AvtoVAZ

JSC AvtoVAZ Common
Public joint-stock company
Traded as MCX: AVAZ
Industry Automotive
Founded 1966
Headquarters Tolyatti, Samara Oblast, Russia
Key people
 Nicolas Maure (President)[1]
Carlos Ghosn (Chairman)[2]
Products Automobiles
Revenue Increase RUB190.7 billion (2014)[3]
Fall RUB-14.6 billion (2014)[3]
Fall RUB-24.8 billion (2014)[3]
Total assets Increase RUB164.8 billion (2014)[3]
Total equity Fall RUB34.9 billion (2014)[3]
Owner Alliance Rostec Auto BV (74.5%)[4]
Website Official website

AvtoVAZ[5] (Russian: АвтоВАЗ) is the Russian automobile manufacturer formerly known as VAZ: Volzhsky Avtomobilny Zavod (ВАЗ, Во́лжский автомоби́льный заво́д, or Volga Automobile Plant), but better known to the world under the trade name Lada. The current company name is "AvtoVAZ".

AvtoVAZ's majority owner is Alliance Rostec Auto BV with 74.5%, which is a joint venture of the Renault-Nissan Alliance with 67.1% and Russian company Rostec with the remainder,[4] which means that the Renault-Nissan-Alliance controls a two-third majority of the majority owner, but owns just 49.9895% of AvtoVAZ' shares.

AvtoVAZ produces nearly one million cars a year, including the Kalina family (hatchback, wagon and crossover), Lada Granta family (sedan and liftback), Lada Priora family (sedan, hatchback, wagon and coupe), Lada 4x4 (former Lada "Niva") and Lada Largus (Automobile Dacia platform), as well as the cars of Renault-Nissan alliance brands: Renault Logan II, Renault Sandero II, Datsun on-Do and Datsun mi-Do (the Nissan sub-brand), and Nissan Almera New.

The VAZ factory is the largest car manufacturer in Russia and Eastern Europe[6] and one of the largest in the world, with over 90 miles (140 km) of production lines; it is unique in that most of the components for the cars are made in-house.

History

Lada logo

The company was established in the late 1960s in cooperation with Fiat, with Viktor Polyakov (later Minister of Automobile Industry) as director, and Vladimir Solovyov being the chief designer,[7] and intended to produce popular economy cars that would meet the growing demand for personal transport.[8] It was set up as a collaboration between Italy and the Soviet Union and built on the banks of the Volga River in 1966. A new town, Tolyatti, named after the Italian Communist Party leader Palmiro Togliatti, was built around the factory.[8] The Lada was envisaged as a "people's car" like the Citroën 2CV or the VW Type 1. Production was intended to be 220,000 cars a year, beginning in 1971; car production actually began before the plant was finished in 1970.[9] The VAZ trademark, at first, was a silver Volga boat on a red pentagonal background, with "Togliatti" superposed in Cyrillic (Тольятти); the first badges, manufactured in Turin, mistakenly had the Cyrillic "Я" rendered "R", instead (ТольRтти), making them collector's items.[10]

The lightweight Italian Fiat 124, which had won the 1967 European Car of the Year,[11] was adapted in order to survive treacherous Russian driving conditions. Among many changes, aluminium brake drums were added to the rear, and the original Fiat engine was dropped in favour of a newer design also purchased from Fiat. This new engine had a modern overhead camshaft design, but was never used in Fiat cars. The suspension was raised to clear rough Russian roads and the bodyshell was made from thicker, heavier steel. The first Lada models were equipped with a starting handle in case the battery went flat in Siberian conditions, though this was later dropped. Another feature specifically intended to help out in cold conditions was a manual auxiliary fuel pump. About 22,000 VAZ-2101s were built in 1970, with capacity at the end of 1973 reaching 660,000 a year; 21 December, the one millionth 2101 was built.[9] A third production line was added in October 1974, boosting output to 2,230 cars a day.[9] The same year, total VAZ production reached 1.5 million.[9]

The Volga automaking plant in 1969

Exports to the West began in 1974; Ladas were sold as in several Western nations during the 1970s and 1980s, including Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, though trade sanctions banned their export to the United States. Under the original agreement with Fiat, the car could not be sold in competition with the 124 until its replacement (the Fiat 131 Mirafiori) had been released and all Fiat production of the 124 had ceased.

Engines fitted to the original Ladas start with the 1.2 L carubretted in the original and go up to the 1.7 L export model set up with a General Motors single point fuel injection system. Diesel engines were later fitted for the domestic market only. The drivetrain is a simple rear-wheel drive setup with a live rear axle. The engine is an inline four with two valves per cylinder and a single overhead camshaft.

The Fiat-derived Ladas featured various headlights, trim and body styles. The original, Fiat-based models included the VAZ-2101 sedan and the VAZ-2102 station wagon. 1972 saw the introduction of a deluxe version of the sedan, VAZ-2103, which was based on the Fiat 124 Special and featured a new 1.5 L engine and twin headlights. In 1974, the original VAZ-2101 was updated with new engines and interiors, whereas the VAZ-2102 underwent the same improvements in 1976. The body style with two round headlights was manufactured until 1988.

The VAZ-2106, introduced in December 1975 as an updated version of the VAZ-2103, was based on the 1972 Fiat 124 Special T, featuring different interiors and new 1.6 L engine. The 2106 was one of the most popular rear-wheel drive AvtoVAZ models in the past; its production ended in 2001 from Tolyatti, but continued at Izhavto (Izhevsk), ending there in December 2005.

In 1974, VAZ was given permission to begin producing Wankel engines under licence from NSU.[12] Work began in 1976, with a single-rotor Lada appearing in 1978; the first 250 of these went on sale in the summer of 1980.[12]

The VAZ-2105, based on the Fiat 124 mechanicals but modernised and restyled, was introduced in 1979 and marketed outside the Soviet Union under the Riva or Laika trade names, depending on the country. Square headlights and new body panels distinguish this car from the earlier models. A deluxe version, VAZ-2107, was out in 1982; it featured a better engine, refined interiors and a chrome radiator grille. In 1984, the VAZ-2104 station wagon completed the line-up. After about thirty years of production, the 2105 was discontinued in 2010, followed by the 2104 and 2107 in 2012. It is the third best selling automobile platform after the Volkswagen Beetle and the Ford Model T,[13][14] and one of the longest production run platforms alongside the Volkswagen Beetle, the Hindustan Ambassador and the Volkswagen Type 2.[15]

In the domestic market, these models were called Zhiguli. The Lada name was used for exports only, however the "upscale" 2103, 2106 and later 2107 models carried the Lada labels even in the domestic market, so the brand was well known in the domestic market as well. By 2007, they were the cheapest automobiles available in the Russian market[16] and remain the most popular second-hand cars in Russia even after their production ceased.[17]

Technical and design center

After having built a number of prototypes and experimental vehicles, AvtoVAZ designers launched the first car entirely of their own design, the VAZ-2121 Niva, in 1977. This highly popular and innovative[18] SUV was made with off-road use in mind, featuring a gearbox with a central differential lock lever as well as a low- and high-range selector lever. It has an original body style and the most powerful 1.7 L engine in the VAZ range (originally 1.6 L VAZ-2106 engine, further enlarged to 1.7 L in the 1990s). The Niva has also been available with 1.9 L Peugeot-sourced diesel engine. The Niva is still in production.

Based on the success of the Niva, the design department prepared a new family of front-wheel drive models by 1984, which was of a completely domestic design. Production started with the VAZ-21083 Sputnik three-door hatchback; the series was later renamed to Samara. It was the first front-wheel drive serial car built in the Soviet Union after the LuAZ- 969V.[19] The Samara engine was mostly designed and produced in-house, had a new single overhead camshaft (SOHC) design and was driven by a more modern rubber belt. The combustion chambers were developed in collaboration with Porsche. Its line-up featured a completely new body and interiors, front MacPherson strut independent suspension and rear torsion bar, rack and pinion steering, and an updated five-speed gearbox. The five-door VAZ-21093 hatchback followed in 1987, and the four-door 1.5 L sedan, the VAZ-21099, was introduced in 1990. The same year, the front sides and radiator grille were restyled on the whole Samara range.

A white 2108 would become the nine millionth Lada built, on 24 May 1985, with the ten millionth, on 9 October 1986, also a 2108.[20] The twelve millionth, a right-hand drive 2109, was produced 6 July 1989.[21]

The 2108-2109 models remained in production until 2001, when they were restyled with new side panels, interiors and 1.5 L fuel injection engines (though fuel injection was available as early as 1995). The Lada 2109 hatchback and the Lada 21099 sedan were restyled as Lada 2114 and Lada 2115, respectively. The 2104-21099 model range was transferred to IzhMash and ZAZ. In 2004, VAZ also introduced the Lada 2113, but this car never had much popularity. The Samara was finally discontinued in December 2013.

The VAZ-1111 Oka micro-car was introduced in 1988, and in 1991 the production was transferred to the KamAZ and SeAZ factories.

The VAZ-2120 Nadezhda minivan is based on the original Niva and was in low-volume production in 1998–2007. A five-door version of the Niva, the VAZ-2131, is produced since 1995. The dissolution of the Soviet Union delayed the production of new 110-series by a couple of years. The VAZ-2110 sedan was introduced in 1995, the 2111 station wagon followed in 1998 and the 2112 hatchback completed the range in 2001. These models are basically based on Samara mechanicals, with a new body and fuel injected engines as standard features, though carbureted versions have also been available up until 2001. The 110-series remains in production and has been continually updated over the years. For example, engines used to be 1.5 L units with either 8 or 16 valves, but these have now been upgraded to 1.6 L units that meet stricter emissions rules.

In 2008, AvtoVAZ was the largest automotive plant in Europe, able to build 750,000 cars a year.[22] The plant covers 600 ha (65,000,000 sq ft), with three assembly lines each 1,700 m (5,600 ft) long; at peak production, it employed 180,000.[22] And, unlike most Western factories, it is vertically integrated, producing almost every component in the plant itself.[22]

By the end of 2010, after the global financial crisis, automotive production in Russia had returned to pre-crisis levels.[23][24] Nine out of the ten most sold models in Russia in 2010 were domestically produced, with Avtovaz's Lada models topping the list.[23] In the first 7 months of 2010, sales of Lada cars increased by 60%.[25]

In 2014, AvtoVAZ sold 448,114 vehicles, down 16.3 percent comparing to the previous year, due to the overall market slowdown in Russia.[26] The total production of the Togliatti factory is 910,000 vehicles.[27]

Market share

Economic instability in the former Soviet Union in the 1990s, tightening emissions and safety legislation meant that AvtoVAZ withdrew from most Western markets by the late 1997. In later years, Lada is again exported. Today Lada has 15,7% of the Russian market, 37% in the segment up to 600 thousand rubles. The Lada is marketed in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Armenia and Azerbaijan, and within the European Union, it has been made available in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, France, Germany and Egypt.[28]

Recent developments

GM-AvtoVAZ plant in Tolyatti, Russia

GM-AvtoVAZ, a joint-venture with General Motors, adopted an updated version of the Niva, VAZ-2123, that was considered for production since the 1990s. Named Chevrolet Niva, it is being built on the venture's plant since 2001 and is exported to Europe and Latin America. In 2004, the Chevrolet Viva, a four-door version of the Opel Astra G, was introduced.

AvtoVAZ has also got into the sportier markets: several Ladas were factory-tuned and given a Momo steering wheel. A convertible was also produced. In 2003, VAZ presented the concept car Lada Revolution, an open single seater sports car powered by a 1.6 L engine producing 215 hp (160 kW). There are other experimental cars, such as the VAZ-210834 Tarzan SUV concept, VAZ-1922 monster truck and VAZ-2359 pick-up, all based on Niva. The VAZ-211223 110-series coupe, with the sister models 111 and 112 have been developed with a modern and luxurious look and feel, have been mass-produced, and are popular in Russia today.

Some models (mostly the police version) have a Wankel engine, though development (and production) of this engine stopped in 2004.[29] The main causes are special requirements for service and repair (mostly available only in Moscow & Togliatti) and very high fuel & lubricating oil consumption.

2005 saw the introduction of the new Kalina B-segment lineup to the market. AvtoVAZ has built a new modern plant for this model and is hoping to sell some 200,000 cars annually. Test production of the Lada 1118 sedan started in November 2004 and full-scale assembly was launched in May 2005. The Lada 1119 hatchback and Lada 1117 station wagon with updated DOHC 1.6L engines followed in 2006.The second generation of the car was revealed at the 2012 Moscow International Motor Show. It is basically a facelifted first generation, albeit with a slightly extended wheelbase and length, 13- or 14-inch wheel discs, electronic throttle control[30] and now produced only in hatchback and wagon form. In the fall of 2014 AvtoVAZ began production of a new modification, the Lada Kalina Cross.[31] The Kalina is also produced as the more powerful version named Lada Kalina Sport.[32]

The Lada Largus was launched in the Russian market in the middle of July 2012. In 2014, it got a new modification, the Lada Largus Cross.[33]

The restyled and modernised 110-series model Lada 2170 Priora is produced since March 2007. The Priora has been upgraded since the production started, and got a new robotized transmission.[34]

Another new model is the Lada Granta, a subcompact car developed in collaboration with Renault and produced in sedan, liftback, and Sport modifications. The car is equipped with different transmissions. Mass sales started in December 2011.[35] The Lada Granta has been the best-selling model in Russia for more than 20 months.[36] launched the brand new Lada Vesta & Lada XRAY.[37][38]

Prototype LADA Vesta and concept of five-door LADA XRAY crossover became the key highlights of AVTOVAZ’s booth at Moscow International Motorshow 2014. Cars were presented by LADA Chief Designer Steve Mattin.

LADA Vesta is based on brand new b\C platform, developed by AVTOVAZ’s engineers in cooperation with Renault-Nissan Alliance’s specialists. Production of LADA Vesta started on September 25, 2015 at LADA Izhevsk manufacturing site. For the first time in LADA history, one year have passed between concept-car and SOP. The first serial LADA Vesta was car of Comfort trim-level and of dark-blue Pluton (Pluto) color, equipped with LADA 1.6 L engine (106 h.p.) and Renault manual transmission. Start of sales held at on the night between November 24 and 25. Currently the car is one of carmaker’s flagship models.[39]

LADA XRAY is the first compact city crossover in company’s history. Car’s original style was developed by AVTOVAZ’s specialists. Car’s design based on B0 platform and is the result of collaboration cooperation between Renault’s and AVTOVAZ’s specialists. Production started on December 15 in full compliance with schedule previously announced by the company Car is produced at Togliatti manufacturing site. Starts of sales was held on February 14, 2016. LADA XRAY is available in 7 trim-levels.[40]

In collaboration with Renault, AvtoVAZ created a CKD assembly of the Renault Logan.

AvtoVAZ suffered considerably in the 2008-2009 world economic crisis. In October 2008, the company was reported to possess over 100,000 unsold units, and desperately needed money to repay short-term debts. On March 31, the value of AvtoVAZ shares jumped by almost 30%, due to Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's proclaimed determination to support the auto giant. Putin visited Togliatti, expressed his approval of the management for not initiating massive layoffs, and promised more than $1 billion in loans, cash, and guarantees.[41] In May, 2009, Putin bought an AvtoVAZ Niva SUV to show his support for the hard-pressed domestic producer.[42] The most efficient anti-crisis measure executed by the Russian government was the introduction of a car scrappage scheme in March 2010. Under the scheme, buyers of new cars could receive a subsidy of up to 600,000 rubles (20,000 USD).[43] Sales of Russia's largest carmaker Avtovaz doubled in the second quarter of 2010 as a result, and the company returned to profit.[44][45]

On 10 March 10, 2010, the Board of Directors of AvtoVAZ approved a business plan for the period until 2020, by which expected to increase its production to 1.2 million units per year by the end of the 2010s, as well as investments up to 3 billion euros.[46]

On 3 May 2012, the Renault-Nissan alliance has signed letter of intent to raise its stake in Avtovaz to a majority by taking a majority share of 67.13% of a joint venture with the Russian state-controlled company, Russian Technologies, to own 74.5% of Avtovaz. This would raise the share of the Renault-Nissan Alliance in AvtoVAZ to 51.01%.[47] Renault and Nissan will invest $750,000,000 in the joint venture.

In the same year, it was announced that Avtovaz and Sollers plan to jointly produce vehicles in Kazakhstan.[48] The plant, which will be open in 2016, will be built in Ust-Kamenogorsk, in the eastern part of the country, and will produce around 120,000 cars a year.[49]

In November 2013, Bo Andersson joined JSC AvtoVAZ as the President.[50] He was replaced in March 2016 by Nicolas Maure.[51]

Models

Each model has an internal index that reflects the level of modifications, based on the engine and other options installed. For example, the VAZ-21103 variant has the 1.5 L 16V engine, while the VAZ-21104 uses the latest 1.6 L 16V fuel injection engine. Since 2001, trim levels are also indicated by including a number after the main index: '-00' means base trim level, '-01' means standard trim and '-02' designates deluxe version; for example, VAZ-21121-02 means Lada 112 hatchback with an 1.6L SOHC engine and deluxe trim.

The car's name is formed from 'VAZ-index model name. The classic Fiat 124-derived models were known on the domestic market as Zhiguli (Жигули) until the late-1990s, when the name was dropped; thus, the 2104-2107 range, as well as 110-series, actually lack a model name. The restyled Sputnik range was renamed Samara, but the Niva and the Oka retained their names. By the 2000s (decade), the VAZ designation was dropped from market names in favour of Lada and simplified export naming conventions were adopted, so VAZ-2104 effectively became Lada 2104, VAZ-2110 became Lada 110, VAZ-2114 became Lada Samara hatchback or Lada 114 and so on, though model indices continue to be used in both technical and marketing materials.

The model names varied from market to market and as such should not be used except to indicate a certain export market. Instead, it is advisable to refer solely to the model number as these are the same for all markets.

Classic Zhiguli

Original

Oka

The Oka is a Russian city car designed by AvtoVAZ and sometimes branded as a Lada. This model was also produced in Russia by SeverstalAvto and SeAZ (the Serpuhov Car Factory), as well as in Azerbaijan by the Gyandzha Auto Plant. Series production of the Oka ceased in 2008.

Chevrolet Niva

The Chevrolet Niva is a GM modification produced at GM-AvtoVAZ, a joint venture between AvtoVAZ and General Motors, at its factory in Tolyatti from 2002. It is based on the original VAZ 2121 engine, transmission and most mechanicals of the Lada Niva.

Nissan Almera

In December 2012, the second generation of the Nissan Bluebird Sylphy began full-scale manufacturing at the AvtoVAZ plant as the new Nissan Almera.[52] It received its world premiere at the 2012 Moscow International Automobile Salon on 29 August 2012, and uses the same design as the Bluebird Sylphy, but a redesigned dashboard interior, adapted from the first generation Dacia Logan. The car has a 1.6-litre petrol engine (75 kW), with a five-speed manual or a four-speed automatic transmission.

Models gallery

Currently produced cars developed by AvtoVAZ

Currently produced cars developed by other companies

Older models

Older Fiat-derived models

Racing, experimental or future models

Motorsport

Lada Granta WTCC

See also

References

  1. ↑ "AvtoVAZ's new boss faces a tough job at Russian carmaker". Automotive News Europe. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  2. ↑ Jolley, David (29 June 2013). "Ghosn becomes chairman of Russian carmaker AvtoVAZ". europe.autonews.com. Automtive News Europe. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "AvtoVAZ Group: International Financial Reporting Standards. Consolidated Financial Stataments and Independent Auditors' Report. 31 December 2014" (PDF). AvtoVAZ. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  4. 1 2 "Renault-Nissan completes deal to take control of AvtoVAZ". Automotive News Europe. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  5. ↑ "Rostec :: About :: AVTOVAZ". rostec.ru. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
  6. ↑ ""АвтоВАЗ" во II квартале получил 1 млрд руб чистой прибыли".
  7. ↑ Thompson, Andy. Cars of the Soviet Union (Haynes Publishing, Somerset, UK, 2008), p.104.
  8. 1 2 "AVTOVAZ Joint Stock Company History".
  9. 1 2 3 4 Thompson, p.106.
  10. ↑ Thompson, pp.107 & 109.
  11. ↑ "Previous winners". caroftheyear.org. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  12. 1 2 Thompson, p.209.
  13. ↑ Kowalke, Ron (1997). Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946–1975. Krause publications. ISBN 0-87341-521-3.
  14. ↑ Giles Chapman (1 September 2005). Car emblems: the ultimate guide to automotive logos worldwide. Merrell. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-85894-317-6. Retrieved 2 October 2013. Combined with the Fiat 1 24, it's the third best- selling single model design of all time, after the Volkswagen Beetle and Ford Model T.
  15. ↑ "The Oldest Cars Still In Production". Jalopnik. 14 May 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  16. ↑ (Russian) "The cheapest cars in the Russian market".
  17. ↑ (Russian) "Ranking of the best-selling automobiles in the Russian secondary market".
  18. ↑ Thompson, p.238.
  19. ↑ Thompson, p.251
  20. ↑ Thompson, p.253.
  21. ↑ Thompson, p.255.
  22. 1 2 3 Thompson, p.107.
  23. 1 2 "Car production reaches pre-crisis level". Voice of Russia. 13 December 2010.
  24. ↑ "Prime Minister Vladimir Putin is confident that the automotive industry in Russia's Far East has a future". Premier.gov.ru. 7 December 2010.
  25. ↑ "Car production clicks into top gear". Russia Today. 13 August 2010.
  26. ↑ http://www.media.blog.alliance-renault-nissan.com/news/renault-nissan-alliance-sales-rise-for-fifth-straight-year-in-2014-to-8-5-million-vehicles/
  27. ↑ http://europe.autonews.com/article/20150615/ANE/150619969/most-russian-car-plants-are-uncompetitive-avtovaz-ceo-says
  28. ↑ "Lada Granta sa vybrala do vyspelej automobilovej Európy" (in Slovak). Podkapotou.sk. 15 April 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  29. ↑ Thompson, p.237.
  30. ↑ "Autonews".
  31. ↑ "AVTOVAZ to introduce Lada Kalina and Lada Largus preudocrossovers in Autumn". eng.autostat.ru. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
  32. ↑ "New Lada Kalina Sport will receive two engines". eng.autostat.ru. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
  33. ↑ "Lada Largus Cross will be produced in two versions". eng.autostat.ru. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
  34. ↑ "Lada Priora with robotized transmission will appear in the mid-2014". eng.autostat.ru. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
  35. ↑ "AvtoVAZ began sales of sedan Lada Granta with "robot"".
  36. ↑ "Lada Granta fortifies as the Russian bestseller". eng.autostat.ru. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
  37. ↑ "AvtoVAZ plans to produce about 5000 LADA Vesta in 2015". eng.autostat.ru. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
  38. ↑ "BRIEF-Avtovaz launches mass production of LADA Vesta". Reuters. 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
  39. ↑ "It’s Halftime in Russia · Global Voices". Global Voices. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
  40. ↑ "15 figures about LADA XRAY". eng.autostat.ru. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
  41. ↑ Aervitz, Irina (2009-04-08). "AvtoVAZ: a New Beginning or a Dead End?". Russia Profile. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  42. ↑ Putin buys Russian in boost to carmaker, Russia Today TV, May 16, 2009.Retrieved 2009-11-25.
  43. ↑ "Russia's car sector stalls, but foreigners still investing". Russia Beyond the Headlines. 5 June 2010.
  44. ↑ "Avtovaz in profit thanks to Russia car scrappage scheme". BBC News. 12 June 2010.
  45. ↑ Rozhnov, Konstantin (7 March 2010). "What will save the Russian car industry?". BBC News.
  46. ↑ «АвтоВАЗ» во II квартале получил 1 млрд руб чистой прибыли // РИА Новости, 13 июля 2010
  47. ↑ Reuters (3 May 2012). "Renault-Nissan to Take Control of AvtoVAZ". New York: NYTC. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  48. ↑ "Russia's Avtovaz and Sollers to produce cars in Kazakhstan — RT". Rt.com. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  49. ↑ "120 тысяч казахстанских авто в год будут производить в Усть-Каменогорске". Tengrinews.kz. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  50. ↑ "AvtoVAZ appoints ex-GM executive Andersson as first non-Russian chief". europe.autonews.com. Automotive News Europe. November 5, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
  51. ↑ "AvtoVAZ's new boss faces a tough job at Russian carmaker". europe.autonews.com. Automotive News Europe. March 16, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
  52. ↑ "AUTOSTAT - AvtoVAZ started the production of Nissan Almera sedans". Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  53. ↑ "Soviet Racing | English Russia | Page 2". Retrieved 2015-09-18.
  54. ↑ witalii. "VAZ-2101. The history of the national car". russki-ya.blogspot.ru. Retrieved 2015-09-18.
  55. ↑ Stuart, Greg. "7 of the best communist race cars". Retrieved 2015-09-18.
  56. ↑ "Renault F1 Team Has A New Partner - Lada Enters Formula 1". Retrieved 2015-09-18.
  57. ↑ "LADA Granta CUP » High-Tech Racing Simulations". htracings.ru. Retrieved 2015-09-18.
  58. ↑ "Rob Huff - LADA Sport ROSNEFT Driver - Official Website". www.robhuff.com. Retrieved 2015-09-18.
  59. ↑ "Rob Huff - LADA unveils new WTCC car and new sponsor for 2015-2017". www.robhuff.com. Retrieved 2015-09-18.

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