Usama ibn Munqidh

Usama ibn Munqidh
Born (1095-07-04)July 4, 1095
Shaizar
Died November 17, 1188(1188-11-17) (aged 93)
Damascus
Resting place Mount Qasiyun
Occupation Poet, courtier, soldier
Religion Islam
Children Murhaf ibn Munqidh
Parent(s) Murshid ibn Munqidh
Relatives Sultan ibn Munqidh

Majd ad-Dīn Usāma ibn Murshid ibn ʿAlī ibn Munqidh al-Kināni al-Kalbi[1] (also Usamah, Ousama, etc.; Arabic: أسامة بن منقذ‎) (July 4, 1095 – November 17, 1188[2]) was a medieval Muslim poet, author, faris (knight), and diplomat from the Banu Munqidh dynasty of Shaizar in northern Syria. His life coincided with the rise of several medieval Muslim dynasties, the arrival of the First Crusade, and the establishment of the crusader states.

He was the nephew and potential successor of the emir of Shaizar, but was exiled in 1131 and spent the rest of his life serving other leaders. He was a courtier to the Burids, Zengids, and Ayyubids in Damascus, serving the Zengi, Nur ad-Din, and Saladin over a period of almost fifty years. He also served the Fatimid court in Cairo, as well as the Artuqids in Hisn Kayfa. He travelled extensively in Arab lands, visiting Egypt, Syria, Palestine and along the Tigris River, and went on pilgrimage to Mecca. He often meddled in the politics of the courts in which he served, and he was exiled from both Damascus and Cairo.

During and immediately after his life, he was most famous as a poet and adib (a "man of letters"). He wrote many poetry anthologies, such as the Kitab al-'Asa ("Book of the Staff"), Lubab al-Adab ("Kernels of Refinement"), and al-Manazil wa'l-Diyar ("Dwellings and Abodes"), and collections of his own original poetry. In modern times, he is remembered more for his Kitab al-I'tibar ("Book of Learning by Example" or "Book of Contemplation"), which contains lengthy descriptions of the crusaders, whom he interacted with on many occasions, and some of whom he considered friends, although he generally saw them as ignorant foreigners.

Most of his family was killed in an earthquake at Shaizar in 1157. He died in Damascus in 1188, at the age of 93.

Early life

A photograph of a ruined castle on top of a hill. A river runs below it.
The fortress of Shaizar.

Usama was the son of Murshid, and the nephew of Nasr, emir of Shaizar.

Shaizar was seen as a strategically important site and the gateway to enter and control inner Syria. The Arabs initially conquered Shaizar during the Muslim conquest of the Levant in 637. Due to its importance it exchanged hands numerous times between the Arabs and Byzantines, who regained it in 999. In 1025 the Banu Munqid tribe were given an allocation of land beside Shaizar by the ruler of Hama, Saleh al-Murdase. Over time they expanded their lands building fortifications and castles until Usamas grandfather Iz Al-Dawlah Al-Murhif Nasr retook it in 1180.[3]

When Nasr died in 1098, Usama's father, Majd Al-Deen Abi Salamah Murshed (1068- 1137) became the emir of Shaizar and the surrounding cities.[4] However he soon gave up his position to Usama's Uncle (Iz Al-Deen Abi Al-Asaker Sultan Mrdad), Sultan, since Murshid was more interested in studying religion, writing the Quraan and hunting than matters of politics.[5][6]

During Usamas life and when his uncle ruled Shaizr was attacked numerous times by Bani Klab in Aleppo, the Assassins sect, the Byzantines and the crusaders. It was struck with siege engines for 10 days in 1137 by the Byzantines and the crusaders attempted on many occasions to storm it. However due to its natural fortifications along with castles and walls it never fell.[7]

As a child, Usama was the second of four boys and raised by his nurse, Lu'lu'a, who had also raised his father and would later raise Usama's own children.[8] He was encouraged by his father to memorize the Qur'an, and was also tutored by scholars such as Ibn Munira of Kafartab and Abu Abdullah al-Tulaytuli of Toledo. He spent much of his youth hunting with his family, partly as recreation and certainly as warrior (faris) training for battle as part of furusiyya. He also had much direct experience of battle, against the neighbouring crusader County of Tripoli and Principality of Antioch, hostile Muslim neighbours in Hama, Homs, and elsewhere, and Hashshashin who had established a base near Shaizar.[9]

Sultan did not initially have any male heirs and it is possible that Usama expected to succeed him.[10] He certainly singled him out among his brothers by teaching him, tutoring him in the ways of war and hunting. He even favoured him for personal missions and as a representative.[11] However, after Sultan had his own son, he no longer appreciated the presence of Usama and Murshid's other sons. According to Usama, Sultan was jealous after a particularly successful lion-hunt in 1131 when he entered the town with a large lion head in his arms as a hunting trophy. When his grandmother saw this she warned him about the effect this could have on his uncle.[12] However despite this he still spoke well of his uncle on a few occasions in his autobiography and highlighted his noble actions.[13] Usama ultimately left Shaizar temporarily in 1129 and after his father died in 1137 his exile became permanent.[14]

His uncle died in 1154 and his son, Taj Al-Dawlah Naser Al-Deen Mohammad, inherited the castle. However he was the last of the line when an earthquake in 1157 struck the area killing scores.

Damascus and Egypt

Usama went to Homs, where he was taken captive in a battle against Zengi, the atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo, who had just captured nearby Hama. After his capture he entered Zengi's service, and travelled throughout northern Syria, Iraq, and Armenia fighting against Zengi's enemies, including the Abbasid caliph outside Baghdad in 1132. In 1135 he returned to the south, to Hama, where one of Zengi's generals, al-Yaghisiyani, was appointed governor. He returned to Shaizar when his father died in May 1137, and again in April 1138 when Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus besieged the city.[15]

The emperor's siege of Shaizar was unsuccessful, but Shaizar was heavily damaged. After the siege, Usama left Zengi's service and went to Damascus, which was ruled by Mu'in ad-Din Unur, the atabeg of the Burid dynasty. Zengi was determined to conquer Damascus, so Usama and Unur turned to the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem for help. Usama was sent on a preliminary visit to Jerusalem in 1138, and in 1139 Zengi captured Baalbek in Damascene territory. In 1140 Unur sent Usama back to Jerusalem to conclude a treaty with the crusaders, and both he and Unur visited their new allies numerous times between 1140 and 1143. Afterwards, Usama was suspected of being involved in a plot against Unur, and he fled Damascus for Fatimid Cairo in November, 1144.[16]

In Cairo he became a wealthy courtier, but he was involved in plots and conspiracies there as well. The young az-Zafir became caliph in 1149, and Ibn as-Sallar became vizier, with Usama as one of his advisors. As-Sallar sent Usama to negotiate an alliance against the crusaders with Zengi's son Nur ad-Din, but the negotiations failed. Usama took part in battles with the crusaders outside of Ascalon on his way back to Egypt, and after he left, his brother 'Ali was killed at Gaza.[17]

Back in Egypt, as-Sallar was assassinated in 1153 by his son Abbas, Abbas's son Nasr, and caliph az-Zafir, who, according to Usama, was Nasr's lover. Thirteenth-century historian Ibn al-Athir says that Usama was the instigator of this plot.[18] Usama may also have been behind the assassination of az-Zafir by Abbas, in 1154. Az-Zafir's relatives called upon a supporter, Ibn Ruzzik, who chased Abbas out of Cairo, and Usama followed him. He lost his possessions in Cairo, and on the way to Damascus his retinue was attacked by the crusaders and Bedouin nomads, but in June 1154 he safely reached Damascus, which had recently been captured by Nur ad-Din. Ibn Ruzzik tried to persuade him to come back, as the rest of his family was still in Cairo, but Usama was able to bring them to Damascus, through crusader territory, in 1156. The crusaders promised to transport them safely, but they were attacked and pillaged, and Usama lost his entire library.[19]

Later years

Mount Qasiyun in Damascus, where Usama was buried.

In 1157, Shaizar was destroyed by an earthquake, killing almost all of Usama's relatives. They were there for the circumcision of the son of his cousin Muhammad, who had recently succeeded Sultan as emir. The only survivor was Muhammad's wife. Usama had remained in Damascus, and after the destruction of his homeland he remained there in semi-retirement. He went on pilgrimage to Mecca in 1160, then went on campaign against the crusaders with Nur ad-Din in 1162, and was at the Battle of Harim in 1164. That year, Usama left Nur ad-Din's service and went north to the court of Kara Arslan, the Artuqid emir of Hisn Kayfa.[20]

Usama's life in Hisn Kayfa is very obscure, but he travelled throughout the region, and probably has wrote many of his works there. In 1174 Usama was invited to Damascus to serve Saladin, who had succeeded Nur ad-Din earlier that year and was a friend of Usama's son Murhaf. Usama lived in semi-retirement, as he did in Hisn Kayfa, and often met with Saladin to discuss literature and warfare. He may have also taught poetry and hadith in Damascus, and held poetry salons for Saladin and his chief men, including al-Qadi al-Fadl[21] and Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani. He died on November 17, 1188.[22] He was buried in Damascus on Mount Qasiyun, although the tomb is now lost.[23]

Family

Usama had three brothers, Muhammad, 'Ali, and Munqidh; his cousin, also named Muhammad, succeeded Usama's uncle Sultan as emir of Shaizar. He had a son, Murhaf, in 1126, and another son, Abu Bakr, who died as a child. He had a daughter, Umm Farwa, in Hisn Kayfa in 1166. He mentions other children, but their names, and the name of his wife or wives, are unknown.[24]

The picture he painted of his father was of a pious religious man who was not interested in the affairs of this world. He would spend most of his time reading the Quraan, fasting and hunting during the day and at night would copy the Quraan. He also recounted a few battles his father joined against the crusaders in his autobiography Kitab al Itibar.[25]

Religion

It is sometimes assumed that Usama was Shi'ite, because he often writes about 'Ali, his family cooperated with the Fatimids and other Shi'ite dynasties, and he himself served the Fatimids in Egypt. Philip K. Hitti thought he had a "secret sympathy" with the Shi'ites.[26] Paul M. Cobb does not think there is enough evidence one way or the other, but believes he was probably Sunni with "acceptable Shi'ite tendencies."[27] Robert Irwin thinks the Banu Munqidh were Twelver Shi'ites (unlike the Fatimids who were Seveners), and that another clue to Usama's Shi'ism is his dislike of jihad, which was not a Shi'ite doctrine.[28] Usama also admired Christian monks and holy men, and was disturbed that Muslims were not as pious as Christians. He was very fond of Sufis when he first learned about them late in his life in Damascus.[29]

Works

Around 1171 in Hisn Kayfa, Usama wrote the Kitab al-'Asa ("Book of the Staff"), a poetry anthology about famous walking sticks and other staffs, and al-Manazil wa'l-Diyar ("Dwellings and Abodes"). In Damascus in the early 1180s he wrote another anthology, the Lubab al-Adab ("Kernels of Refinement"), instructions on living a properly cultured life. He is most famous for the Kitab al-I'tibar (translated various ways, most recently as the Book of Contemplation), which was written as a gift to Saladin around 1183. It is not exactly a "memoir", as Philip Hitti translated the title, although it does include many autobiographical details that are incidental to the main point.[30] It was meant to be "a book of examples ('ibar) from which to draw lessons."[31]

In 1880, Hartwig Derenbourg was the first to discover the Kitab al-I'tibar, which survived in only one manuscript, in the possession of the Escurial in Madrid. Derenbourg was also the first to produce an Arabic edition (1886), a biography of Usama (1889), and a French translation (1895). In 1930, Hitti produced an improved Arabic edition, and an English translation. Qasim as-Samarrai produced another Arabic edition in 1987.[32]

Usama wrote in "Middle Arabic", a less formal style of classical Arabic.[33]

Reputation

Usama was known for meddling in the business of others, rather than commanding any power of his own. As the Encyclopaedia of Islam says, "his career was a troubled one, and for this his own actions were surely responsible in large part."[34]

To contemporary and later medieval Muslims, however, he was best remembered for his poetry and his poetry anthologies.[35] Ibn Khallikan, author of a fourteenth-century biographical dictionary, calls him "one of the most powerful, learned, and intrepid members of the [Munqidh] family" and speaks at great length about his poetry.[36]

He was also known for his military and hunting exploits. Ibn al-Athir described him as "the ultimate of bravery", regarding his presence at the Battle of Harim.[37]

For modern readers he is most famous for the Kitab al-I'tibar and his descriptions of life in Syria during the early crusades. The disjointed nature of the work has given him a reputation as a senile rambler, although it is actually written with an anthological structure, with humorous or moralistic tales that are not meant to proceed chronologically, as a true autobiography would.[38] Since this style of literature, adab in Arabic, does not necessarily have to be factual, historians are quick to point out that Usama's historical material cannot always be trusted. Usama's anecdotes about the crusades are sometimes obvious jokes, exaggerating their "otherness" to entertain his Muslim audience.[39] As Carole Hillenbrand wrote, it would be "dangerously misleading to take the evidence of his book at its face value."[40]

Bibliography

Arabic Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Editions and translations of Usama's works

Secondary works

References

  1. ↑ Majd ad-Din is an honorific title meaning "glory of the faith". His given name, Usama, means "lion". Murshid was his father, Ali his grandfather, and Munqidh his great-grandfather. The Munqidh family belonged to Kinanah from Kalb from the Qudhaa. Paul M. Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh: Warrior-Poet in the Age of Crusades (Oxford: Oneworld, 2005), p. 4.
  2. ↑ According to Ibn Khallikan he was born on 27 Jumada al-Thani, 488 AH and died 23 Ramadan 584 AH. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, trans. William MacGuckin, Baron de Slane, vol. 1 (Paris: 1842), p. 179. The Gregorian calendar dates are from Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh, p. 4.
  3. ↑ Philip K Hitti: An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh (Kitab Al-Itibar)
  4. ↑ Philip K Hitti: An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh (Kitab Al-Itibar)
  5. ↑ Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh, p. 4.
  6. ↑ Philip K Hitti: An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh (Kitab Al-Itibar)
  7. ↑ Philip K Hitti: An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh (Kitab Al-Itibar)
  8. ↑ Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh, p. 17.
  9. ↑ Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh, pp. 5–14.
  10. ↑ The Book of Contemplation: Islam and the Crusades, trans. Paul M. Cobb (Penguin Classics, 2008), introduction, p. xxv.
  11. ↑ Philip K Hitti: An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh (Kitab Al-Itibar)
  12. ↑ Usama Ibn Munqid: Kitab Al Itibar Page 126
  13. ↑ Usam Ibn Munqid: Kitab Al Itibar Page 71
  14. ↑ Philip K Hitti: An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh (Kitab Al-Itibar)
  15. ↑ Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh, pp. 20–24.
  16. ↑ Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh, pp. 26–31.
  17. ↑ Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh, pp. 34–37.
  18. ↑ The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil i'l-Ta'rikh, Part 2: The Years 541–589/1146–1193: The Age of Nur al-Din and Saladin, trans. D.S. Richards. Crusade Texts in Translation 15 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), p. 62.
  19. ↑ Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh, pp. 37–43.
  20. ↑ Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh, pp. 44–48.
  21. ↑ al-Qadi al-Fadil
  22. ↑ Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh, pp. 63–64.
  23. ↑ The Book of Contemplation, trans. Cobb, introduction, pp. xxxii–xxxiii.
  24. ↑ Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh, pp. 16–17, 51, and the family tree on p. xxiv.
  25. ↑ Usama Ibn Munqid: Kitab al Itibar Page 191,197
  26. ↑ An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades; Memoirs of Usamah ibn-Munqidh (Kitab al i'tibar), trans Philip K. Hitti (New York, 1929), introduction, p. 14.
  27. ↑ Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh, p. 74.
  28. ↑ Robert Irwin, "Usamah ibn Munqidh: An Arab-Syrian gentleman at the time of the crusades reconsidered." The Crusades and their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton, eds. John France and W.G. Zajac (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998), p. 78.
  29. ↑ Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh, p. 77.
  30. ↑ The Book of Contemplation, trans. Cobb, introduction, pp. xxxiii–xxxv.
  31. ↑ Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh, p. 63.
  32. ↑ The Book of Contemplation, trans. Cobb, introduction, pp. xxxviii–xxxix.
  33. ↑ The Book of Contemplation, trans. Cobb, introduction, p. xxxvii.
  34. ↑ R. S. Humphreys, Munḳid̲h̲, Banū, in Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd. ed., vol. VII (Leiden: Brill, 1960–2002), p. 579.
  35. ↑ Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh, p. 116.
  36. ↑ Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, trans. MacGuckin, p. 179.
  37. ↑ The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir, trans. D.S. Richards, p. 134.
  38. ↑ The Book of Contemplation, trans. Cobb, introduction, p. xxxi.
  39. ↑ Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh, p. 69.
  40. ↑ Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Routledge, 2000), p. 260.

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