Academy.

The land for the construction of the new Coast Guard Academy in New London was purchased in 1930. The 40-acre site, made up of two parcels from the Allyn and Payne estates, was purchased for $100,000 on 31 July 1930. The $100,000 was raised not through a bond issue as originally planned, but with a bank loan based on uncollected back taxes.[4] The contract was awarded to Murch Brothers Construction Company of St. Louis and ground was broken on January 1931 by Jean Hamlet, daughter of RADM Harry G. Hamlet, Academy Superintendent from 1928-1932. On 15 May 1931, Treasury Secretary Andrew W. Mellon visited New London to lay the cornerstone of Hamilton Hall. Construction proceeded relatively on schedule and cadets moved into the new buildings on 20 September 1932.[4]

In 1946, the academy received, as a war reparation from Germany, the barque Horst Wessel, a 295-foot tall ship which was renamed the USCGC Eagle. It remains the main training vessel for cadets at the academy as well as for officer candidates as the Coast Guard's Officer Candidate School, which is located on the grounds of the USCGA.

The academy was racially integrated in 1962, at the request of President Kennedy.[5] The academy began admitting women in 1976 at the request of Congress.[6]

Mission

While Superintendent of the academy, in 1929 Vice Admiral Harry G. Hamlet composed the academy's mission statement. All entering cadets must memorize the mission during their first few days of Swab Summer, the indoctrination period for new cadets.

The mission of the United States Coast Guard Academy is to graduate young men and women with sound bodies, stout hearts and alert minds, with a liking for the sea and its lore, and with that high sense of Honor, Loyalty and Obedience which goes with trained initiative and leadership; well-grounded in seamanship, the sciences and the amenities, and strong in the resolve to be worthy of the traditions of commissioned officers in the United States Coast Guard, in the service of their country and humanity.[7]

Admission

Aerial view of Washington Parade field and campus

Unlike the other service academies, admission to the USCGA does not require a congressional nomination. This is due to the fervent objections of Captain John A. Henriques, the first Superintendent of the Revenue Cutter School of Instruction (later the Revenue Cutter Academy). His objection stemmed from years of poor political appointments in the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service's bureaucracy.

The academy is regularly cited as being one of the most difficult American institutions of higher education in which to gain entrance.[8] Each year more than 2000 students apply and appointments are offered until the number accepting appointments to the incoming class numbers approximately 240. Those who have accepted appointments as cadets report to the USCGA in late June or early July for "Swab Summer", a basic military training program designed to prepare them for the rigors of their Fourth Class year. After four years of study and training, approximately 200 of those cadets will graduate. About 35 percent of cadets are women.

Course of study

An Academy class graduating

All graduating cadets earn commissions as ensigns in the United States Coast Guard, as well as Bachelor of Science degrees. For that reason the academy maintains a core curriculum of science and professional development courses in addition to major-specific courses. Each cadet takes two semesters of classes during the school year and then spends the majority of the summer in military training to produce officers of character with the requisite professional skills. Among these are courses in leadership, ethics, organizational behavior, and nautical science. The majority of cadets report to their first units after graduating, which are either afloat units, shore units, or basic flight training as student naval aviators, with the training conducted under the auspices of the U.S. Navy. Those that are assigned afloat serve as either deck watch officers or student engineers. Professional maritime studies courses help prepare cadets in piloting, voyage planning, deck seamanship, and all aspects of shiphandling, as well as Coast Guard leadership and administrative duties.

Academic majors

Academics at the USCGA stress the sciences and engineering, but different courses of study are available. In addition, several of the majors offer tracks of specialization (for example, Marine and Environmental Science majors can choose to focus on biology, chemistry, or geophysics). Cadets sometimes opt to take elective courses with Connecticut College (adjacent the academy's campus) as part of an open exchange agreement.

The academy offers eight majors:[9]

Military training

The barque USCGC Eagle (WIX-327), the United States' only active duty tall ship. The ship is used by the USCGA as a sail training ship.

Each summer, cadets participate in training programs according to their class. The summers are organized as follows:[10]

Each week during the school year cadets participate in Regimental Review, a formal military drill. In addition, cadets perform a variety of military duties at the academy. Like all cadets and midshipmen at the United States service academies, Coast Guard cadets are on active duty in the military and wear uniforms at all times. Cadets receive a monthly stipend to pay for books, uniforms, and other necessities. Cadets receive monthly pay of $1,017.00, as of 2015.[11] From this amount, pay is automatically deducted for the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, services, and other miscellaneous expenses. Cadets only receive a portion of their total pay in cash. Fourth-class to second-class receive monthly stipends of $100, $200, $300, respectively. First-class receive the difference between the pay and outstanding expenses.

Organization of the Corps of Cadets

The Corps is organized as one regiment divided into eight companies, each of which is composed of about 120 cadets of all classes. Although the Corps of Cadets is supervised directly by the Commandant of Cadets (a Coast Guard officer with the rank of captain), the academy operates on the concept of "the Corps leading the Corps."

The Corps of Cadets is largely a self-directed organization that follows a standard military chain of command:[12]

The highest-ranking cadet in each company is the Company Commander, a first-class cadet ("firstie"), equivalent to a senior. Although each company has some leeway in their standards and practices, every company commander reports to the Regimental Staff who plan and oversee all aspects of cadet life. At the top of the cadet chain of command is the Regimental Commander, the highest ranking cadet. Command positions, both in companies and on Regimental Staff, are highly competitive, and a cadet's overall class rank is often a deciding factor in who is awarded the position.

The eight companies are named for the first eight letters of the NATO phonetic alphabet. Each has a special focus in administering day-to-day affairs: Alfa company is in charge of health and wellness. Bravo company is in charge of training. Charlie company is in charge of administering the honor system, Delta company is in charge of drill and ceremonies. Echo company is in charge of transportation and logistics. Foxtrot is in charge of operating the cadet conduct system, organizing the watch rotations, and making the regulations. Golf company is in charge of supplies for cleaning and repairing damaged rooms within the corps. Hotel company is in charge of morale events, and so forth. To accomplish these missions, each company is divided, along shipboard lines, into three departments, each of which is divided into a variety of divisions. Divisions are the most basic unit at the Coast Guard Academy, and each has a very specific duty. Each division is commanded by a firstie and contains several members of each other class.

This organizational structure is designed to give every cadet a position of leadership and to emulate the structure of a Coast Guard cutter, in which the division officer and department head positions are filled by junior officers. Third-class cadets directly mentor the fourth-class in their division, just as junior petty officers would be responsible for the most junior enlisted personnel (non-rates). Second-class cadets act as non-commissioned officers, and ensure that the regulations and accountability are upheld. Firsties (like junior officers) are in supervisory roles, and are responsible for carrying out the mission of their divisions and ensuring the well-being of those under their command. Exchange cadets from the other federal service academies are also a part of the Corps, and take part in many activities alongside their USCGA counterparts.[13]

Extracurricular activities

Athletics

Main article: Coast Guard Bears

The USCGA Athletic Department offers 24 intercollegiate sports for cadets. The academy's athletics teams generally compete in Division III of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Cadets devote two hours per academic day to athletic activities, either on varsity teams, club teams, or other sports pursuits. The academy nickname is the Bears, after the USRC Bear, which made a dramatic rescue in Alaska in 1897, shortly after the opening of the academy.

Music

Non-athletic activities also abound. Principal among them are the musical activities, centered on Leamy Hall. Regimental Band, Windjammers Drum & Bugle Corps, various pep bands, and the NiteCaps Jazz Band are some of the instrumental programs. Chapel Choirs, Glee Club, the Fairwinds all-female a cappella group, and The Idlers all-male sea shanty group are some of the vocal programs.

Model UN

Also of note is the academy's Model UN team, which was started in 2004, and has since been successfully competing around North America, and at the World Model UN Conference.

Clubs

Multiple clubs are offered to students at the Academy, such as the Judo Club, to help assist them in networking with others. All clubs are non-discriminating and offer insight into many cultures or sports based on the club theme.

Traditions

Links in the Chain

For years it has been a United States Coast Guard Academy tradition for fourth-class cadets (freshman) to hide the chain links that sit outside the cadet library, also known as Waesche Hall. The chain links are historic: they were used during the Revolutionary War to prevent ships from transiting up the Hudson River and attacking West Point. When Benedict Arnold betrayed the United States, the chain links were one of the secrets that he revealed to the British. The family that originally forged the chain donated the links to the United States Coast Guard Academy. Since the donation, the fourth class is challenged each year at the annual homecoming football game to outwit the second class (juniors) and keep the chain hidden until half-time. If the fourth class is successful in hiding the links until the end of the second quarter, it is granted some sort of reward such as carry-on (this allows the fourth class to have privileges of the upper upperclassman for a day).

Notable alumni

Name Class Notability
William E. Reynolds 1880

Rear Admiral; 5th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1919-1924)

Ellsworth P. Bertholf 1887

Commodore; last Captain-Commandant of the United States Revenue Cutter Service (1911–1915); 4th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1915–1919);[14] awarded Congressional Gold Medal for participation in the Overland Relief Expedition

Leonidas I. Robinson 1889

First Academy graduate to die in the line of duty

Frederick C. Billard 1896

Rear Admiral; 6th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1924-1932); Superintendent of the United States Coast Guard Academy (1921-1924)

Harry G. Hamlet 1896

Vice Admiral; 7th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1932-1936); Superintendent of the United States Coast Guard Academy (1928-1932); Gold Lifesaving Medal recipient; author of "The Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman"

Russell R. Waesche 1906

Admiral; 8th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1936-1946); longest serving Commandant

Philip F. Roach 1907

Commodore; recipient of the Navy Cross[15]

William J. Keester 1910

Rear Admiral; Commander of the 5th Coast Guard District

Joseph Stika 1911

Vice Admiral; recipient of the Navy Cross[16]

Joseph F. Farley 1912

Admiral; 9th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1946-1950)

Elmer Fowler Stone 1913

United States Naval Aviator, piloted the NC-4 on the first naval transatlantic flight[17]

Lyndon Spencer 1918

Vice Admiral; commanding officer of the USS Bayfield (APA-33) during World War II[18]

Harold G. Bradbury 1920

Rear Admiral; commanding officer of the USS Leonard Wood (APA-12), USS Wakefield (AP-21) and USCGC Duane (WPG-33) during World War II; Commander of the 1st Coast Guard District[19]

Merlin O'Neill 1921

Vice Admiral; 10th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1950-1954); 4th Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard (1946-1949)

Alfred C. Richmond 1924

Admiral; 11th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1954-1962)

Edward Thiele 1927

Rear Admiral; Engineer-in-Chief of the Coast Guard (1958–1961)[20]

Carl B. Olsen 1928

Rear Admiral; Commander of the 8th Coast Guard District[21]

Edwin J. Roland 1929

Admiral; 12th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1962-1966); 7th Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard (1962)

Allen Winbeck 1929

Rear Admiral; Commander of the 13th and 12th Coast Guard Districts[22]

A. J. Carpenter 1933

Rear Admiral; Commander of the 11th and 3rd Coast Guard Districts[23]

John Birdsell Oren 1933

Rear Admiral; Chief of Engineering[24]

Willard J. Smith 1933

Admiral; 13th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1966-1970)

Chester R. Bender 1936

Admiral; 14th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1970-1974)

Arthur B. Engel 1938

Rear Admiral; Superintendent of the Coast Guard Academy (1967–1970)[25]

Benjamin F. Engel 1938

Vice Admiral; Commander of the 14th and 3rd Coast Guard Districts[26]

Thomas R. Sargent III 1938

Vice Admiral; 11th Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard (1970–1974)[27]

Ellis L. Perry 1941

Vice Admiral; 12th Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard (1974–1978)[28]

Owen W. Siler 1943

Admiral; 15th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1974-1978)

G. William Miller 1945

Chairman of the Federal Reserve (1978–1979); United States Secretary of the Treasury (1979–1981)[29]

John B. Hayes 1947

Admiral; 16th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1978–1982)[30]

Robert A. Duin 1948

Rear Admiral; Commander of the 17th Coast Guard District[31]

James S. Gracey 1949

Admiral; 17th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1982–1986)

Sidney A. Wallace 1949

Rear Admiral; Chief of Public and International Affairs (1975–1977)[32]

Benedict L. Stabile 1950

Vice Admiral; 14th Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard

Paul A. Yost, Jr. 1951

Admiral; 18th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1986–1990)

Robert S. Lucas 1952

Rear Admiral; Commander of the 17th Coast Guard District[33]

James C. Irwin 1953

Vice Admiral; 15th Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard

Theodore J. Wojnar 1953

Rear Admiral; Commander of the 13th Coast Guard District[34]

William P. Kozlovsky 1954

Rear Admiral; Commander of the 14th Coast Guard District[35]

Clyde T. Lusk 1954

Vice Admiral; 16th Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard

J. William Kime 1957

Admiral; 19th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1990–1994)

Robert T. Nelson 1958

Vice Admiral; 18th Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard

William J. Ecker 1960

Rear Admiral; Commander of the 2nd and 5th Coast Guard Districts[36]

Richard A. Appelbaum 1961

Rear Admiral; Chief of Law Enforcement and Defense Operations[37]

Robert E. Kramek 1961

Admiral; 20th Commandant of the Coast Guard (1994–1998)

Arthur E. Henn 1962

Vice Admiral; 19th Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard

James C. Card 1964

Vice Admiral; 21st Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard

Richard D. Herr 1964

Vice Admiral; 20th Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard

James Loy 1964

Admiral; 21st Commandant of the Coast Guard (1998–2002); 2nd Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration (2002–2003); United States Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security (2003–2005); Acting Secretary United States Department of Homeland Security (2005)[38]

Paul M. Blayney 1965

Rear Admiral; Commander of the Thirteenth Coast Guard District[39]

Thomas H. Collins 1968

Admiral; 22nd Commandant of the Coast Guard (2002–2006); guided the Coast Guard after the terrorist attacks of 9/11; 22nd Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard (2000-2002)

John T. Tozzi 1968

Rear Admiral; Director of Information and Technology (1996–1997)[40]

Terry M. Cross 1970

Vice Admiral; 24th Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard

Thad Allen 1971

Admiral; Principal Federal Official for the response to Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Rita and National Incident Commander for the response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf Coast region; 23rd Commandant of the Coast Guard (2006–2010)[41]

Charles D. Wurster 1971

Vice Admiral; national commodore of the Sea Scouting division of the Boy Scouts of America[42]

Erroll M. Brown 1972

Rear Admiral; First African-American Coast Guard flag officer[43]

Bruce E. Melnick 1972

Commander; First Coast Guard astronaut[44]

Timothy S. Sullivan 1975

Rear Admiral; Senior Military Advisor and Operational Advisor to the United States Secretary of Homeland Security; Primary Military Coordinator between the United States Department of Homeland Security and United States Department of Defense[45]

Robert J. Papp, Jr. 1975

Admiral; 24th Commandant of the Coast Guard (2010–2014)[46]

David Pekoske 1977

Vice Admiral; 26th Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard

Paul F. Zukunft 1977

Admiral; 25th and current Commandant of the Coast Guard (2014 – present)

Sandra L. Stosz 1982

Vice Admiral; first female Academy graduate to achieve flag rank;[47] former Superintendent of the United States Coast Guard Academy; first woman to command a United States military service academy.[48]

Stephen E. Flynn 1982

Ph.D.; author; chair at the Council on Foreign Relations[49]

Daniel C. Burbank 1985

Captain; second Coast Guard astronaut[50]

Charles D. Michel 1985

Vice Admiral; 30th and current Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard

U.S. Coast Guard Museum

The U.S. Coast Guard Museum is located in Waesche Hall on the grounds of the United States Coast Guard Academy. The museum's artifacts reflect the history of the U.S. Coast Guard and include ship models, carved figureheads, cannons, uniforms, medals, weapons, memorabilia and paintings.[51] Visitors must bring a government-issued photo identification to enter the campus, and international visitors must make an appointment with the Curator before visiting the museum.[52]

See also

References

  1. ↑ The commitment is normally five years of active duty. Non-graduates cadets must be in the inactive ready reserve for the duration they were at the academy.
  2. ↑ "US Coast Guard Academy - Marine Engineering & Architecture Education". EduMaritime.com.
  3. ↑ U. S. Coast Guard Academy, "The Coast Guard Academy in Brief" (2009)
  4. 1 2 Johnson, Paul H. (May–June 1970). "The Academy at Fort Trumbull: Part Two 1920-1932". The Bulletin 32 (3): 25.
  5. ↑ "A Historical Chronology", African-Americans in Coast Guard History, U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office
  6. ↑ "The Class of 1980". Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  7. ↑ Cadet Mission Statement, United States Coast Guard Academy.
  8. ↑ United States Coast Guard Academy (at a glance), from U.S. News & World Report.
  9. ↑ Academics, United States Coast Guard Academy.
  10. ↑ Cadet Life: Summer Training, United States Coast Guard Academy.
  11. ↑ "Midshipmen Pay and Benefits". U.S. Naval Academy. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  12. ↑ The United States Coast Guard Academy. A Brief History.
  13. ↑ "USAFA Curriculum - Service Academy Exchange Program". usafa.edu.
  14. ↑ "Hall of Heroes". United States Coast Guard Academy. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  15. ↑ "Commodore Philip F. Roach, USCG" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
  16. ↑ "Joseph Stika". Military Times.com. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
  17. ↑ "Commander Elmer Fowler Stone, USCG". United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  18. ↑ "Vice Admiral Lyndon Spencer Biographical Sketch" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2011-05-24.
  19. ↑ "Rear Admiral Harold G. Bradbury, USCG" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
  20. ↑ "Rear Admiral Edward H. Thiele" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
  21. ↑ "Rear Admiral Carl B. Olsen" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2014-04-25.
  22. ↑ "Rear Admiral Allen Winbeck, USCG" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
  23. ↑ "Rear Admiral Albert J. Carpenter Biographical Sketch" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
  24. ↑ "John Birdsell Oren". Arlington Cemetery.net. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  25. ↑ "Rear Admiral Arthur B. Engel" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
  26. ↑ "Vice Admiral Benjamin F. Engel, USCG" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
  27. ↑ "Vice Admiral Thomas R. Sargent III" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
  28. ↑ "Vice Admiral Ellis L. Perry, USCG" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
  29. ↑ Bernstein, Adam (20 March 2006). "Obituary: Fed Chairman G. William Miller, 81". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
  30. ↑ "John B. Hayes". United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
  31. ↑ "Rear Admiral Robert A. Duin" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
  32. ↑ "Rear Admiral Sidney A. Wallace" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
  33. ↑ "Rear Admiral Robert S. Lucas" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2014-04-25.
  34. ↑ "Rear Admiral Theodore J. Wojnar" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
  35. ↑ "Rear Admiral William Patrick Kozlovsky" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2014-04-24.
  36. ↑ "Rear Admiral William J. Ecker" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
  37. ↑ "Rear Admiral Richard A. Appelbaum" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2011-05-24.
  38. ↑ "James M. Loy". Cohen Group. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  39. ↑ "Rear Admiral Paul M. Blayney". United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
  40. ↑ "Rear Admiral John T. Tozzi" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
  41. ↑ White, Josh (7 September 2005). "Coast Guard's Chief of Staff To Assist FEMA Head Brown". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  42. ↑ Hobart, Phelps. "PCR representatives attend Coast Guard Change of Command". Navy League of the United States. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
  43. ↑ "Rear Admiral Erroll Brown, USCG". United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  44. ↑ "BRUCE E. MELNICK". NASA. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  45. ↑ "Timothy S. Sullivan". Irish Central.com. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  46. ↑ "Admiral Robert J. Papp, Jr." (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  47. ↑ The Coast Guard Academy began admitting women in 1976 and Stosz was in the third graduating class to contain women (Connie Braesch, Guardian of the Week – RDML Sandra Stosz, Coast Guard Compass, 2009 December 4 [accessed 2010 September 11]).
  48. ↑ "First woman to take helm of a U.S. military academy". United States Coast Guard Academy Media Port. 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
  49. ↑ "Stephen Flynn - CISAC". Stanford University. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  50. ↑ "Daniel C. Burbank (CAPTAIN, USCG)". NASA. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  51. ↑ "US Coast Guard Museum". US Coast Guard Historians Office. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  52. ↑ "Visiting the U.S. Coast Guard". US Coast Guard Historians Office. Retrieved 11 April 2013.

Further reading

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