Uman

For other uses, see Uman (disambiguation).
Uman
Умань
City

Flag
Coat of arms
Uman

Location of Uman

Uman
Coordinates: 48°45′0″N 30°13′0″E / 48.75000°N 30.21667°E / 48.75000; 30.21667Coordinates: 48°45′0″N 30°13′0″E / 48.75000°N 30.21667°E / 48.75000; 30.21667
Country
Oblast
Municipality		 Ukraine
Cherkasy Oblast
Uman
Founded 1616
Magdeburg rights 1760
Government
 • Mayor Oleksandr Tsebriy
Area
 • Total 41 km2 (16 sq mi)
Elevation 166 m (545 ft)
Population (2010)
 • Total 86 911 [1]
 • Density 2,154/km2 (5,580/sq mi)
Postal code 20300
Area code(s) +380 4744

Uman (Ukrainian: Умань, Polish: Humań) is a city located in the Cherkasy Oblast (province) in central Ukraine, to the east of Vinnytsia. Located in the historical region of the eastern Podolia, the city rests on the banks of the Umanka River at around 48°45′N 30°13′E / 48.750°N 30.217°E / 48.750; 30.217, and serves as the self-governing administrative center of the Uman Raion (district).

Among Ukrainians, Uman is known for its depiction of the haidamak rebellions in Taras Shevchenko's longest of poems, Haidamaky ("The Haidamaks", 1843).[2] The city is also a pilgrimage site for Breslov Hasidic Jews and a major center of gardening research containing the dendrological park Sofiyivka and the University of Gardening.

Uman (Humań) was a privately-owned city of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History

Uman was first mentioned in historical documents in 1616, when it was under Polish rule.[3] It was part of the Bracław Voivodeship of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown. Its role at this time was as a defensive fort to withstand Tatar raids, containing a prominent Cossack regiment that was stationed within the town. In 1648 it was taken from the Poles by Ivan Hanzha, colonel to Cossack leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky, and Uman was converted to the administrative center of cossack regiment for the region.[3] Poland retook Uman in 1667, after which the town was deserted by many of its residents who fled eastward to Left-bank Ukraine.[3] From 1670–1674, Uman was a residence to the Hetman of right-bank Ukraine.

Under the ownership of the Potocki family of Polish nobles (1726–1832) Uman grew in economic and cultural importance. A Basilian monastery and school were established in this time.[3]

The Uman region was site of haidamaky uprisings in 1734, 1750, and 1768.[3] Notably during the latter, Cossack rebels Maksym Zalizniak and Ivan Gonta captured Uman during the Koliyivshchyna uprising against Polish rule. During this revolt, a massacre took place against Jews, Poles and Ukrainian Uniates.[3] On the very first day large numbers of Ukrainians deserted the ranks of Polish forces and joined the rebels when the city was surrounded. Thousands from the surrounding areas fled to the Cossack garrison in Uman for protection. The military commander of Uman, Mladanovich, betrayed the city's Jews and allowed the pursuing Cossacks in, in exchange for clemency towards the Polish population. In the span of three days estimated 20,000 Poles and Jews were slain with extreme cruelty, according to numerous Polish sources, with one source[4] giving an estimate of 2,000 casualties. Uman's modern coat-of-arms commemorates the event depicting a "Koliy" rebel armed with a spear.

With the 1793 Third Partition of Poland, Uman became part of the Russian Empire and a number of aristocratic residences were built there. In 1795 Uman became a povit/uezd center in Voznesensk Governorate, and in 1797, in Kiev Governorate.[3]

Into the 20th century, Uman was linked by rail to Kiev and Odessa, leading to rapid development of its industrial sector.[3] Its population grew from 10,100 in 1860 to 29,900 in 1900 and over 50,000 in 1914.[3] According to the Russian census of 1897, Uman with a population of 31,016 was the second largest city of Podolia after Kamianets-Podilskyi.

In 1941, the Battle of Uman took place in the vicinity of the town, where the German army encircled Soviet positions. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini visited Uman in 1941.

Uman was occupied by German forces from August 1, 1941 to March 10, 1944.

Today the city has optical and farm-machinery plants, a cannery, a brewery, a vitamin factory, a sewing factory, a footwear factory, and other industrial enterprises. Its highest educational institutions are the Uman National University of Horticulture and the Uman State Pedagogical University. The main architectural monuments are the catacombs of the old fortress, the Basilian monastery (1764), the city hall (1780–2), the Dormition Roman Catholic church in the Classicist style (1826), and 19th-century trading stalls.[3]

Sofiyivsky Park in Uman

Uman's landmark is a famous park complex, Sofiyivka (Софiївка; Polish: Zofiówka), founded in 1796 by Count Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki, a Polish noble, who named it for his wife Sofia. The park features a number of waterfalls and narrow, arching stone bridges crossing the streams and scenic ravines.

Jewish community

A large Jewish community lived in Uman in the 18th and 19th centuries. During the Second World War, in 1941, the Battle of Uman took place in the vicinity of the town, where the German army encircled Soviet positions. The Germans deported the entire Jewish community, murdering some 17,000 Jews,[5] and completely destroyed the Jewish cemetery, burial place of the victims of the 1768 uprising as well as Rebbe Nachman of Breslov. (After the war, a Breslov Hasid managed to locate the Rebbe's grave and preserved it when the Soviets turned the entire area into a housing project.[5])

Since the 1990s there has been a small, but growing, Jewish population in Uman, concentrated around Rebbe Nachman of Breslov tomb in Pushkina street. The local Jews are mostly involved in pilgrimage of Jewish tourists that arrive to the town.

Pilgrimage to Rebbe Nachman's grave

Tomb of Nachman of Breslov

Every Rosh Hashana, there is a major pilgrimage by tens of thousands of Hasidim and others from around the world to the burial site of Rebbe Nachman of Breslov, located on the former site of the Jewish cemetery in a rebuilt synagogue.[6] Rebbe Nachman spent the last five months of his life in Uman,[7] and specifically requested to be buried here. As believed by the Breslov Hassidim, before his death he solemnly promised to intercede on behalf of anyone who would come to pray on his grave on Rosh Hashana, "be he the worst of sinners"; thus, a pilgrimage to this grave provides the best chance of getting unscathed through the stern judgement which, according to Jewish faith, God passes on everybody on Yom Kippur.[8]

The Rosh Hashana pilgrimage dates back to 1811, when the Rebbe's foremost disciple, Nathan of Breslov, organized the first such pilgrimage on the Rosh Hashana after the Rebbe's death. The annual pilgrimage attracted hundreds of Hasidim from Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Poland throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, until the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 sealed the border between Russia and Poland. A handful of Soviet Hasidim continued to make the pilgrimage clandestinely; some were discovered by the KGB and exiled to Siberia, where they died. The pilgrimage ceased during World War II and resumed on a drastically smaller scale in 1948. From the 1960s until the fall of Communism in 1989, several hundred American and Israeli Hasidim made their way to Uman, both legally and illegally, to pray at the grave of Rebbe Nachman. In 1988, the Soviets allowed 250 men to visit the Rebbe's grave for Rosh Hashana; the following year, over 1,000 Hasidim gathered in Uman for Rosh Hashana 1989. In 1990, 2,000 Hasidim attended.[5][9] In 2008, attendance reached 25,000 men and boys.[10] In 2009, over 25,000 Jews came on Israeli El Al chartered flights.

Controversy

The pilgrimage has drawn protests from residents due to the large influx of visitors from Israel who arrive, and the strain on security and utility that occurs.[11] Common complaints from residents relate to the loud noise, rowdiness, widespread drinking, and general aggressiveness the pilgrims cause.[12]

On September 10, 2010, several cases of violence and riots broke out among Hasidic pilgrims after members of the Jewish Evangelical Church arrived from Odessa to preach their faith. They were met with violent backlash from Hasidim pilgrims who objected.[13]

In clashes with locals, cases of Hasidim provoking riots occurred. In one instance, pilgrims staying in a residential tower began tossing rocks and bottles from above onto a car, and when at one point a local policeman’s hat was knocked off, police with German Shepherds were called to scatter the crowd.[12] One woman from Uman who had leased her apartment to Hasidim pilgrims threatened to phone the police due to the excessive noise, when a neighbour came to aid in the situation and call the police for help, the Hasidim assaulted the man and chased him into the streets. A passer-by who came to the defense of the victim was also assaulted. Both men were hospitalized as a result of the attacks.[13] Two Ukrainians were stabbed by the Hasidim.[14]

On September 13, 2010, ten Hasidic pilgrims were deported back to Israel and banned from Ukraine for five years for disrupting public order and causing bodily harm to citizens. Three more were also under investigation.[13] Later, on September 26, 2010, an Israeli Hasid was stabbed and killed in an altercation that broke out following the vandalism of a car owned by Jews. In pursuing the vandals, who allegedly were retaliating for the recent stabbing and wounding of a local Ukrainian by an Israeli, the man was stabbed and his brother injured.[15][16]

An Israeli police officer sent to the proceedings to monitor security commented, explaining that “people get drunk and act crazy in the streets, go out to pubs and hit on women and harass them. They do all types of things that they would never do in Israel, but they come out here and feel like they can do it.”[17]

On September 25, 2011, a protest rally of about 100 people was held by the nationalist All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda" to demand 'stricter legal and sanitary controls on pilgrims' and better regulation of Hasidim pilgrims in the interest of risks to local security and health.[18]

On September 8, 2013, three Israeli police officers were deported after getting involved in a bar brawl during the Rosh Hashanah gathering in Uman.[19] In September 2014, a statement issued by the association of Breslov rabbis called on women to cease visiting the gravesite because the presence of women could detract from the sacredness of prayers said by male worshippers. According to the statement the increasing presence of women has created a "huge spiritual interruption."[20]

In the 2014 pilgrimage, organizers were fined $15,000 by the city of Uman for illegally operating a "tent city" to house 2,500 pilgrims.[21]

The controversy is the subject of the 2015 documentary film, The Dybbuk. A Tale of Wandering Souls.[22]

Gallery

See also

Twin towns - Sister cities

Uman is twinned with:


Sources

Bibliography

References

  1. ↑ "World Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30.
  2. ↑ Magocsi, A History of Ukraine, 1996, p297
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Uman". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
  4. ↑ Paul Robert Magocsi "A History of Ukraine", Univ. of Washington Press 1996, p.300
  5. 1 2 3 "Uman! Uman! Rosh HaShanah! A guide to Rebbe Nachman's Rosh HaShanah in Uman".
  6. ↑ David M. Gitlitz & Linda Kay Davidson Pilgrimage and the Jews (Westport: CT: Praeger, 2006), 115-117.
  7. ↑ Kaplan, Aryeh (1985). "Until the Mashiach: Rabbi Nachman's biography: an annotated chronology". Jerusalem/New York: Breslov Research Institute. Chapter 24: Uman 5570 (1810).
  8. ↑ "Anyone in the world, be he the worst and most corrupt of sinners, would he come to my grave, give a penny to charity on my behalf and chant the Ten Mizmorim, then would I overturn the very Heavens on his behalf, and from the Most High of Heights would I descend to the Deepest Depths of Hell, to pull him out" (Breslov website (Hebrew) ).
  9. ↑ See the article "A New Phase in Jewish-Ukrainian Relations" by Mitsuharo Akao; bibliographical details at informaworld.com
  10. ↑ "Hasidic Jews celebrate holiday in Uman" Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 2008-10-02. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
  11. ↑ "In Uman Hasidic march against tyranny".
  12. 1 2 Hartman, Ben. "Uman: Riot erupts between pilgrims and Ukranian police - Jewish World - Jerusalem Post". Jpost.com. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
  13. 1 2 3 Interfax-Ukraine. "Ten Hasidic pilgrims deported from Ukraine". Kyiv Post.
  14. ↑ Tuchynska, Svitlana (Sep 17, 2010). "Hasidic Jews make pilgrimage to Uman, but locals complain". Kyiv Post.
  15. ↑ Breslov Hasid murdered in Uman ynetnews.com
  16. ↑ "Yanukovych orders to control investigation into murder of Israeli citizen in Uman". Kyiv Post. Sep 27, 2010.
  17. ↑ Hartman, Ben. "Uman: Riot erupts between pilgrims and Ukrainian police". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  18. ↑ Reuters (25 September 2011). "Ukrainian nationalists protest over Jewish pilgrims". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
  19. ↑ Reback, Gedalyah (2013-09-08). "Israeli cops sent home after Uman bar fight". Timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
  20. ↑ "Women asked not to visit Breslov rabbi's grave - Israel Jewish Scene, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
  21. ↑ Reback, Gedalyah (2014-09-25). "Uman fines Jewish community for pilgrims’ unlicensed tent city". Timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
  22. ↑ ""A TALE OF WANDERING SOULS" - INTERVIEW WITH KRZYSZTOF KOPCZYŃSKI". Polish Docs. 29 May 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  23. ↑ "Sõpruslinnad" (in Estonian). Haapsalu. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  24. ↑ "Łańcut Official Website - Foreign contacts". (in English) © 2008 Urząd Miejski w Łańcucie, Plac Sobieskiego 18, 37-100 Łańcut. Retrieved 2008-11-20.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uman.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Uman.
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