Acacia

For Acacia in the broader sense, see Acacia sensu lato.
Acacia
A. farnesia, foliage and flower head
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Mimosoideae
Tribe: Acacieae
Genus: Acacia
Miller, 1754
Type species
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile,
typified by Britton & Brown (1913:735)[1]
Species[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

147; see text.

Synonyms[9]
  • Acacia subg. Acacia Vassal
  • Acaciopsis Britton & Rose
  • Aldina E.Mey.
  • Bahamia Britton & Rose
  • Delaportea Gagnepain
  • Farnesia Gasparrini
  • Feracacia Britton & Rose
  • Fishlockia Britton & Rose
  • Gumifera Raf.
  • Lucaya Britton & Rose
  • Myrmecodendron Britton & Rose
  • Nimiria Craib
  • Pithecodendron Speg.
  • Poponax Raf.
  • Protoacacia Mill.
  • Tauroceras Britton & Rose

Acacia (/əˈkeɪʃə/ or /əˈkeɪsiə/) is a monophyletic genus[10] of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae, commonly known as thorn trees or shittah trees. The genus name is derived via Latin from ancient Greek ακακία (akakia). It was the name used by Theophrastus and Dioscorides to denote thorn trees,[11] the word root being ἀκίς (akis)[12] or ἀκή (akḗ),[13] meaning "thorn" and "point" respectively.[14][15] Before discovery of the New World, Europeans in the Mediterranean region were familiar with several species of Acacia, which they knew as sources of medicine, and had names for them that they inherited from the Greeks and Romans.[11]

The wide-ranging genus occurs in a variety of open, tropical to subtropical habitats, and is locally dominant.[16] In parts of Africa, Acacias are shaped progressively by grazing animals of increasing size and height, such as gazelle, gerenuk and giraffe. The genus in Africa has thus developed thorns in defence against such herbivory.[17] They belong to the subfamily Mimosoideae, the major clades of which may have formed in response to drying trends and fire regimes that accompanied increased seasonality during the late Oligocene to early Miocene (∼25 mya).[18] Pedley (1978), following Vassal (1972), viewed Acacia as comprising three large subgenera, but subsequently (1986) raised the rank of these groups to genera Acacia, Senegalia (s.l.) and Racosperma,[10][19][20] which was underpinned by later genetic studies.[3][6] The International Code of Nomenclature provides that under the rules, if Acacia is dismantled, then the name Acacia follows the type.[9][21][22]

Description

They are trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, and are always armed. Younger plants, especially, are armed with spines which are modified stipules, situated near the leaf bases. Some (cf. A. tortilis, A. hebeclada, A. luederitzii and A. reficiens) are also armed with paired, recurved prickles (in addition to the spines).[23] The leaves are alternate and bipinnately arranged, and their pinnae are usually opposite. The racemose inflorescences usually grow from the leaf axils. The yellow or creamy white flowers are produced in spherical heads, or seldom in elongate spikes, which is the general rule in the related genus Senegalia. The flowers are typically bisexual with numerous stamens, but unisexual flowers have been noted in A. nilotica (cf. Sinha, 1971).[24] The calyx and corolla are usually 4 to 5-lobed. Glands are usually present on the rhachis and the upper side of the petiole. The seed pod may be straight, curved or curled, and either dehiscent or indehiscent.[23]

Species list

Of the 163 species, 52 are native to the Americas, 83 to Africa, Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 32 to Asia and 9 to Australasia and the Pacific Islands.[25]

  • Acacia abyssinica Hochst. ex. Benth.—Flat top acacia
    • subsp. abyssinica Hochst. ex. Benth.
    • subsp. calophylla Brenan
  • Acacia acuifera Benth.—Bahama acacia, Cassip, Pork-and-doughboy, (Bahamas) Rosewood
  • Acacia albicortata Burkart
  • Acacia allenii D.H.Janzen—Allen acacia
  • Acacia amythethophylla Steud. ex A.Rich.
  • Acacia ancistroclada Brenan
  • Acacia anegadensis Britton—Anegada acacia, Blackbrush-wattle, Pokemeboy
  • Acacia antunesii Harms
  • Acacia arenaria Schinz—Sand acacia
  • Acacia aroma Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.
  • Acacia astringens (Gillies in Hook. et Arn.) Speg.
  • Acacia baessleri Clarke, Siegler & Ebinger
  • Acacia barahonensis Urb. & Ekman
  • Acacia bavazzanoi Pichi-Sermolli
  • Acacia belairoides Urb.—Bellair acacia
  • Acacia biaciculata S. Watson
  • Acacia bidwillii Benth.—Corkwood wattle, Dogwood
  • Acacia bilimekii J. Macbr.
  • Acacia borleae Burtt Davy—Sticky acacia
  • Acacia brandegeana I. M. Johnst.—Baja California acacia
  • Acacia bravoensis Isely
  • Acacia bricchettiana Chiov.
  • Acacia bucheri Marie-Victorín—Bucher acacia
  • Acacia bullockii Brenan
    • var. bullockii Brenan
    • var. induta Brenan
  • Acacia burttii Bak. f.
  • Acacia bussei Harms ex Sjöstedt
  • Acacia californica Brandegee
  • Acacia campechiana Mill.—Boat-thorn acacia, Spoon-thorn acacia
    • f. campechiana Mill.
    • f. houghii Britton & Rose
  • Acacia caurina Barneby & Zanoni
  • Acacia caven Molina
  • Acacia cernua Thulin & Hassan
  • Acacia chiapensis Saff.—Chiapas acacia
  • Acacia choriophylla Benth.—Cinnecord acacia, Florida acacia, (Bahamas) Cinnecord
  • Acacia clarksoniana Pedley
  • Acacia collinsii Saff.—Collins acacia
  • Acacia constricta Benth.—Whitethorn acacia, Mescat acacia
  • Acacia cookii Saff.—Cook acacia, Cockspur acacia
  • Acacia constricta Benth.—Whitethorn acacia
  • Acacia cornigera L.—Bullhorn wattle, Bull's-horn acacia, Bull-horn thorn, Oxhorn acacia
  • Acacia cucuyo Barneby & Zanoni—Cucuyo acacia
  • Acacia curvifructa Burkart
  • Acacia daemon Ekman & Urb.—Camagüey acacia
  • Acacia davyi N.E.Br.—Corky-bark acacia
  • Acacia ditricha Pedley
  • Acacia dolichocephala Harms
  • Acacia douglasica Pedley
  • Acacia drepanolobium Harms ex Sjöstedt—Whistling thorn
  • Acacia dyeri P.P.Swartz[26]
  • Acacia eburnea (L.f.) Willd.
  • Acacia ebutsiniorum P.J.H.Hurter—Ebutsini acacia
  • Acacia edgeworthii T.Anders.
  • Acacia elatior Brenan
    • subsp. elatior Brenan
    • subsp. turkanae Brenan
  • Acacia erioloba E.Mey.—Camel thorn
  • Acacia erythrophloea Brenan
  • Acacia etbaica Schweinf.
    • subsp. australis Brenan
    • subsp. etbaica Schweinf.
    • subsp. platycarpa Brenan
    • subsp. uncinata Brenan
  • Acacia exuvialis Verdoorn—Flaky-bark acacia
  • Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.
    • var. farnesiana (L.) Willd.
    • var. guanacastensis H.D.Clarke et al.
    • var. minuta M.E.Jones
    • var. pinetorum F.J.Herm.—Pineland wattle
  • Acacia fischeri Harms
  • Acacia flava Forssk.
  • Acacia gentlei Standley—Gentle acacia
  • Acacia gerrardii Benth.—Red acacia
    • var. calvescens Brenan
    • var. gerrardii Benth.
    • var. latisiliqua Brenan
  • Acacia glandulifera S.Watson
  • Acacia globulifera Saff.—Globular acacia
  • Acacia grandicornuta Gerstner—Horned-thorn acacia
  • Acacia guanacastensis (H.D. Clarke, Seigler & Ebinger) Ebinger & Seigler
  • Acacia gummifera Willd.—Gum-bearing acacia
  • Acacia haematoxylon Willd.—Gray camel thorn, Giraffe thorn[27]
  • Acacia harmandiana (Pierre) Gagnep.
  • Acacia hebeclada DC.—Candle-pod acacia
    • subsp. chobiensis O.B.Miller
    • subsp. hebeclada DC.
    • subsp. tristis A.Schreiber
  • Acacia hindsii Benth.—Hinds acacia
  • Acacia hockii De Wild.
  • Acacia horrida L.—Long white-galled acacia
    • subsp. benadirensis Chiov.
    • subsp. horrida L.
  • Acacia inopinata (Prain) Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger
  • Acacia insulae-iacobi L.Riley
  • Acacia janzenii Ebinger & Seigler—Janzen acacia
  • Acacia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Galasso—Sweet-thorn acacia, Karroo bush[26]
  • Acacia kingii (Prain) Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger
  • Acacia kirkii Oliv.—Flood plain acacia
    • subsp. kirkii Oliv.
      • var. kirkii Oliv.
      • var. sublaevis Brenan
    • subsp. mildbraedii Harms
  • Acacia koltermanii R. García, M. Mejía, Ebinger, & Seigler[28]
  • Acacia kosiensis P.P.Sw. ex Coates Palgr.—Dune acacia, Dune sweet-thorn[26]
  • Acacia lahai Steud. & Hochst. ex Benth.—Red-thorn acacia
  • Acacia lasiopetala Oliv.—Natal camel thorn
  • Acacia latispina J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows
  • Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd.—Pilang
    • var. leucophloea (Roxb.)
    • var. microcephala (Kurz)
  • Acacia leucospira Brenan
  • Acacia luederitzii Engl.—Bastard umbrella thorn
    • var. luederitzii Engl.—Kalahari-sand acacia
    • var. retinens Sim—Balloon-thorn acacia
  • Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.—Long-spined acacia, French casha, Porknut, Cambrón, (Jamaica) Parknut, (Virgin Islands) Wild tamarind, (Netherlands Antilles) Creole casha, Spanish casha, Steel acacia, (Virgin Islands) Stink casha
  • Acacia macrothyrsa Harms
  • Acacia malacocephala Harms—Black-galled acacia
  • Acacia mayana Lundell—Maya acacia
  • Acacia mbuluensis Brenan—Hairy-galled acacia
  • Acacia melanoceras Beurl.—Blackthorn acacia, Bullhorn acacia
  • Acacia myaingii Lace
  • Acacia natalitia E.Mey.—Pale-bark acacia, Pale-bark sweet thorn[26]
  • Acacia nebrownii Burtt Davy—Water acacia, Water thorn
  • Acacia negrii Pichi-Sermolli
  • Acacia neovernicosa Isely—Viscid acacia
  • Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile—Scented-pod acacia, Gum arabic tree, Babul, Amrad gum, Thorny mimosa of India
  • Acacia nubica Benth.
  • Acacia oerfota Forssk
    • var. brevifolia Boulos
    • var. oerfota Forssk
  • Acacia origena Hunde
  • Acacia ormocarpoides P.J.H.Hurter
  • Acacia oviedoensis R. García & M. Mejía
  • Acacia pacensis Rudd & Carter
  • Acacia pachyphloia Maiden & W.Fitzg.
    • subsp. brevipinnula Tindale & Kodela
    • subsp. pachyphloia W. Fitzg.
  • Acacia pallidifolia Tindale
  • Acacia paolii Chiov.
    • subsp. paolii Chiov.
    • subsp. paucijuga Brenan
  • Acacia pennatula Schltdl. & Cham.—Feather acacia
    • var. parvicephala Seigler & Ebinger
    • var. pennatula Schltdl. & Cham.
  • Acacia permixta Burtt Davy—Slender acacia
  • Acacia pilispina Pichi-Sermolli—Mpande
  • Acacia polypyrigenes Greenm.
  • Acacia prasinata Hunde
  • Acacia pringlei Rose—Pringle acacia
    • var. californica —California Pringle acacia
    • var. pringlei —Typical Pringle acacia
  • Acacia pseudofistula Harms—Ant-galled acacia
  • Acacia pycnantha Benth.—Golden wattle
  • Acacia qandalensis Thulin
  • Acacia quintanilhae Torre
  • Acacia reficiens Wawra—Red-bark acacia
    • subsp. misera Vatke
    • subsp. reficiens Wawra
  • Acacia rehmanniana Schinz—Silky acacia
  • Acacia retinodes Schltdl.—swamp wattle
  • Acacia rigidula Benth.—Blackbrush acacia
  • Acacia robbertsei P.P.Swartz—Sekhukhune acacia[26]
  • Acacia robusta Burch.—Splendid acacia
    • subsp. clavigera E.Mey.—River acacia
    • subsp. robusta Burch.—Robust acacia
    • subsp. usambarensis Taub.
  • Acacia roigii Léon—Roig acacia
  • Acacia rorudiana Christopherson—Galapagos acacia
  • Acacia rovumae Oliv.—Large coastal acacia
  • Acacia ruddiae D.H.Janzen—Rudd acacia
  • Acacia schaffneri (S.Watson) F.J.Herm.—Schaffner's wattle, Twisted acacia
    • var. bravoensis Isely
    • var. schaffneri
  • Acacia schottii Torr.—Schott's wattle
  • Acacia schweinfurthii Brenan & Exell—River climbing acacia
  • Acacia sekhukhuniensis P.J.H.Hurter—Sekhukhune thorn
  • Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.—Sudan gum arabic
    • var. leiorachis —Slender three-hook acacia
    • var. rostrata —Bushy three-hook acacia
  • Acacia seyal Delile—White whistling thorn
    • var. fistula Schweinf.
    • var. seyal Delile
  • Acacia sieberiana DC.—Paperbark acacia, Paperbark thorn
    • var. sieberiana DC.
    • var. villosa A.Chev.
    • var. woodii Burtt Davy
  • Acacia sphaerocephala Schltdl. & Cham.—Roundhead acacia, Bee wattle
  • Acacia stuhlmannii Taub.—Olive-barked thorn, Vlei acacia
  • Acacia suberosa A. Cunn. ex Benth.—Corkybark wattle
  • Acacia sutherlandii F. Muell.—Corkwood wattle
  • Acacia swazica Burtt Davy—Swazi acacia
  • Acacia tenuispina Verdoorn—Turf acacia
  • Acacia tephrophylla Thulin
  • Acacia theronii P.P.Swartz[26]
  • Acacia tirion Najma Dh.—Riverine acacia
  • Acacia tomentosa Willd.—Klampis
  • Acacia torrei Brenan—Mozambique sticky thorn
  • Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne—Umbrella thorn, Umbrella acacia
    • subsp. heteracantha (Burch.) Brenan
    • subsp. raddiana (Savi) Brenan
      • var. pubescens A.Chev.
      • var. raddiana Savi
    • subsp. spirocarpa (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Brenan
      • var. crinita Chiov.
      • var. spirocarpa (Hochst. ex. A.Rich.) Brenan
    • subsp. tortilis (Forssk.) Galasso & Banfi
  • Acacia tortuosa L.—Twisted acacia, Acacia bush, Casia, Catclaw, Dutch casha, Huisachillo, Rio Grande acacia, Sweet briar, Sweet-briar, Wild poponax
  • Acacia turnbulliana Brenan—Velvet pod acacia
  • Acacia valida Tindale & Kodela
  • Acacia villaregalis McVaugh
  • Acacia walwalensis Gilliland
  • Acacia xanthophloea (Benth.) P.J.H.Hurter—Fever tree
  • Acacia zanzibarica S.Moore—Coastal whistling thorn
    • var. microphylla Brenan
    • var. zanzibarica S.Moore
  • Acacia zapatensis Urb. & Ekman

Incertae sedis

The following species are suspected to belong to Acacia.[7]

Hybrids

References

  1. ↑ Carruthers, Jane; Robin, Libby (February 2010). "Taxonomic imperialism in the battles for Acacia: Identity and science in South Africa and Australia". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 65 (1): 48–64. doi:10.1080/00359191003652066. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  2. ↑ Seigler DS, Ebinger JE. (2005). "New combinations in the genus Vachellia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) from the New World.". Phytologia 87 (3): 139–78.
  3. 1 2 Kyalangalilwa B, Boatwright JS, Daru BH, Maurin O, van der Bank M. (2013). "Phylogenetic position and revised classification of Acacia s.l. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in Vachellia and Senegalia.". Bot J Linn Soc 172 (4): 500–523. doi:10.1111/boj.12047.
  4. ↑ Seigler DS, Ebinger JE. (2010). "New Combinations in Senegalia and Vachellia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae)." (PDF). Phytologia 92 (1): 92–95.
  5. ↑ Maslin BR, Seigler DS, Ebinger J. (2013). "New combinations in Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) for Southeast Asia and China.". Blumea 58 (1): 39–44. doi:10.3767/000651913X669914.
  6. 1 2 Clarke HD, Seigler DS, Ebinger JE. (2009). "Taxonomic Revision of the Acacia acuifera Species Group (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in the Caribbean.". Syst Bot 34 (1): 84–101. doi:10.1600/036364409787602285.
  7. 1 2 Maslin B. "List of Acacia sensu lato species". World Wide Wattle. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  8. ↑ Kodela PG, Wilson PG (2006). "New combinations in the genus Vachellia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) from Australia.". Telopea 11: 233–244.
  9. 1 2 Maslin, B. R.; Orchard, A. E.; West, J. G. "Nomenclatural and classification history of Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), and the implications of generic subdivision" (PDF). http://worldwidewattle.com. Retrieved 5 November 2015. External link in |website= (help)
  10. 1 2 Rico Arce, M. de L.; Bachman, S. (16 May 2007). "A taxonomic revision of Acaciella (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae)". Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 63 (2): 189–244. doi:10.3989/ajbm.2006.v63.i2.7. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  11. 1 2 Austin, Daniel F. (2004). Florida ethnobotany Fairchild Tropical Garden, Coral Gables, Florida, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, Arizona: with more than 500 species illustrated by Penelope N. Honychurch ... [et al.] Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 58–59. ISBN 9780203491881.
  12. ↑ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. 1 A-C. CRC Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.
  13. ↑ Morris, William, ed. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. New York: American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., 1971.
  14. ↑ Andorlini, Isabella. "ἀκακία". Medicalia Online. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  15. ↑ Gledhill, David (2006). The names of plants (4th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780521866453.
  16. ↑ Shorrocks, Bryan; Bates, William (2014). The Biology of African Savannahs (Biology of Habitats Series ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 231–233. ISBN 0198702701.
  17. ↑ Chidumayo, Emmanuel N.; Gumbo, Davison J. (2010). The Dry Forests and Woodlands of Africa: Managing for Products and Services. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 9781136531378.
  18. ↑ Bouchenak-Khelladi, Yanis; Maurin, Olivier; Hurter, Johan; van der Bank, Michelle (November 2010). "The evolutionary history and biogeography of Mimosoideae (Leguminosae): An emphasis on African acacias". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57 (2): 495–508. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.019. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  19. ↑ Maslin, Bruce R. (2004). Classification and phylogeny of Acacia. In: Evolution of ecological and behavioural diversity: Australian Acacia thrips as model organisms. Australian Biological Resources Study and Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO. pp. 97–112. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  20. ↑ Boland, D. J. (2006). Forest trees of Australia (5th ed.). Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Publ. [u.a.] p. 127. ISBN 9780643069695.
  21. ↑ "Acacia". The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  22. ↑ "Racosperma". The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  23. 1 2 Hyde, Mark; et al. "3446.000 Acacia Mill. - Thorn trees". Flora of Zimbabwe. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  24. ↑ "Handbook on seeds of dry-zone acacias, 3. Reproductive biology". fao.org. FAO Corporate Document Repository: Agriculture and Consumer Protection. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  25. ↑ Thiele, Kevin R. (February 2011). "The controversy over the retypification of Acacia Mill. with an Australian type: A pragmatic view" (PDF). Taxon 60 (1): 194–198. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Taxon in the A. karroo complex, see: Roland, Dr. Wolf-Achim. "The Acacia (s.l.)-karroo complex, Status 2014". Acacia World. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  27. ↑ "Protected Trees" (PDF). Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa. 3 May 2013.
  28. ↑ Seigler DS, García R, Mejía M, Ebinger JE. (2012). "A new species of Vachellia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) from Haiti". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 6 (1): 45.
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