Tuberculosis treatment in Colorado Springs

Beginning in the late 19th century, people sought tuberculosis treatment in Colorado Springs, Colorado, because of its dry climate and fresh mountain air. Some people stayed in boarding houses, while others sought hospital-like facilities called sanatoriums.[lower-alpha 1] In the 1880s and 1890s, it is estimated that one-third of the people living in Colorado Springs had tuberculosis. The number of sanatoriums and hospitals increased into the twentieth century. During World War II, medicines were developed that successfully treated tuberculosis and by the late 1940s specialized tuberculosis treatment facilities were no longer needed.

Several of the facilities evolved into hospitals or medical facilities: Glockner Tuberculosis Sanatorium evolved into Penrose Hospital. Beth-El Hospital, with the National Deaconess Sanitarium, evolved into Memorial Hospital. St. Francis Hospital was a hospital that had a sanatorium in its three building complex. Union Printers Home and the Modern Woodmen Tuberculosis Sanatorium, now Mount Saint Francis, are going concerns with skilled nursing care. Today, however, the structure's usages are different. Miramont Castle, which was the site of the Montcalm Sanitarium, is now a museum. National Methodist Sanatorium evolved into a building for the Ent Air Force Base and its site is now part of the United States Olympic Training Center.

Background

People also came to Colorado for the restorative benefits of its "clean air and sunshine."[2]:40[3] Starting in the 1860s, when tuberculosis (TB) was a world-wide problem, physicians in the eastern United States recommended that their patients go to Colorado to regain their health.[2]:40 As a result, the number of people with tuberculosis, called "lungers", in the state grew alarmingly[2]:40 and without the services or facilities to support their needs.[2]:39[4]:23 Tuberculosis was called consumption "because its symptoms consumed those who had it."[5]

In Denver, not knowing how to manage a population of homeless, ill people, many were taken to jail.[4]:23 In 1878 in Colorado Springs, 25 or more of 73 who were buried at Mount Washington Cemetery had tuberculosis. Of the people that died in the city most of them had come to Colorado Springs so ill that it was not surprising that they died.[6] Because of the number of people with TB flocking to Denver, by the 1880s it was nicknamed the "World's Sanitarium".[7] On March 5, 1888, a specialist in lung diseases, Dr. Frederick I. Knight spoke before the Boston Society of Medical Observation on the benefits of high altitude and the mountain climate of Colorado for patients with tuberculosis, including patients that experienced hemorrhaging.[8] In the 1880s and 1890s more than a third of the city's residents came to Colorado Springs to improve their health.[9] Houses on the Old North End had large sleeping porches for consumptive boarders.[10] Large houses along North Nevada Avenue were turned into boarding houses for people with tuberculosis.[9] Some stayed in tents and backyard cottages. The area became known as "lungers' row". Some of the famous individuals who came to the area to treat their tuberculosis include novelist Helen Hunt Jackson, railroad executive James J. Hagerman, author Marshall Sprague, and noted potter Artus Van Briggle.[9]

Cynthia Stout, a history scholar, asserted that by 1900 "one-third of Colorado's population were residents of the state because of tuberculosis."[11] In 1905, Dr. B.P. Anderson recommended open-air treatment in dry climates, like Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico.[12] The sanatoriums in Colorado Springs adopted a European tuberculosis treatment approach, including rest, open-air, and "disciplined gluttony". People ate twice as much as they would normally eat and might gain up to 50 pounds while in treatment. The Shoshone Spring, one of Manitou Mineral Springs, was taken for its laxative effects[9] and the springs in general for their healing effects.[10] The quality of care depended upon one's ability to pay. The poor might stay in open-air tents, some sanatoriums cost $7 per week, and the luxury accommodations were $50 per week.[9] Sanatoriums claimed that about 60% of their patients were cured from their treatment. But the treatment patients received made the illness regress, it did not cure tuberculosis.[10]

Charles H. Boissevain, a mathematically trained biochemist and professor of biology at Colorado College,[13]:31 was in 1924 appointed the first chief of research and laboratory director of the newly founded Colorado Foundation for Research in Tuberculosis, later renamed the Webb-Waring Institute.[14][15]:17[16] In 1940, four sanatoria remained: Cragmor, Glockner, National Methodist, St. Francis, Sunnyrest, and Modern Woodmen Sanatorium.[17]:27, 45, 47, 56, 62 During World War II, the drug Isoniazid (INH) began to be used to effectively treat tuberculosis.[9] Then, sanatoriums began to close and the city shifted from a medical destination to one that developed a military presence.[10]

Locations

Battle Creek Sanitarium

The Battle Creek Sanitarium at 230 North Cascade Avenue[18] was a branch of the Michigan facility that had been at 320 N. Tejon in 1903 and at that time was managed by Frank W. Patterson and K. E. McMillen. Lillian Voorhees was the nurse.[19]:74, 296, 344, 447

Cascade Villas

Cascade Villas was a short-lived home for the treatment of tuberculosis founded in 1874 by Dr. Thomas G. Horn. It was on Colorado Spring's North Cascade Avenue. Horn became the president of the Colorado State Medical Society in 1877.[1]:191

Colorado Springs Sanitarium

There was a Colorado Springs Sanitarium and Hotel in the city in 1892.[20]:10 In 1903, the Colorado Springs Sanitarium and the Horn's Mineral Springs and Sanitarium were located at 1210 Lincoln Avenue and run by Dr. Thomas G. Horn.[19]:126, 235 Colorado Springs Sanitarium was located downtown in a mansion one block from Acacia and Monument Valley Parks and the Carnegie Library in 1905. It was well-appointed, three-story building with modern heating and lighting and wide verandas for fresh-air. The building was originally built as a residence by a wealth contractor.[21]:4 Dr. Charles R. Knox was the superintendent of the facility at 126 North Cascade in 1907, one that's principles were in keeping with the Battle Creek Sanitarium.[22] In 1909, the business manager was W. F. Patterson.[23][lower-alpha 2] It operated in 1912,[25] but by 1916 was the site of the Hallett and Baker Undertaking Company.[26]:306

Cragmor Sanatorium

The Cragmor Sanatorium is now a building on the University of Colorado Colorado Springs campus.[27][28]

The Cragmor Sanatorium was founded by leading tuberculosis specialist Dr. Edwin S. Solly in 1906. It was built in the Austin Bluffs area. General William Jackson Palmer donated funded toward the construction of the facility for 25 patients. It treated tuberculosis and related diseases. He died shortly after it was built and in 1910 a group of local residents bought the sanatorium.[29] Alexius L. Forster as the Physician-in-Charge and Mary L Whitney RN was the Superintendent in 1916.[26]:235

Dr. Frank M. Houck, a House Manager at Cragmor, came to Colorado Springs in 1915 to treat his tuberculosis after receiving his medical degree from Johns Hopkins University. He built a 3.5 miles (5.6 km) trail from Cragmor through Austin Bluffs that was called the "Happy Walk".[30][lower-alpha 3] Cragmor was a place where millionaires, musicians, artists, dancers, and poets came to get well and was known for its luxury, easy rules, parties, and sexual affairs among patients.[28][9] In 1936, the $500,000 facility was reorganized as a non-profit organization for treatment and research of tuberculosis.[29]:Sec. 2, p. 1 The Cragmor Sanatorium complex became the University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS) campus and two of its former buildings are Cragmor and Main halls.[28]

Glockner Tuberculosis Sanatorium

As a memorial to her husband, Albert Glockner, the 22-year-old widow Marie Gwynne Glockner opened the Glockner Tuberculosis Sanatorium in 1890. Her husband had died of tuberculosis at 31 years of age. Glockner family members supported the development of the sanatorium. Patients were charged $1 (equivalent to $26 in 2015) per day. The first superintendent was Dr. Boswell P. Anderson, who was a former Colorado Midland Railway physician. His assistant was Dr. Charles Fox Gardiner and the matron and head nurse was Sarah Callahan, RN.[1]:352[31] It was located at 2200 N. Tejon[26]:20, 21 in the North End addition.[24]

In 1893, Marie Gwynne Glockner gave the sanatorium to the Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati, who were brought in for their care-giving and professional skills.[1]:xvi, 352 In 1903, the manager was Sister Xavier Magevney.[19]:02 The Glockner Sanatorium and Training School for Nurses was operated by Sister Rose Alexius, the superioress, in 1916.[26]:20, 21 It had 200 beds by 1921[32] and was the Glockner Sanatorium and Hospital in 1940.[17]

Glockner evolved over the years into Penrose Hospital.[31] Penrose Hospital won an Excellence in Historic Preservation Stewardship award in 2014 for the fully restored tuberculosis hut, or tent cottage, and its early 20th century furnishings that was used by people who came to the Colorado Springs area to cure their tuberculosis. The hut is located at the corner of Jackson Street and Cascade Avenue.[33]

Idlewold

Idlewold and Nob Hill Lodge advertisements in 1916.

The Idlewold,[32] also spelled Idlewild,[34]:776 was located at 311 North Logan.[26]:21 It was established in 1912 and the superintendent was Lois Shardlow, RN. Her sister, also a nurse, assisted in the management of the home. The facility had 10 rooms, all with sleeping porches, and treated patients with tuberculosis.[32][35] It is now a Ronald McDonald House.[36]

Montcalm Sanitarium (Manitou)

Miramont Castle was built between 1895 and 1897 by Father Francolon, based upon architectural design elements that he picked up in his travels and ideas from his father, a diplomat. He hired brothers Archie and Angus Gillis to design the building, and was involved in the detailed planning meetings. The green sandstone used in the construction of the castle's walls was quarried nearby. It had electricity and indoor plumbing.[37] Father Francolon invited the Sisters of Mercy to use his home for a tuberculosis treatment facility. Their first patient arrived in August 1895 and the next year they built the sanitarium. The offered good food, clean lodging, and care to patients who were not very seriously ill and by 1896 taught music lessons. From 1900 to 1904, Miramont was vacant. That sanitarium was burned down due to an electrical fire in 1907 and patients moved into the Miramont Castle building.[38] It used about a dozen open-air TB huts until about 1923. One of the huts was donated to the museum in 1998[39]:6:1 is located on the museum grounds. Between 1928 and 1946, the castle was used by the Sisters as a luxury boarding house, a retreat for clergy, and stood vacant.[38] It is now a museum owned by the Manitou Springs Historical Society.[38]

National Deaconess Sanitarium

The National Deaconess Sanitarium building (built as the 1890 Bellevue Sanitarium) was near the Colorado School for the Deaf and Blind (1874) and the St. Francis Hospital (1887).

The Eleanor Home, run by Eleanor Collier and about 30 women, administered care beginning in 1888 to patients with tuberculosis while the Bellevue Sanitarium was built.[1]:328 The Bellevue Sanitarium opened in 1890 on Institute Street near St. Francis Hospital with five tents. It was founded by a group of physicians and the house physician was Dr. S. Edwin Solly. The matron was Mary E. Dean, RN. In 1900, it became the National Deaconess Sanitarium, sponsored by the Methodist Church. It evolved into the Beth-El Hospital in 1911 and ultimately Memorial Hospital in 1943.[1]:352

National Methodist Sanatorium

The National Methodist Sanatorium was a 1926 building on a 29-acre (12 ha) tract east of the "Nurse's Home" of the Beth-El General Hospital's medical complex.[40] The City of Colorado Springs bought the Beth-El complex, Sanatorium, its Nutrition Camp, and other buildings in 1943.[40][41] The Beth-El Hospital became Memorial Hospital.[40] The Sanatorium became the Ent Air Force Base, which was the Air Defense Command and later North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) headquarters.[40][42] The property and site of the former sanatorium are now the United States Olympic Training Center.[43]

Nob Hill Lodge Sanatorium

The Nob Hill Lodge Sanatorium at 319 North Logan was a sanatorium operated by the proprietor and manager, the registered nurse Florence E Standish. Founded in 1912, it treated tuberculosis and had 35 beds.[32]

Nordrach Ranch Sanitarium

Nordach Sanatorium, Austin Bluffs, Colorado in 1906

The Nordrach Ranch Sanitarium was Colorado's first open-air sanatorium in which patients stayed in tents on the grounds of the facility. It operated from 1901 to 1903.[9] Nordrach was founded by Dr. Charles Fox Gardiner.[1]:522 It was 1.5 miles (2.4 km) northeast of city limits at Austin Bluffs. Dr. E. J. White was president, W. B. Price was vice-president, and M. E. Harper was secretary.[19]

Red Crags Sanatorium (Manitou)

Red Crags Manor was built by Dr. William Bell, a founding father of Manitou Springs. It was made into a sanatorium.[44]:76 It was located one mile east of Manitou Springs. In 1916, the sanatorium was owned and operated by Mrs. Lilia P. Sawin, a nurse.[26]:29, 476 A soldier and a woman, believed to be former patients, war seen on the third floor and wandering the lawn, respectively. The building is now a bed and breakfast.[44]

St. Francis Sanatorium

The Colorado Midland Railway clinic[1]:328 or St. Francis Hospital, built in 1887, was the city's first hospital. It was located at Pikes Peak Avenue and Prospect Street and among other health issues, it treated tuberculosis. Sisters from the St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration of Lafayette, Indiana, came to Colorado Springs to provide medical aid to the new city.[45] The women were Sisters Mary Huberta Duennebacke, Mary Silveria, Mary Notberga, and Mary Kunigunda Neuhoff. Sister Huberta was the administrator of the hospital from 1887 to 1890,[1]:319 when she went to Denver to build the St. Anthony Hospital, which opened in 1893.[1]:111, 328[lower-alpha 4]

They treated patients at the first small building,[45] which was a clinic for the Colorado Midland Railway, and shortly after their arrival received an influx of patients due to a train accident that injured 60 people and killed several people. Realizing the need for a bigger hospital, Sisters Notberga and Huberta went door-to-door throughout El Paso County asking for donations to build a larger hospital.[1]:319 In October 1887, the Sisters purchased the land and had a larger hospital built for $20,000 (equivalent to $526,741 in 2015) at Pikes Peak Avenue and Institute Street in early 1888.[45][1]:328 Patients from the Colorado Midland Railway clinic were transferred to the new St. Francis Hospital.[1]:328 It administered care to employees of the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and provided medical services to the greater public. Physicians and the Sisters treated a wide range of illness and injuries.[1]:328 The sisters carried on their duties at the hospital and performed fund-raising to support the hospital and programs to provide food for the hungry. Sister Mary Hermana Meschede was the superior from 1890 to 1893.[1]:353

St. Francis Hospital grew to have three connected buildings. One of the buildings, the 29 building, was built in 1929 as a sanatorium for tuberculosis patients. It had private rooms with sun porches to provide fresh air and sunlight.[45] A crematorium was located near the Colorado School for the Deaf and Blind for the dead bodies of people who died of tuberculosis. The hospital complex was renamed St. Francis Health Center when it merged with Penrose Hospital in 1989. The hospital treated trauma patients until 1994 and mentally ill patients until 2010.[45]

Star Ranch Sanatorium

The Star Ranch in the Pines Sanatorium was founded in 1903. H. C. Goodson was the medical director of the 50-bed tuberculosis treatment facility.[32]

Sunnyrest Sanitarium

Sunnyrest Sanitarium Sunnyrest was a sanitarium for men, women, and children run by five Sisters of the Kaiserwerth Deaconesses. Sister Ida Tobschall was the superintendent and there were three nurses and a cook. It was opened in 1910 and had handled 77 patients in three years, many who came to them through Associated Charities. It was a home-like setting with a living room with a fireplace, dining room, and two outdoor porches for men and women. Patients that could contribute paid $8 per week for their care. most of the money came from donations from the community.[46] It was located at 926 E Boulder, and near the Beth-El Hospital.[26]:39 Sunnyrest had 45 beds in 1921.[32] In 1940, it had a Watt Memorial facility.

Union Printers Home

George W. Childs and Anthony J Drexel, philanthropists from Philadelphia, donated a total[lower-alpha 5] of $10,000 (equivalent to $263,370 in 2015) towards the cost to establish the Childs-Drexel Home for Union Printers. The city gave the National Typographical Union 80 acres to build the home,[47] which cost $71,144 (equivalent to $1,873,722 in 2015) to build. It was dedicated on May 12, 1892[47] and John C. Daley was the superintendent.[1]:378 The initial patients were members of the union who had tuberculosis and black lung from breathing carbon-based ink that was used in the printing process.[47]

The home raised pigs and chickens. On the grounds were a vegetable garden, 200 acres of wheat, and a dairy farm.[1]:378 Patients resided in tents for open-air treatment in the early 1900s. In 1902, the home changed its name to the Union Printers Home. It has taken in more than 25,000 members of the union.[47]

It now also treats members of the general public and disabled veterans. The home now offers long-term skilled nursing and assisted living for seniors, hospice care, and rehabilitation programs.[47]

Woodmen Sanatorium

The Modern Woodmen of America Sanatorium was a facility of the Modern Woodmen of America north of the city for the treatment of tuberculosis that operated from 1909 to 1947.[48][49] The Sanatorium had 80 patients in 1909, but the organization estimated that 10,000 of its 1 million members had tuberculosis. According to Head Consul A. R. Talbot, it intended to expand the facility within 10 years to meet the needs of all of its members.[49] At its peak, the open-air facility accommodated 180 people. It was open-air throughout all seasons and patients might find themselves in snow.[9] Its members received treatment free of charge.[9]

Between 1909 and 1947, the facility cared for 12,000 patients. It was the Pikes Peak region's largest sanatorium.[50] The 1400-acre complex had a main building, administration building, auditorium, 24 homes, and a heating plant.[51] Two reservoirs, fed by three mountain streams, supplied water for the Sanatorium and it had a dairy farm.[51] Eighty employees were required to maintain the facility, but in 1947 there were only 18 patients and the sanatorium was sold.[52] When the facility closed, 205 huts were sold and became tool sheds and toy houses.[50][52]

The property was purchased by Blevins Davis in July 1950. His wife, Marguerite Davis, a railroad heiress died in 1948 and wished to have her fortune used for charitable purposes. The Modern Woodmen Sanatorium property and a house in Broadmoor called Trianon were sold to the Poor Sisters of St. Francis (Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration) for $1 in 1952. The combined fortune that they received was worth $2,325,000 (equivalent to $20,487,082 in 2015). The Catholic order of nuns ran the St. Francis Hospital in Colorado Springs and others in Nebraska, New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas.[53][51][52]

In 1954, the Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration moved from Denver to Colorado Springs and have operated educational facilities and programs, mentoring programs, and Mount Saint Francis skilled nursing facilities on what is now an 110-acre property.[54]

Woodmen Road is named for the sanatorium.[10]

Other

Reverend William R. Stephens from the People's Methodist Episcopal Church of Colorado Springs was a trustee for a sanatorium in Calhan. James K. Polk Taylor, a former slave, and his freeborn wife Elizabeth James Taylor, 71 and 75 years old respectively, donated 480 acres of rich farming land in Calhan for a sanatorium in 1910. They had worked the land for fourteen years and wished to have a tuberculosis sanatorium built for African Americans and other races. Their land, valued at about $4,800 (equivalent to $121,903 in 2015), was donated to the Charles Sumner National Tuberculosis Association. The Taylors were to live on the farm in a cottage built by the association. The advisory committee for the association included W. E. B. Du Bois.[55]

The a free clinic for sufferers of tuberculosis was opened in two offices of the Visiting Nurses Association in 1919. It was located at 302 South Wahsatch Avenue and was run by Dr. Mary Riggs Noble. It was open under the auspices of the recently formed local branch of the Colorado Public Health Association.[56]

Notes

  1. ↑ The terms sanitarium and sanatorium are sometimes used interchangeably, but sanatorium is meant for hospital-like facilities that provide care for tuberculosis and other chronic diseases. Sanitarium is meant for resort-type facilities where someone might go to recover their health.[1]:111
  2. ↑ According to Blevins and other authors, it did not appear that the facility was ever a going concern.[24]
  3. ↑ Dr. Houck bought 1,000 acres in Colorado Springs beginning in 1917 and in 2007 Dr. Frank M. Houck Park was named for him and dedicated. It is in the University Park neighborhood at Rockhurst Boulevard and Collegiate Drive.[30]
  4. ↑ The Sisters from the St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration had been providing medical care railroad workers in Denver since 1884.[1]:351 The Sisters also founded St Anthony North, Westminster in 1971.[1]:111
  5. ↑ Or, Childs and Drexel each donated $10,000 towards the construction of a Union Printers Home.[47]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Tom Sherlock (2013). Colorado's Healthcare Heritage: A Chronology of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Volume One - 1800-1899. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4759-8025-7.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Varnell, Jeanne (1999). Women of Consequence: The Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. Boulder: Johnson Press. ISBN 1-55566-214-5.
  3. ↑ American Jewish Historical Society (2011). "Denver Jewry Builds a Hospital". The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved 2011.
  4. 1 2 Davis, Richard (2010). The Intangibles of Leadership. Mississauga, Ontario: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-67915-9.
  5. ↑ Ryan Maye Handy (June 1, 2007). "Colo. Hospital Strict With TB Patient". AP Online. Retrieved February 15, 2015 – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required (help)).
  6. ↑ "Death Record for year 1878; seventy three interments; causes of death". Weekly Gazette. January 18, 1879. p. 7:2. Retrieved February 15, 2015 – via Pikes Peak Library District.
  7. ↑ "A Legacy of Caring: Jewish Women in Early Colorado: Frances Wisebart Jacobs – Mother of All Charities". Center for Judaic Studies, University of Denver. 2007. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
  8. ↑ "Colorado climate: A valuable article for the guidance of physicians" (PDF). Weekly Gazette (Colorado Springs, Colorado). May 12, 1888. pp. 6:1–3. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 D'Arcy Fallon (April 19, 1992). "Around turn of century, tuberculosis patients sought cure in Springs" (PDF). Weekly Gazette (Colorado Springs, Colorado). pp. B 1:3. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Ryan Maye Handy (December 27, 2014). "History of Search for TB Cure Tied to History of Colorado Springs". The Gazette (Colorado Springs, Colorado). Retrieved February 15, 2015 – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required (help)).
  11. ↑ "Tuberculosis in Colorado history". The Denver Post. May 31, 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  12. ↑ "What open-air treatment accomplishes in Colorado" (PDF). The Gazette, Annual Edition (Colorado Springs). January 1, 1905. p. 55. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
  13. ↑ Peter L. Bernstein (2005). Capital Ideas: The Improbable Origins of Modern Wall Street. Wiley.
  14. ↑ Charles H. Boissevain and Carol Davidson (1940). Colorado Cacti: An Illustrated Guide Describing All of the Native Colorado Cacti. Pasadena, CA: Abbey Garden Press.
  15. ↑ "Obituaries". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 21, 1946.
  16. ↑ "CBSA Praises Boettcher Foundation for Ongoing Commitment to Early-Career Investigators Through Its Webb-Waring Biomedical Research Program". Colorado Bio-Science Association.
  17. 1 2 Telephone Directory...for Colorado Springs... (PDF), The Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company, Spring 1940, p. 16, retrieved 2013-11-24
  18. ↑ Colorado. Board of Charities and Corrections (1909). Biennial Report. p. 249.
  19. 1 2 3 4 The Giles City Directory of Colorado Springs and Manitou (PDF) (almanac). The Giles Directory Company. May 1903. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  20. ↑ Colorado. Dept. of State (1893). Biennial Report of the Secretary of State of Colorado.
  21. ↑ John Harvey Kellogg (1905). "Colorado Springs Sanitarium". The Medical Missionary. International Health and Temperance Association.
  22. ↑ "Kelloggs" (PDF). Directory of Sanitariums. 1907. p. 4. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  23. ↑ Colorado. State Board of Charities and Corrections (1909). Biennial Report of the State Board of Charities and Corrections. p. 249.
  24. 1 2 Tim Blevins, Dennis Daily, Sydne Dean, Chris Nicholl, Michael L. Olsen, Katherine Scott Sturdevant, and Amy Ziegler (eds.). Doctors, Disease, and Dying (Google books). Retrieved 2013-12-09.
  25. ↑ United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce (1912). The Pure Food and Drugs Act. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Colorado Springs, Colorado City and Manitou City Directory (PDF). Vol. XIII. The R. L. Polk Directory Co. 1916. Retrieved November 15, 2013 – via Pikes Peak Library District.
  27. ↑ "Cragmor Sanitarium (193349)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2013-11-01. October 13, 1978.
  28. 1 2 3 "'Sun Palace: A Tribute to Cragmor' to Be Performed at University of Colorado Colorado Springs". US Fed News Service, Including US State News (The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd.). October 26, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2015 – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required (help)).
  29. 1 2 "Cragmor Reorganized As Non-Profit Tuberculosis Sanatorium" (PDF). The Gazette (Colorado Springs, Colorado). February 16, 1936. p. Sec. 2, p. 1. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
  30. 1 2 "Houck Park, High Meadows to be Dedicated September 20". US Fed News Service, Including US State News (The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd.). September 18, 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2015 – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required (help)).
  31. 1 2 Bill Vogrin (December 6, 2012). "Side Streets: Celebrating Lorraine Crocker's Century in the Springs". The Gazette (Colorado Springs, Colorado). Retrieved February 15, 2015 – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required (help)).
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 American Medical Directory. American Medical Association. 1921. pp. 259–260.
  33. ↑ Linda Navarro (January 10, 2014). "Projects Honored as the Best in Historic Preservation". The Gazette (Colorado Springs, Colorado). Retrieved February 15, 2015 – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required (help)).
  34. ↑ Wilbur Fiske Stone (1918). History of Colorado. S. J. Clarke. p. 776.
  35. ↑ The Trained Nurse and Hospital Review. Lakeside Publishing Company. 1914. p. 365.
  36. ↑ "Staff / Contact Us". Ronald McDonald House of Colorado Springs. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  37. ↑ "Castle Construction". Miramont Castle. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
  38. 1 2 3 "The Sisters of Mercy". Miramont Castle. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
  39. ↑ "1890's TB hut donated to museum" (PDF). The Gazette. October 3, 1998. p. 6:1. Retrieved February 15, 2015 – via Pikes Peak Library District.
  40. 1 2 3 4 "The Origin of Memorial Hospital, Colorado Springs" (web chronology). Colorado's Healthcare Heritage. ColoradoHealthcareHistory.com. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
  41. ↑ "Methodists Agree To Sell Hospitals To Colo. Springs". Greeley Daily Tribune (Greeley, Colorado). March 25, 1943. p. 5. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
  42. ↑ "Pikes Peak in war or peace, symbol of nature's wonderland" (PDF). The Gazette. Colorado Springs, Colorado. June 30, 1943. p. Supp:29.
  43. ↑ Jim Bainbridge, The Gazette (May 19, 2002). "Springs history lives on in museums". The Gazette (Colorado Springs, CO). Retrieved February 11, 2015 – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required (help)).
  44. 1 2 Stephanie Waters (2012). Ghosts of Colorado Springs and Pikes Peak. The History Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-60949-467-4.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 Ned Hunter (November 25, 2013). "PHOTOS: At the Former St. Francis Hospital in Colorado Springs, the Walls Really Do Talk". The Gazette (Colorado Springs, Colorado). Retrieved February 16, 2015 – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required (help)).
  46. ↑ "Where Colorado Springs proves its sense of brotherhood" (PDF). The Gazette (Colorado Springs, Colorado). October 5, 1913. p. Sec. 2, 1:1. Retrieved February 15, 2015 – via Pikes Peak Library District.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Matt Steiner (May 15, 2012). "Union Printers Home in Springs Celebrates 120 Years". The Gazette. Colorado Springs, Colorado. Retrieved February 15, 2015 – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required (help)).
  48. ↑ Hellmann, Paul T (November 1, 2004). Historical Gazetteer of the United States (Google books). Taylor & Francis. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-203-99700-0. Retrieved 2013-05-23.
  49. 1 2 "Modern Woodmen of America has 10,000 tubercular cases; Sanatorium work only in infancy, will grow until accommodation may be furnished to all patients" (PDF). The Gazette. Colorado Springs, Colorado. June 25, 1909. pp. 1–2. Retrieved February 15, 2015 – via Pikes Peak Library District.
  50. 1 2 Nathan Vail (July 15, 2012). "A Healing Past: Tuberculosis Sanitoriums Were Springs' 1st Major Economic Driver". The Gazette. Colorado Springs, Colorado. Retrieved February 15, 2015 – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required (help)).
  51. 1 2 3 "Order of Catholic Nuns acquires MWA Sanatorium, Davis Mansion; Sisters given $2,325,000 by estate of Mrs. Davis" (PDF). The Gazette (Colorado Springs, Colorado). December 2, 1952. p. 1. Retrieved February 17, 2015 – via Pikes Peak Library District.
  52. 1 2 3 "Nuns acquire Davis properties; Trianon, MWA site bought after Mrs. Davis' bequest" (PDF). Free Press (Colorado Springs, Colorado). December 2, 1952. p. 1:6. Retrieved February 17, 2015 – via Pikes Peak Library District.
  53. ↑ "Sale of sanatorium questioned in court action" (PDF). The Gazette (Colorado Springs, Colorado). June 11, 1958. p. 1:7. Retrieved February 17, 2015 – via Pikes Peak Library District.
  54. ↑ Stephanie Earls (June 1, 2014). "Sisters of Mount Saint Francis Celebrate 60th with Benefit Concert". The Gazette. Colorado Springs, Colorado. Retrieved February 15, 2015 – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required (help)).
  55. ↑ "Aged negro couple give land for new National Tuberculosis Sanatorium" (PDF). The Gazette (Colorado Springs, Colorado). November 22, 1910. p. 1. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
  56. ↑ "Free clinic opened for consumptives; Dr. Mary R. Noble made medical director; Indigent are offered relief thru Public Health Association" (PDF). The Gazette (Colorado Springs, Colorado). March 29, 1919. pp. 1–5. Retrieved February 15, 2015.

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