Unitary parliamentary republic

A unitary parliamentary republic refers to a unitary state with a republican form of government that is dependent upon the confidence of parliament.

List of unitary parliamentary republics

Country	Formerly	Parliamentary republic adopted	Head of state elected by	Cameral structure
Albania	One-party state	1991	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral
Bangladesh	Presidential republic	1991[note 1]	Parliament	Unicameral
Botswana	British protectorate (Bechuanaland Protectorate)	1966	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral
Bulgaria	One-party state	1989	Directly, by second-round system	Unicameral
Croatia	Semi-presidential republic	2000	Directly, by second-round system	Unicameral
Czech Republic	One-party state (part of Czechoslovakia)	1993	Directly, by second-round system (since 2013; previously Parliament, by majority)	Bicameral
Dominica	Associated state of the United Kingdom	1978	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral
Estonia	One-party state (part of Soviet Union)	1991[note 2]	Parliament, by two-thirds majority	Unicameral
Fiji	Military junta	2014	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral
Finland	Semi-presidential republic	2000[note 3]	Directly, by second-round system	Unicameral
Greece	Military junta; Constitutional monarchy	1975	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral
Guyana	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)	1970[note 4]	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral
Hungary	One-party state	1990	Parliament, by absolute majority	Unicameral
Iceland	Formerly part of Denmark; Constitutional monarchy	1944	Directly, by majority vote	Unicameral
Ireland	Constitutional monarchy (British Dominion)	1949[note 5]	Directly, by single transferable vote	Bicameral
Israel	Protectorate (part of British Mandate of Palestine)	1948	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral
Italy	Constitutional monarchy	1946	Parliament, by two-thirds majority	Bicameral
Kiribati	Protectorate	1979	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral
Kyrgyzstan	Presidential republic	2010	Directly, by second-round system	Unicameral
Latvia	One-party state (part of Soviet Union)	1991[note 6]	Parliament	Unicameral
Lebanon	Protectorate (French mandate of Lebanon)	1941	Parliament	Unicameral
Macedonia	One-party state (part of the Yugoslavia)	1991	Directly, by second-round system	Unicameral
Malta	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)	1974	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral
Marshall Islands	UN Trust Territory (part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)	1979	Parliament	Bicameral
Mauritius	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)	1992	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral
Moldova	Semi-presidential republic	2001	Parliament, by three-fifths majority	Unicameral
Montenegro	One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia, and after Serbia and Montenegro)	1992	Directly, by second-round system	Unicameral
Myanmar	Military dictatorship	2010	Parliament, by an electoral college	Bicameral
Nauru	Australian Trust Territory	1968	Parliament	Unicameral
Poland	One-party state	1990	Directly, by second-round system	Bicameral
Samoa	Constitutional monarchy	2007	Parliament	Unicameral
San Marino	Autocracy (part of the Roman Empire)	301	Parliament	Unicameral
Serbia	One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)	1991	Directly, by second-round system	Unicameral
Singapore	Constitutional monarchy (part of Malaysia)	1965	Directly	Unicameral
Slovakia	One-party state (part of Czechoslovakia)	1993	Parliament (before 1999) Directly, by second-round system (since 1999)	Unicameral
Slovenia	One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)	1991	Directly, by second-round system	Bicameral
South Africa	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)	1961	Parliament, by majority	Bicameral
Suriname	Military dictatorship	1987	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral
Trinidad and Tobago	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)	1976	Parliament	Bicameral
Turkey	One-party state	1946	Directly (since 2007, previously by parliament)	Unicameral
Vanuatu	British–French condominium (New Hebrides)	1980	Parliament and regional council presidents, by majority	Unicameral

See also

• Federal parliamentary republic

References

1. Was previously a parliamentary republic between 1971 and 1975.
2. Estonia was previously a parliamentary republic between 1919 and 1934 when the government was overthrown by a coup d'état. In 1938 Estonia adopted a presidential system and in June 1940 was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union.
3. Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University. In his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008 ISBN 9780719078538), he quotes Nousiainen, Jaakko (June 2001). "From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government: political and constitutional developments in Finland". Scandinavian Political Studies (Wiley) 24 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1111/1467-9477.00048. as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the president has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and does not have the power to dissolve the parliament under his or her own desire. Finland is actually represented by its prime minister, and not by its president, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitution reduced the powers of the president even further.
4. In 1980, it changed from a ceremonial to an executive head of state, who is also the combined head of government.
5. Irish head of state from 1936 to 1949.
6. Latvia was previously a parliamentary republic between 1921 and 1934 when the then prime minister Kārlis Ulmanis took power in a coup d'état. In June 1940 Latvia was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union.