Umnak

Umnak
Island

Highest point. Mount Vsevidof

Satellite shot of Umnak and Unalaska Islands
Umnak

Satellite shot of Umnak and Unalaska Islands

Coordinates: 53°13′26″N 168°25′55″W / 53.22389°N 168.43194°W / 53.22389; -168.43194
Country United States
State Alaska
Archipelago Fox Islands of the Aleutian Islands
Area[1]
 • Total 686.01 sq mi (1,776.8 km2)
 • Land 686.01 sq mi (1,776.8 km2)
Population (2000)[1]
 • Total 39
 • Density 0.057/sq mi (0.022/km2)
ZIP code 99638

Umnak (Aleut: Unmax, Umnax)[2][3] is one of the Fox Islands of the Aleutian Islands. With 686.01 square miles (1,776.76 km2) of land area, it is the third largest island in the Aleutian archipelago and the 19th largest island in the United States. The island is home to a large volcanic caldera on Mount Okmok and the only field of geysers in Alaska. It is separated from Unalaska Island by Umnak Pass.[4][5] In 2000, Umnak was permanently inhabited by only 39 people.

History

Umnak Island

The earliest known settlement on Umnak Island is at Anangula and is 8400 years old.[6] Anangula was later abandoned and the Sandy Beach site became occupied, along with Idaliuk and Chaluka. Most of the early settlements that grew up on Umnak were located along the streams. A major geologic event was the cutting of strand flats during the Hypsithermal period, about 8250 to 3000 years ago, which led to a greater natural food supply on the island for the settlers.[7]

Umnak Island was first reached by independent Russian fur traders in the 1750s. Abuses by the Russians led to an alliance among Aleuts in the Fox Islands. In the winter of 1761-1762 the crews of four Russian ships were massacred.[8] This include one crew on Umnak of which there were no survivors. Russian traders responded with a scorched-earth campaign in 1764 that essentially ended Aleut independence.

The modern history of Umnak Island is linked to the defense bases established by the United States during World War II. The purpose of these forward air bases in the Aleutian Islands was not only to defend the Dutch Harbor but also launch attacks against the Japanese.[4]

The US Navy considered this island as exclusive and as "their turf". They created a camouflage of establishing "Blair Fish Packing Co," to build airports, as forward bases, for use by the US Army Air Force during World War II.[4] General Buckner after getting clearance from General DeWitt, built the airbases at Umnak and at Cold Bay. With this, the garrison at Umnak had a strength of 4000, including engineering forces complemented by infantry and of field and antiaircraft artillery units, by the time the Japanese army enemy forces launched an attack two months later in the summer of 1942. The Japanese had been planning to attack this island in June and capture the island with the intention of maintaining an aerial patrol of North Pacific waters. The island was planned to become an outpost in a new area of dominance that would later include the Samoan and Fiji Islands and New Caledonia. The Japanese were unaware of the covert preparations being made by the United States as they believed that the island was only protected by a few ships operating in Aleutian waters.[4]

Geography

Left: Okmok Caldera, northern Umnak. Right: Southern Umnak.

Umnak, the third largest of the Aleutian Islands after Unimak and Unalaska, lies in the Fox Islands of the Aleutian Islands of the Bering Sea, to the southwest of the larger island of Unalaska. It is approximately 70–72 miles (113–116 km) in length (117 kilometres (73 mi)) and 16 miles (26 km) wide on average.[9][10] The island was separated in the last glacial period and now lies about 300 kilometres (190 mi) from North American shores. It is an active volcanic island, with a land area of 1,793.2 km2 (692.4 sq mi) and with a coast line extending over 330.2 kilometres (205.2 mi). The elevation of the island is 2,132 metres (6,995 ft).[5] The island is very mountainous with a low level of vegetation. The island does not have a harbor, although a sizeable bay is located in western part of the island and contains the Adugak Island.[4][11] The southern point of the island is known as Cape Sagak.[12]

Okmok caldera on Umnak

The highest peak of the island, the Mount Vsevidof stratovolcano, is located in the southwestern part of the island. Its symmetrical cone rises abruptly from its surroundings and forms a 1.2-kilometre-wide (0.75 mi) crater at a height of 2,149 metres (7,051 ft).[9] Its most recent eruption was caused by an earthquake on March 9, 1957. The mountain erupted on March 11, 1957, and the eruption ended the next day.[13] To the east of Mount Vsevidof is the Russian Bay valley and another stratovolcano, Mount Recheshnoi which is also deeply dissected with a height of 1,984 metres (6,509 ft). In the southwest is the settlement of Nikolski further south and a lake, Umnak Lake, to its southeast which is just over 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) in length.[14] The ancient settlement of Chaluka is located between this lake and Nikolski.[15] This area is known as the Samalga Pass and was the center of ancient activity on the island and is located about 15 miles (24 km) off the southwestern tip of the island (Cape Sagak).[16]

Mount Recheshnoi

The north-northeastern part of the island contains tholeittic basaltic rocks and is characterized by tension faulting, lava flows and fragmental deposits of igneous rocks.[17][18] The volcano of Mount Okmok, characterized by its 5.8 miles (9.3 km) wide circular caldera, it located in the northwestern part of the island. This generally flat central basin has an average elevation of 370 m above sea level, with the rim of the caldera reaching a height of 1,073 metres (3,520 ft).[9] Following the formation of the caldera, numerous satellite cones and lava domes have formed on the flanks of the volcano. They include Mount Tulik (1,253 metres (4,111 ft)) on the caldera's southeastern slope, Mount Idak (585 metres (1,919 ft)) to the northeast, and Jag Peak.[9][19] A crater lake once filled much of the caldera to a depth of over 500 feet (150 m), but the lake ultimately drained through a notch eroded in the northeast rim. The prehistoric lake attained a maximum depth of about 150 metres (490 ft) and the upper surface reached an elevation of about 475 metres (1,558 ft), at which point it over topped the low point of the caldera rim. Small, shallow remnants of the lake remained north of Cone D at an altitude of about 1,075 feet (328 m): a small shallow lake located between the caldera rim and Cone D; a smaller lake (named Cone B Lake) farther north near the caldera's gate. After the 2008 eruption, the hydrogeology of the caldera was greatly changed with five separate sizable lakes now emplaced. In addition to the caldera lakes, Cone A, Cone E, Cone G and the new 2008 vent on Cone D contain small crater lakes. The volcano is currently rated by the Alaska Volcano Observatory as Aviation Alert Level Green and Volcanic-alert Level Normal.

To the north from Mount Recheshnoi, in the valley of Geyser Creek are located geothermal fields with geysers. In 1988 here were active 5 geysers up to 2 m high and 9 natural fountains up to 0.7 m high.[20]

Eruptions

Okmok Volcano

On Saturday July 12, 2008, Omkok Volcano on Mount Okmok, located on Umnak, erupted for several days, through a fresh vent sending wet, ash and gas-rich plume that reached an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,000 m) in the air and forcing the evacuation of Fort Glenn, a private cattle ranch located on the island. Ash fell not only on the eastern part of the island but also on a fishing village 65 miles (105 km) on the northeast. However, the Aleut village, Nikolski, on the opposite side of Umnak Island with a population of about 40 people to the west of Okmok Volcano escaped from the southeasterly path of the ash clouds. The ash plume also disrupted operation of flights to the Dutch Harbor airport as it spread across many miles of the North Pacific.[21][22]

Okmok Caldera itself had been formed and reshaped in two major eruptions which occurred 12,000 and 2,000 years ago. Direct observations of later volcanic activity are known since 1805, with 16 eruptions recorded every 10 to 20 years.[21] The 1817 eruption deposited several feet of ash and "scoria" rock debris on the northeastern caldera rim, with ash falling on Unalaska Island. Floods that occurred during this destroyed an Aleut village at Cape Tanak on the northeast Bering Sea Coast of the island.[22] In the recent 1997 eruption, the ash clouds traveled 6 miles (9.7 km) across the volcano's caldera floor.[21]

Demographics

In 1941, when Umnak was used as defence base by the US, the population of the province consisted of only 50 Aleutians. As of the 2000 census,[1] the island's population further declined to 39 persons. Its only remaining community, Nikolski, comprised the island's entire population. Fort Glenn, a former major military facility on the northeast shore of the island, played an instrumental role in the North Pacific Theater in World War II.

As of the census of 2000,[23] there were 15 households and 12 families residing on the island. The population density was 0.3 inhabitants per square mile (0.1/km2). There were 28 housing units at an average density of 0.2 per square mile (0.08/km2). The racial makeup of was 30.77% White and 69.23% Native American.

There were 15 households out of which 40.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were married couples living together, 20.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 2.92.

In 2000, the median age was 40 years, with 35.9% under the age of 18, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 105.3 males. For every 100 females of age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males.

The median income for a household was $38,750, and the median income for a family was $40,250. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $11,875 for females. The per capita income was $14,083. There were 23.5% of families and 20.7% of the population living below the poverty line, including 13.6% of under eighteens and 55.6% of those over 64.

Education

Nikolski School Building

The only school on the island is in Nikolski, part of the Aleutian Region Schools. The Nikolski School serves grades K-12. The school has one teacher who lives in a small home adjacent to the school building. The home is owned by the school district and was purpose-built for teachers and their families. The Nikolski School is in danger of extinction. Schools in rural Alaska must have at least 10 students to retain funding from the state. For the 2009–2010 school year, the Nikolski School had only nine students.[24][25]

Transport

Nikolski

Umnak does not have a harbor. It does, however, have an airstrip, Nikolski Airport. Building an airport runway in the hilly terrain was a unique engineering achievement of the Army Engineers, commanded by Colonel Benjamin B. Talley. The construction work of the runway was proposed at Otter Point on the northeastern end of Umnak. Construction was started in the middle of January 1942 and was commissioned by April of the same year, being given the name Fort Glenn. Three hundred thousand square feet (28,000 square metres) of Marsden Matting, a perforated-steel plating (PSP), was assembled along with other steel plates and created a flat surface for aircraft to take off and land. The runway was completed on March 31, 1942 by the 807th Unit of the Army Engineers. It was 3,000 feet (910 m) long with a width of 100 feet (30 m) sufficient for Capt. John S. Chennault's P-40 fighter aircraft in the 11th Fighter Squadron to land.[4]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Umnak Island: Blocks 1070 thru 1076, Census Tract 1, Aleutian Islands West Census Area, Alaska United States Census Bureau
  2. ↑ William Bright Native American placenames of the United States, University of Oklahoma Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8061-3598-0 p. 347
  3. ↑ K. Bergsland (1994). Aleut Dictionary. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. ISBN 1-55500-047-9.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "There's a Fighter Base Located Where?". Umnak homepage. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  5. 1 2 "Islands of United States of America". Umnak [447]. UNEP. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  6. ↑ Robert F. Black (1976). "Geology of Umnak Island, Eastern Aleutian Islands as Related to the Aleuts". Arctic and Alpine Research 8 (1): 7–35. doi:10.2307/1550607. JSTOR 1550607.
  7. ↑ R.F. Black (1975). "Late-Quaternary Geomorphic Processes: Effects on the Ancient Aleuts of Umnak Island in the Aleutians" (PDF). Arctic 28 (3): 159. doi:10.14430/arctic2830.
  8. ↑ Lydia Black (2004). Russians in Alaska. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press. ISBN 1-889963-05-4.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Umnak". Oceandots, The Islands Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  10. ↑ United States Coast Pilot. Alaska. Part II. Yakutat Bay to Arctic Ocean. U. S. Coast And Geodetic Survey,BiblioBazaar, LLC,. 2009. p. 216. ISBN 1-113-48946-4.
  11. ↑ Encyclopaedia Britannica; or, a dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature, Volume 9. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Bell and Macfarquhar. 1797. p. 433.
  12. ↑ "Cape Sagak". Geographic Names. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  13. ↑ Vsevidof reported activity. avo.alaska.edu
  14. ↑ Calvin J. Heusser (1973). Postglacial vegetation on Umnak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Department of Biology, New York University.
  15. ↑ Melvin Ember and Peter N. Peregrine, ed. (2001). Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Arctic and Subarctic. 6: Arctic and subarctic. Springer. p. 10. ISBN 0-306-46256-7.
  16. ↑ Christy Gentry Turner (1967). The dentition of Arctic peoples. University of Wisconsin. pp. 15–16.
  17. ↑ Victor Vacquier (1963). Interpretation of aeromagnetic maps, Volume 47 of Geological Society of America. Geological Society of America. p. 11.
  18. ↑ Bulletin, Volume 72, Part 1. Geological Society of America. 1961. p. 124.
  19. ↑ Okmok, Global Volcanism Program — Department of Mineral Sciences — National Museum of Natural History — Smithsonian Institution
  20. ↑ "Mount Recheshnoi Geyser Fields, Umnak". Wondermondo. May 4, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  21. 1 2 3 "Alaska volcano erupts; island residents evacuated". Reuters. July 13, 2008. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  22. 1 2 "Explosive Eruption of Okmok Volcano in Alaska". ScienceDaily. July 21, 2008. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  23. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  24. ↑ William Yardley (November 25, 2009). "Alaska's Rural Schools Fight Off Extinction". New York Times. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  25. ↑ Erik Olsen (November 25, 2009). "An Alaskan Village in Crisis". New York Times. Retrieved November 22, 2010.

External links

Coordinates: 53°13′26″N 168°25′55″W / 53.22389°N 168.43194°W / 53.22389; -168.43194

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