Uterine artery embolization

Arteries of the female reproductive tract (posterior view): uterine artery, ovarian artery and vaginal arteries.

Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is a procedure where an interventional radiologist uses a catheter to deliver small particles that block the blood supply to the uterine body. The procedure is done for the treatment of uterine fibroids and adenomyosis.[1][2] Given that this minimally invasive procedure is commonly used in the treatment of uterine fibroids it is also called uterine fibroid embolization (UFE).

Medical uses

Uterine artery embolization is used to treat bothersome bulk-related symptoms or abnormal or heavy uterine bleeding due to uterine fibroids or for the treatment of adenomyosis. Fibroid size, number, and location are three potential predictors of successful UFE [3][4][5]

Long term outcomes with respect to how happy people are with the procedure are similar to that of surgery.[6] There is tentative evidence that traditional surgery may result in better fertility.[6] UAE also appears to require more repeat procedures than if surgery was done initially.[6]

It has shorter recovery times.[7] UAE is thought to work because uterine fibroids have abnormal vasculature together with aberrant responses to hypoxia.[8]

UAE can also be used to control heavy uterine bleeding for reasons other than fibroids, such as postpartum obstetrical hemorrhage.[9] and adenomyosis.

Adverse effects

The rate of serious adverse effects is comparable to that of myomectomy or hysterectomy. The advantage of substantially faster recovery time is offset by a higher rate of minor complications.[7]

Adverse effects that have been reported include death from embolism, or septicemia (the presence of pus-forming or other pathogenic organisms, or their toxins, in the blood or tissues) resulting in multiple organ failure.[10] Infection from tissue death of fibroids, leading to endometritis (infection of the uterus) resulting in lengthy hospitalization for administration of intravenous antibiotics.[11] Misembolization from microspheres or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles flowing or drifting into organs or tissues where they were not intended to be, causing damage to other organs or other parts of the body.[12] Ovarian damage resulting from embolic material migrating to the ovaries. Loss of ovarian function, infertility,[13] and loss of orgasm. Failure of embolization surgery- continued fibroid growth, regrowth within four months. Menopause - iatrogenic, abnormal, cessation of menstruation and follicle stimulating hormones elevated to menopausal levels.[14] Post-Embolization Syndrome (PES) - characterized by acute and/or chronic pain, temperatures of up to 38.8°C, malaise, nausea, vomiting and severe night sweats. Foul vaginal odor coming from infected, necrotic tissue which remains inside the uterus. Hysterectomy due to infection, pain or failure of embolization.[15] Severe, persistent pain, resulting in the need for morphine or synthetic narcotics.[16] Hematoma, blood clot at the incision site. Vaginal discharge containing pus and blood, bleeding from incision site, bleeding from vagina, fibroid expulsion (fibroids pushing out through the vagina), unsuccessful fibroid expulsion (fibroids trapped in the cervix causing infection and requiring surgical removal), life-threatening allergic reaction to the contrast material, and uterine adhesions.

Procedure

The procedure is performed by a Vascular Interventional Radiologist under local anesthesia. Access is commonly through the radial or femoral artery via the wrist or groin, respectively. After anesthetizing the skin over the artery of choice, the artery is accessed by a needle puncture. An access sheath and guidewire are then introduced into the artery. In order to select the uterine vessels for subsequent embolization, a guiding catheter is commonly used and placed into the uterine artery under x-ray fluoroscopy guidance. Once at the level of the uterine artery an angiogram with contrast is performed to confirm placement of the catheter and the embolizing agent (spheres or beads) is released.Blood flow to the fibroid will slow significantly or cease altogether, causing the Fibroid to shrink. This process can be repeated for as many arteries as are supplying the fibroid. This is done bilaterally from the initial puncture site as unilateral uterine artery embolizations have a high risk of failure. With both uterine arteries occluded, abundant collateral circulation prevents the uterus from necrosing and the fibroids decrease in size and vascularity as they receive the bulk of the embolization material. The procedure can be performed in a hospital, surgical center or office setting and commonly take no longer than an hour to perform. Post-procedurally if access was gained via a femoral artery puncture an occlusion device can be used to hasten healing of the puncture site and the patient is asked to remain with the leg extended for several hours but many patients are discharged the same day with some remaining in the hospital for a single day admission for pain control and observation. If access was gained via the radial artery the patient will be able to get off of the table and walk out immediately following their procedure. The procedure is not a surgical intervention, and allows the uterus to be kept in place avoiding many of the associated surgical complications.

References

  1. ↑ Siskin GP, Tublin ME, Stainken BF; et al. (2001). "Uterine artery embolization for the treatment of adenomyosis: clinical response and evaluation with MR imaging". AJR Am J Roentgenol 177: 297–302. doi:10.2214/ajr.177.2.1770297.
  2. ↑ Chen C, Liu P, Lu J, et al. [Uterine arterial embolization in the treatment of adenomyosis]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2002; 37:77.
  3. ↑ Spies JB, Roth AR, Jha RC; et al. (2002). "Leiomyomata treated with uterine artery embolization: factors associated with successful symptom and imaging outcome". Radiology 222: 45–52. doi:10.1148/radiol.2221010661.
  4. ↑ Pelage JP, Walker WJ, Le Dref O; et al. (2001). "Treatment of uterine fibroids". Lancet 357: 1530. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04683-3.
  5. ↑ Katsumori T, Nakajima K, Mihara T (2003). "Is a large fibroid a high-risk factor for uterine artery embolization?". AJR Am J Roentgenol 181: 1309–1314. doi:10.2214/ajr.181.5.1811309.
  6. 1 2 3 Gupta, JK; Sinha, A; Lumsden, MA; Hickey, M (26 December 2014). "Uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine fibroids.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 12: CD005073. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005073.pub4. PMID 25541260.
  7. 1 2 Gupta, J. K.; Sinha, A.; Lumsden, M. A.; Hickey, M. (2012). Gupta, Janesh K, ed. "Uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine fibroids". The Cochrane Library 5: CD005073. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005073.pub3. PMID 22592701.
  8. ↑ Tal, R.; Segars, J. H. (2013). "The role of angiogenic factors in fibroid pathogenesis: potential implications for future therapy". Human Reproduction Update 20 (2): 194–216. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt042. ISSN 1355-4786.
  9. ↑ Management of severe postpartum haemorrhage by uterine artery embolization
  10. ↑ Vashisht A, Studd JW, Carey AH (2000). "Fibroid Embolisation: A Technique Not Without Significant Complications". British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 107 (9): 1166–1170. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11119.x.
  11. ↑ de Block S, de Bries C, Prinssen HM (2003). "Fatal Sepss after Uterine Artery Embolization with Microspheres". Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 14 (6): 779–783. doi:10.1097/01.rvi.0000079988.80153.61. PMID 12817046.
  12. ↑ Dietz DM, Stahfeld KR, Bansal SK (2004). "Buttock Necrosis After Uterine Artery Embolization". Obstetrics & Gynecology 104 (Supplement): 1159–1161. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000141567.25541.26.
  13. ↑ Robson S, Wilson K, David M (1999). "Pelvic Sepsis Complicating Embolization of a Uterine Fibroid". The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 39 (4): 516–517. doi:10.1111/j.1479-828X.1999.tb03150.x.
  14. ↑ Walker WJ, Pelage JP, Sutton C (2002). "Fibroid Embolization". Clinical Radiology 57 (5): 325–331. doi:10.1053/crad.2002.0945. PMID 12014926.
  15. ↑ Common AA, Mocarski E, Kolin A (2001). "Leiomyosarcoma". Journal of Vascular & Interventional Radiology 12: 1449–1452. doi:10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61708-4.
  16. ↑ Soulen MC, Fairman RM, Baum R (2000). "Embolization of the Internal Iliac Artery: Still More to Learn". Journal of Vascular & Interventional Radiology 11 (5): 543–545. doi:10.1016/S1051-0443(07)61604-2.

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