Undulipodium

Diagram of a cross-section of the axoneme microtubule array present in all undulipodia. 1-A. and 1-B. Tubulin dimer units. 2. Central pair inside the central sheath. 3. Inner and outer arm of dynein. 4. Radial spoke. 5. Nexin. 6. Plasma membrane.

Cross section of an axoneme

An undulipodium (a Greek word meaning "swinging foot") or a 9+2 organelle is a motile filamentous extracellular projection of eukaryotic cells. It is basically synonymous to flagella and cilia of the eukaryotic cells. In fact the name was coined to differentiate from the homologous structures present in prokaryotic cells. It is structurally a complex of microtubules along with motor proteins.^[1][2] The usage of the term is most vocally supported by Lynn Margulis, especially in support of her endosymbiotic theory.^[3] The eukaryotic cilia are structurally identical to eukaryotic flagella, although distinctions are sometimes made according to function and/or length.^[4]

Structure

Undulipodia use a whip-like action to create movement of the whole cell, such as the movement of sperm in the reproductive tract, and also create water movement as in the choanocytes of sponges.

Motile (or secondary) cilia are more numerous, with multiple cilia per cell, move in a wave-like action, and are responsible for movement in organisms such as ciliates and platyhelminthes, but also move extracellular substances in animals, such as the ciliary escalator found in the respiratory tract of mammals and the corona of rotifers.

Primary cilia function as sensory antennae,^[5] but are not undulipodia as primary cilia do not have the rotary movement mechanism found in motile cilia.

Undulipodia are an extension of the cell membrane containing both cytoplasm and a regular arrangement of microtubules known as an axoneme. At the base of the extension lies a structure called the kinetosome or basal body which is attached via motor proteins to the microtubules. The kinetosome mediates movement through a chemical reaction, causing the microtubules to slide against one another and the whole structure to bend.

Usage

Biologists such as Margulis strongly advocate the use of the name, because of the apparent structural and functional differences between the cilia and flagella of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They argue that the name flagella should be restricted only to prokaryotic organelles, such as bacterial flagella and spirochaete axial filaments.^[6] However, the term is not generally endorsed by most biologists because it is argued that the original purpose of the name does not sufficiently differentiate the cilia and flagella of eukaryotic from those of prokaryotic cells. For example, the early concept was the trivial homology of flagella of flagellates and pseudopodia of rhizopods. The consensus terminology is the use of cilium and flagellum for all purposes.^[1][7]

See also

• Flagellum
• Cilium

References

1. Hülsmann N (1992). "Undulipodium: End of a useless discussion". European Journal of Protistology 28 (3): 253–257. doi:10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80231-2. PMID 23195228.
2. Margulis L, Lovelock JE. "CP-2156 Life In The Universe: Atmospheres and Evolution". history.nasa.gov. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
3. Sagan L (1967). "On the origin of mitosing cells". J Theor Biol 14 (3): 255–274. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(67)90079-3. PMID 11541392.
4. Haimo LT, Rosenbaum JL (December 1981). "Cilia, flagella, and microtubules". J. Cell Biol. 91 (3 Pt 2): 125s–130s. doi:10.1083/jcb.91.3.125s. PMC 2112827. PMID 6459327.
5. Satir P, Christensen ST (June 2008). "Structure and function of mammalian cilia". Histochem. Cell Biol. 129 (6): 687–93. doi:10.1007/s00418-008-0416-9. PMC 2386530. PMID 18365235.
6. Margulis L (1980). "Undulipodia, flagella and cilia". Biosystems 12 (1-2): 105–108. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(80)90041-6. PMID 7378551.
7. Corliss JO (1980). "Objection to "undulipodium" as an inappropriate and unnecessary term". Biosystems 12 (1-2): 109–110. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(80)90042-8. PMID 7378552.