Vojvodina

This article is about the autonomous province within Serbia. For other uses, see Vojvodina (disambiguation). For Yugoslav provinces, see AP Vojvodina.

Coordinates: 45°24′58″N 20°11′53″E / 45.416°N 20.198°E / 45.416; 20.198

Autonomous Province of Vojvodina
Flag Coat of arms
Map of Vojvodina within Serbia
Map of Vojvodina within Serbia
Capital
and largest city		Novi Sad
Official languages Serbian[a]
Hungarian
Slovak
Romanian
Croatian[a]
Rusyn[1]
Country  Serbia
Government Autonomous province
 •  Prime Minister Bojan Pajtić (DS)
 •  President of Assembly of Vojvodina István Pásztor (SVM)
Establishment
 •  Formation of Serbian Vojvodina 1848 
 •  Establishment 1944 
Area
 •  Total 21,506 km2
8,304 sq mi
Population
 •  2011 census 1,931,809
 •  Density 90/km2
230/sq mi
Currency Serbian dinar (RSD)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 •  Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Drives on the right
a. ^ Serbian and Croatian are considered by the local authorities to constitute separate languages, but are standardized varieties of the Serbo-Croatian language.[2][3][4]

Vojvodina (Serbian Cyrillic: Војводина), officially the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина / Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina, [ʋǒjʋodina]; see Names in other languages), is an autonomous province of Serbia, located in the northern part of the country, in the Pannonian Plain. Novi Sad is the largest city and administrative center of Vojvodina and the second-largest city in Serbia. Vojvodina has a population of approximately 2 million (approximately 26.88% of the Serbian population excluding Kosovo, and 21.56% including it). It has a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural identity;[5] there are more than 26 ethnic groups in the province,[6][7] which has six official languages.[8]

Name

The term vojvodina in Serbian means a type of duchy – more specifically, a voivodeship. It derives from the word "vojvoda" (See: voivode) which stems from the Proto-Slavic language word "voevoda". Those words are etymologically connected with modern-day words "vojnik" (soldier) and "voditi" (to lead). Its original name (from 1848) was the "Serbian Voivodeship" (Српска Војводина / Srpska Vojvodina) which then became "Voivodeship of Serbia" (Војводство Србија / Vojvodstvo Srbija).

The full official names of the province in all official languages of Vojvodina are:

History

Main article: History of Vojvodina

Pre-Roman times and Roman administration

In the Neolithic period, two important archaeological cultures flourished in this area: the Starčevo culture and the Vinča culture. Indo-European peoples first settled in the territory of present-day Vojvodina in 4200 BC. During the Eneolithic period, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, several Indo-European archaeological cultures were centered in or around Vojvodina: the Vučedol culture, the Vinkovci culture, the Vatin culture, the Belegiš culture, the Bosut culture, etc. Before the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC, Indo-European peoples of Illyrian, Thracian and Celtic origin inhabited this area. The first states organized in this area were the Celtic State of the Scordisci (3rd century BC-1st century AD) with capital in Singidunum (Belgrade), and the Dacian Kingdom of Burebista (1st century BC).

During Roman rule, Sirmium (modern Sremska Mitrovica) was one of the four capital cities of the Roman Empire, and six Roman Emperors were born in this city or in its surroundings. The city was also the capital of several Roman administrative units, including Pannonia Inferior, Pannonia Secunda, the Diocese of Pannonia, and the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum. Roman rule lasted until the 5th century, after which the region came into the possession of various peoples and states. While Banat was a part of the Roman province of Dacia, Syrmia belonged to the Roman province of Pannonia. Bačka was not part of the Roman Empire and was populated and ruled by Sarmatian Iazyges.

Novi Sad , the capital city of Vojvodina

Early Middle Ages and Slavic settlement

After the Romans were driven away from this region, various Indo-European and Turkic peoples and states ruled in the area. These peoples included Goths, Sarmatians, Huns, Gepids and Avars. For regional history, the largest in importance was a Gepid state, which had its capital in Sirmium. According to the 7th-century Miracles of Saint Demetrius, Avars gave the region of Syrmia to a Bulgar leader named Kuber circa 680. The Bulgars of Kuber moved south with Maurus to Macedonia where they co-operated with Tervel in the 8th century.

Ruins of Arača church

Slavs settled today's Vojvodina in the 6th and 7th centuries,[9][10][11] before some of them crossed the rivers Sava and Danube and settled in the Balkans. Slavic tribes that lived in the territory of present-day Vojvodina included Abodrites, Severans, Braničevci and Timočani. In the 9th century, after the fall of the Avar state, the first forms of Slavic statehood emerged in this area. The first Slavic states that ruled over this region included the Bulgarian Empire, Great Moravia and Ljudevit's Pannonian Duchy. During the Bulgarian administration (9th century), local Bulgarian dukes, Salan and Glad, ruled over the region. Salan's residence was Titel, while that of Glad was possibly in the rumoured rampart of Galad or perhaps in the Kladovo (Gladovo) in eastern Serbia. Glad's descendant was the duke Ahtum, another local ruler from the 11th century who opposed the establishment of Hungarian rule over the region.

In the village of Čelarevo archaeologists have also found traces of people who practised the Judaic religion. Bunardžić dated Avar-Bulgar graves excavated in Čelarevo, containing skulls with Mongolian features and Judaic symbols, to the late 8th and 9th centuries. Erdely and Vilkhnovich consider the graves to belong to the Kabars who eventually broke ties with the Khazar Empire between the 830s and 862 (Three other Khazar tribes joined the Magyars and took part in the Magyar conquest of the Carpathian basin including what is now Vojvodina in 895-907).

Hungarian rule

Bač Fortress

Following territorial disputes with Byzantine and Bulgarian states, most of Vojvodina became part of the Kingdom of Hungary between 10th and 12th century and remained under Hungarian administration until the 16th century (Following periods of Ottoman and Habsburg administrations, Hungarian political dominance over most of the region was established again in 1867 and over entire region in 1882, after abolition of the Habsburg Military Frontier).

The regional demographic balance started changing in the 11th century when Magyars began to replace the local Slavic population. But from the 14th century, the balance changed again in favour of the Slavs when Serbian refugees fleeing from territories conquered by the Ottoman army settled in the area. Most[12] of the Hungarians left the region during Ottoman conquest and early period of Ottoman administration, so the population of Vojvodina in Ottoman times was predominantly Serbs (who comprised an absolute majority of Vojvodina at the time[13]) and Muslims.[14]

Ottoman rule

After the defeat of the Kingdom of Hungary at Mohács by the Ottoman Empire, the region fell into a period of anarchy and civil wars. In 1526 Jovan Nenad, a leader of Serb mercenaries, established his rule in Bačka, northern Banat and a small part of Syrmia. He created an ephemeral independent state, with Subotica as its capital. At the peak of his power, Jovan Nenad proclaimed himself Serbian Emperor in Subotica. Taking advantage of the extremely confused military and political situation, the Hungarian noblemen from the region joined forces against him and defeated the Serbian troops in the summer of 1527. Emperor Jovan Nenad was assassinated and his state collapsed. After the fall of emperor's state, the supreme military commander of Jovan Nenad's army, Radoslav Čelnik, established his own temporary state in the region of Syrmia, where he ruled as Ottoman vassal.

A few decades later, the whole region was added to the Ottoman Empire, which ruled over it until the end of the 17th and the first half of the 18th century, when it was incorporated into the Habsburg Monarchy. The Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, between Holy League and Ottoman Empire, marked the withdrawal of the Ottoman forces from Central Europe, and the supremacy of the Habsburg Empire in that part of the continent. According to the treaty, western part of Vojvodina passed to Habsburgs. Eastern part of it (eastern Syrmia and Province of Tamışvar) remained in Ottoman hands until Austrian conquest in 1716. This new border change is ratified by the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718.

Habsburg rule

Blagoveštenski assembly in Sremski Karlovci, 1861

During the Great Serb Migration, Serbs from Ottoman territories settled in the Habsburg Monarchy at the end of the 17th century (in 1690), most of whom settled what is now Hungary, the lesser part settling in western Vojvodina. However, because of this event, all Serbs in Habsburg Monarchy gained the status of a recognized nation with extensive rights, in exchange for providing a border militia (in the Military Frontier) that could be mobilized against invaders from the south, as well as in case of civil unrest in Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary.

At the beginning of Habsburg rule, most of the region was integrated into the Military Frontier, while western parts of Bačka were put under civil administration within the County of Bač. Later, the civil administration was expanded to other (mostly northern) parts of the region, while southern parts remained under military administration. Eastern part of it was held by the Ottomans between 1787–1788, during the Russo-Turkish War.

In 1716, Vienna temporarily forbade settlement by Hungarians and Jews in the area, while large numbers of German speakers were settled in the region. From 1782, Protestant Hungarians and Germans settled in larger numbers.

Proclaimed borders of Serbian Vojvodina at May Assembly (1848) and autonomous Ottoman Principality of Serbia

During the 1848-49 revolutions, Vojvodina was a site of war between Serbs and Hungarians, due to the opposite national conceptions of these two peoples. At the May Assembly in Sremski Karlovci (13–15 May 1848), Serbs declared the constitution of the Serbian Voivodship (Serbian Duchy), a Serbian autonomous region within the Austrian Empire. The Serbian Voivodship consisted of Srem, Bačka, Banat, and Baranja. The metropolitan of Sremski Karlovci, Josif Rajačić, was elected patriarch, while Stevan Šupljikac was chosen as first voivod (duke). The ethnic war hit this area perhaps the hardest, with terrible atrocities committed against the civilian populations by both sides.

Following the Habsburg and Serb victory over Hungarians in 1849, a new administrative territory was created in the region (in November 1849), in accordance with a decision made by the Austrian emperor. By this decision, the Serbian autonomous region created in 1848 was transformed into the new Austrian crown land known as Voivodship of Serbia and Tamiš Banat. It consisted of Banat, Bačka and Srem, excluding the southern parts of these regions which were part of the Military Frontier. An Austrian governor seated in Temeschwar ruled the area, while the title of Voivod belonged to the emperor himself. The full title of the emperor was "Grand Voivod of the Voivodship of Serbia" (German: Großwoiwode der Woiwodschaft Serbien). German and Illyrian (Serbian) were the official languages of the crown land. In 1860, the new province was abolished and most of it (with exception of Syrmia) was again integrated into the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. After 1867, the Kingdom of Hungary became one of two self-governing parts of Austria-Hungary. The era following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was a period of economic flourishing, since Kingdom of Hungary had the second fastest growing economy in Europe between 1867–1913, but ethnic relations were strained. According to the 1910 census, the last census conducted in Austria-Hungary, the population of Vojvodina included 510,754 (33.8%) Serbs, 425,672 (28.1%) Hungarians and 324,017 (21.4%) Germans.[15]

Period after 1918 - Yugoslav states, World War II, independent Serbia

Novi Sad, the capital of Vojvodina, at the beginning of 20th century

At the end of World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed. On 29 October 1918, Syrmia became a part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. On 31 October 1918, the Banat Republic was proclaimed in Timișoara. The government of Hungary recognized its independence, but it was short-lived.

On 25 November 1918, the Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci, and other nations of Vojvodina in Novi Sad proclaimed the unification of Vojvodina (Banat, Bačka and Baranja) with the Kingdom of Serbia (The assembly numbered 757 deputies, of which 578 were Serbs, 84 Bunjevci, 62 Slovaks, 21 Rusyn, 6 Germans, 3 Šokci, 2 Croats and 1 Hungarian). One day before this, on 24 November, the Assembly of Syrmia also proclaimed the unification of Syrmia with Serbia. On 1 December 1918, Vojvodina (as part of the Kingdom of Serbia) officially became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci, and other nations of Vojvodina in Novi Sad proclaimed the unification of Vojvodina region with the Kingdom of Serbia, 1918.

Between 1929 and 1941, the region became part of the Danube Banovina, a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Its capital city was Novi Sad. Apart from the core territories of Vojvodina and Baranja, it included significant parts of Šumadija and Braničevo regions south of the Danube (but not the capital city of Belgrade).

Between 1941 and 1944, during World War II, the Axis Powers (Nazi Germany and its allies, Independent State of Croatia and Hungary) divided and occupied Vojvodina. Bačka and Baranja were annexed by Horthy's Hungary and Syrmia was included into the Independent State of Croatia. A smaller Danube Banovina (including Banat, Šumadija, and Braničevo) existed as part of the area governed by the Military Administration in Serbia. The administrative center of this smaller province was Smederevo. However, Banat itself was a separate autonomous region ruled by its German minority. The occupying powers committed numerous crimes against the civilian population, especially against Serbs, Jews and Roma; the Jewish population of Vojvodina was almost completely killed or deported. In total, Axis (German, Croatian and Hungarian) occupational authorities killed about 50,000 citizens of Vojvodina (mostly Serbs, Jews and Roma) while more than 280,000 people were interned, arrested, violated or tortured.[16]

Subotica tram system , 1914.

Axis occupation ended in 1944 and the region was temporarily placed under military administration (1944–1945) run by the new communist authorities. During and after the military administration, several thousands of citizens were killed - this affected mostly ethnic Germans, but also one part of Hungarian and Serb populations. Both the war-time Axis occupational authorities and the post-war communist authorities ran concentration/prison camps in the territory of Vojvodina (See the List of concentration and internment camps). While war-time prisoners in these camps were mostly Jews, Serbs and communists, post-war camps were formed for ethnic Germans (Danube Swabians). Most Vojvodina Germans (about 200,000) fled from the region in 1944, together with the defeated German army.[17] Most of those who remained in the region (about 150,000) were sent to some of the villages cordoned off as prisons. It is estimated that some 48,447 Germans died in the camps from disease, hunger, malnutrition, mistreatment, and cold. Some 8,049 Germans were killed by partisans during military administration in Vojvodina after October 1944.[18][19][20] It is also estimated that post-war communist authorities killed some 15,000-20,000[21][22] Hungarians and some 23,000-24,000[23] Serbs during Communist purges in Serbia in 1944–45. According to professor Dragoljub Živković, 47,000 ethnic Serbs were killed in Vojvodina during entire 1941-1948 period. About half of that number were killed by occupational forces and another half were killed by post-war communist authorities.[23]

The region was politically restored in 1944 (incorporating Syrmia, Banat, Bačka, and Baranja) and became an autonomous province of Serbia in 1945. Instead of the previous name (Danube Banovina), the region regained its historical name of Vojvodina, while its capital city remained Novi Sad. When final borders of Vojvodina were defined, Baranja was assigned to Croatia, while northern part of Mačva region was assigned to Vojvodina.

Modern political status

At first, the province enjoyed only a small level of autonomy within Serbia, but it gained extensive rights of self-rule under the 1974 Yugoslav constitution, which gave both Kosovo and Vojvodina de facto veto power in the Serbian and Yugoslav parliaments, as changes to their status could not be made without the consent of the two Provincial Assemblies. The 1974 Serbian constitution, adopted at the same time, reiterated that "the Socialist Republic of Serbia comprises the Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo, which originated in the common struggle of nations and nationalities of Yugoslavia in the National Liberation War (the Second World War) and socialist revolution".

Under the rule of the later Serbian president Slobodan Milošević and after a series of protests against Vojvodina's party leadership during the summer and autumn of 1988, which forced it to resign and eventually accept Serbia's constitutional amendments that practically dismissed the autonomy of the provinces in Serbia, Vojvodina and Kosovo finally lost elements of statehood in September 1990 when the new constitution of the Republic of Serbia was adopted. Vojvodina was still referred to as an autonomous province of Serbia, but most of its autonomous powers – including, crucially, its vote on the Yugoslav collective presidency – were transferred to the control of Belgrade. The province, however, still had its own parliament and government and some other autonomous functions as well.[24]

The fall of Milošević in 2000 created a new climate for reform in Vojvodina. Following talks between the political parties, the level of the province's autonomy was increased by the omnibus law in 2002. The old statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina dated from 1991 and has been deemed by the Serbian Parliament as outdated. The Vojvodina provincial assembly adopted a new statute on 15 October 2008. 89 of 120 councilors voted in favor of the bill, whilst 21 voted against. The Statute, partly amended, was approved by Parliament of Serbia on 30 November 2009 with 137 MPs in favor and 24 against. The Statute was officially proclaimed on 14 December 2009, in Novi Sad, and came into force on 1 January 2010.

Geography

National park Fruška Gora
Palić lake

Vojvodina is situated in the northern quarter of Serbia, in the southeast part of the Pannonian Plain, the plain that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out. As a consequence of this, Vojvodina is rich in fertile loamy loess soil, covered with a layer of chernozem. It has a population of about 2 million (about 27% of Serbia's total). The region is divided by the Danube and Tisa rivers into: Bačka in the northwest, Banat in the east and Syrmia (Srem) in the southwest. A small part of the Mačva region is also located in Vojvodina, in the Srem District. Today, the western part of Syrmia is in Croatia, the northern part of Bačka is in Hungary, the eastern part of Banat is in Romania (with a small piece in Hungary), while Baranja (which is between the Danube and the Drava) is in Hungary and Croatia. Vojvodina has a total surface area of 21,500 km2 (8,300 sq mi).[25] Vojvodina is also part of the Danube-Kris-Mures-Tisa euroregion. The Gudurica peak (Gudurički vrh) on the Vršac Mountains , is the highest peak in Vojvodina, with its 641 m above the sea level.

Districts, municipalities and cities

Districts, municipalities and cities of Vojvodina
  North Bačka
  West Bačka
  South Bačka
  Syrmia
  North Banat
  Central Banat
  South Banat

After a constitution of Serbia from 1992, Vojvodina is divided into seven districts, which are called after its main geographical location. Districts are named after the main region which district covers. Minister of Local Government, in the Serbian Government appoints commissioners of the districts, but they have no political power. Local government lies in municipalities and cites. The seven districts are further subdivided into 39 municipalities and the cities of Kikinda, Novi Sad, Subotica, Zrenjanin, Pančevo, Sombor, and Sremska Mitrovica.

District District seat with city status Municipalities Area (km²) Population (2011 census)
Central Banat Zrenjanin Novi Bečej, Nova Crnja, Sečanj, Žitište 3,256 187,667
North Bačka Subotica Bačka Topola, Mali Iđoš 1,784 186,906
North Banat Kikinda1 Ada, Čoka, Kanjiža, Kikinda, Novi Kneževac, Senta 2,329 147,770
South Bačka Novi Sad Bač, Bačka Palanka, Bački Petrovac, Bečej, Beočin, Vrbas, Srbobran, Sremski Karlovci, Temerin, Titel, Žabalj 4,016 615,371
South Banat Pančevo Alibunar, Bela Crkva, Kovačica, Kovin, Opovo, Plandište, Vršac 4,245 293,730
Syrmia Sremska Mitrovica Inđija, Irig, Pećinci, Ruma, Šid, Stara Pazova 3,486 312,278
West Bačka Sombor Apatin, Kula, Odžaci 2,420 188,087
Total 21,500 1,931,809

1 - Kikinda is only district seat which does not have city status.

Demographics

Ethnic map of Vojvodina based on the 2011 settlement data
Serbs population is the largest ethnic group in this northern province of Serbia, (census 2011)
Ethnic map of Vojvodina based on the 2011 municipality data
Language map of Vojvodina based on the 2011 municipality data
Religion in Vojvodina (2011 census)

Vojvodina is more diverse than the rest of Serbia with more than 25 ethnic groups and six official languages.[26]

The largest ethnic groups are Serbs (66.76%) and Hungarians (13%).[27][28]

Population by national or ethnic groups (2011 census):[27][29]

Number %
TOTAL 1,931,809 100
Serbs 1,289,635 66.76
Hungarians 251,136 13
Slovaks 50,321 2.6
Croats 47,033 2.43
Romani 42,391 2.19
Romanians 25,410 1.32
Montenegrins 22,141 1.15
Bunjevci 16,469 0.85
Rusyns 13,928 0.72
Yugoslavs 12,176 0.63
Macedonians 10,392 0.54
Ukrainians 4,202 0.22
Muslims (by nationality) 3,360 0.17
Germans 3,272 0.17
Albanians 2,251 0.12
Slovenes 1,815 0.09
Bulgarians 1,489 0.08
Goranis 1,179 0.06
Russians 1,173 0.06
Bosniaks 780 0.04
Vlachs 170 0.01
Others 6,710 0.35
Regional affiliation 28,567 1.48
Undeclared 81,018 4.19
Unknown 14,791 0.77

There is still no other data from 2011. The native language and religion data is according to the previous 2002 census. Population by native language:

Number %
Serbian language 1,557,020 76.63
Hungarian language 284,205 13.99
Slovak language 55,065 2.71
Romanian language 29,512 1.45
Romani language 21,939 1.08
Croatian language 21,053 1.04
Rusyn language 11,154 0.57
Macedonian language 4,152 n/a
Albanian language 2,369 n/a
Bulgarian language 920 n/a

Population by religion (including no religion):

Number %
Eastern Orthodox Christians 1,401,475 68.97
Catholics
(Roman Catholic and Eastern Rite)		 388,313 19.11
Protestants 72,159 3.55
Atheists 12,583 n/a
Muslims 8,073 n/a
Jews 329 n/a
Oriental religions
(Buddhism, Hinduism etc.)		 166 n/a
Others 4,456 n/a
Without religious affiliation 418 n/a
Undeclared 101,144 n/a
Unknown 42,876 n/a

Population by gender:

Population by age groups:

Largest cities

 
Largest cities or towns in Vojvodina
Statistical Office of Serbia – 2011 census
Rank Name District Pop. Rank Name District Pop.

Novi Sad

Subotica		 1 Novi Sad South Bačka 277,522 11 Indjija Syrmia 26,025
Zrenjanin

Pančevo
2 Subotica North Bačka 105,681 12 Vrbas South Bačka 24,112
3 Zrenjanin Central Banat 76,511 13 Bečej South Bačka 23,895
4 Pančevo South Banat 76,203 14 Temerin South Bačka 19,661
5 Sombor West Bačka 47,623 15 Senta North Banat 18,704
6 Kikinda North Banat 38,065 16 Futog South Bačka 18,641
7 Sremska Mitrovica Syrmia 37,751 17 Stara Pazova Syrmia 18,602
8 Vršac South Banat 36,040 18 Kula West Bačka 17,866
9 Ruma Syrmia 30,076 19 Veternik South Bačka 17,454
10 Bačka Palanka South Bačka 28,239 20 Apatin West Bačka 17,411

Source: Statistical Office of Serbia

Politics

Banovina Palace, the seat of the Provincial Government of Vojvodina , at night
Main article: Politics of Vojvodina

Government of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina is an executive authority of the Province. It accounts for its work to the Assembly of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and its activities are defined within the framework of competences under the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia and Statute of the AP Vojvodina, the supreme legal act of the Province.The Provincial Government consists of the President, one or several vice-presidents and members of the Provincial Government, concurrently holding the positions provincial secretaries. The President of the Provincial Government represents, manages and directs the Provincial Government, sees to unity of political activity of the Provincial Government and harmonises the work of its members.

The Provincial Assembly Decision on the Government of AP Vojvodina regulates the composition, term of office, competences and other issues relevant to the work of the Provincial Government.[30] The current ruling coalition in the Vojvodina parliament (after 2012 elections) is composed of the following political parties: Democratic Party, League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina and Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians.

The current president of Vojvodinian government is Bojan Pajtić (Democratic Party), while the president of the Vojvodinian parliament is István Pásztor (Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians).

Culture

Theatre in Subotica, the oldest professional theatre in Vojvodina (1852), second oldest in Serbia.

Vojvodina has the regional Vojvodina Academy of Sciences and Arts. Its main aim is to cherish traditions in sciences and arts of the multicultural and multiethnic circle through cooperation with other academies and institutions and to improve life conditions of the region by using the spiritual and natural resources of Vojvodina. The government of Vojvodina is the founder of several newspapers and magazines in Vojvodina's official languages: Дневник ("Daily news") in Serbian and Magyar Szó ("Hungarian Word") in Hungarian are daily newspapers; monthly magazine Vojvodjanski magazin ("Vojvodina magazine") in Serbian and weekly magazines are Hrvatska riječ ("Croatian Word") in Croatian, Hlas Ľudu ("The Voice of the People") in Slovak, Libertatea ("Freedom") in Romanian, and Руске слово ("Rusyn Word") in Rusyn. There is also Bunjevačke novine ("The Bunjevac newspaper") in Bunjevac. A Hidden Europe article praised the cosmopolitanism in the province.[31]

Media

The freedom of the press and the freedom of speech are guaranteed by the constitution of Serbia. There are many newspapers published in Vojvodina many regionals, and two daily newspapers, Dnevnik (Serbia) on the Serbian language and Magyar Szó on the Hungarian language . Public Broadcasting Service of Vojvodina was founded in 1974 as Radio Television of Novi Sad, named after Novi Sad, the capital of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, as an equal member of the association of JRT – Yugoslav Radio Television. Radio Novi Sad's first broadcast was on November 29, 1949.In May 2006, Radio Television of Serbia was divided into two public broadcasting institutions: Radio Television of Serbia based in Belgrade and Radio Television of Vojvodina based in Novi Sad. During the NATO bombing in the spring of 1999, the RT Novi Sad building of 20 thousand square meters was completely destroyed along with its basic production and technical premises . The Venac terrestrial broadcasting site was heavily damaged. After the fall of 1999, the remaining equipment was transferred to three rented buildings, which is where production and broadcasting has continued up until the present day.

TV Tower Iriški Venac, Fruška Gora

The Broadcasting Institution of Vojvodina, Radio-Television of Vojvodina, is now a Regional Public Service Broadcasting Institution which produces and broadcasts regional programming on two channels, RTV1 and RTV2, and three radio frequencies:Radio Novi Sad 1 (Serbian), Novi Sad 2 (Hungarian), Radio Novi Sad 3 (for other Vojvodinian minority communities) and Radio Stotka. All of which broadcast 24 hours a day. Programming is produced and broadcast in 10 languages, each with their own editorial team and includes Serbian and nine languages of the minority communities living in Vojvodina: Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Ruthanian, Ukrainian, Roma, Croatian, Macedonian, and Bunjevac. Other regional radio stations are : AS FM radio, 021 radio and others.[32]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Vojvodina

Tourist destinations in Vojvodina include well known Orthodox monasteries on Fruška Gora mountain, numerous hunting grounds, cultural-historical monuments, different folklores, interesting galleries and museums, plain landscapes with a lot of greenery, big rivers, canals and lakes, sandy terrain Deliblatska Peščara ("the European Sahara"), etc. In the last few years, Exit has been very popular among the European summer music festivals.[33]

Economy

Vojvodina agriculture

The economy of Vojvodina is largely based on developed food industry and fertile agricultural soil. Agriculture is a priority sector in Vojvodina. Traditionally, it has always been a significant part of the local economy and a generator of positive results, due to the abundance of fertile agricultural land which makes up 84% of its territory. The share of agribusiness in the total industrial production is 40%, that is 30% in the total exports of Vojvodina. Metal industry of Vojvodina has a long tradition and consists of smaller metal processing companies for components manufacturing and, to a lesser extent, of original equipment manufacturers (OEM) with their own brand name products. Vojvodina Metal Cluster gathers 116 companies with 6,300 employees. Other branches of industry are also developed such as the chemical industry, electrical industry, oil industry and construction industry. In the past decade, ICT sector has been growing rapidly and has taken significant role in Vojvodina's economic development.

High- tech sector is a fast-growing sector in Vojvodina. Software development represents the main source of revenue, particularly development of ERP solutions, Java applications and mobile applications. IT sector companies mainly deal with software outsourcing, based on demands of international clients or with development of their own software products for purposes of domestic and international market. Vojvodina pays particular attention to interregional and cross-border economic cooperation, as well as to implementation of priorities defined within the EU Strategy for the Danube Region.[1]

Companies:

Vojvodina promotes its investment potentials through the Vojvodina Investment Promotion (VIP) agency, which was founded by the Parliament of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.

Transport

There are many important roads which pass through Vojvodina. First of all, the highway (E-75), which goes from Central Europe and the Horgos border to Hungary, via Novi Sad to Belgrade and further to the southeast toward Nis, where it branches: one way leads east to the border with Bulgaria; the other to the south, towards Skopje and Thessaloniki. Third highway (E-70) in Srem separates the west, towards the neighboring Republic of Croatia and further to Western Europe. Around the highway there is a network of local roads and railway lines. The three largest rivers in Vojvodina are navigable stream. Danube River with a length of 588 kilometers and its tributaries Tisa (168 km), Sava (206 km) and Bega (75 km). Among them was dug extensive network of irrigation canals, drainage and transport, with a total length of 939 km, of which 673 km navigable. In Vojvodina is an active sport and eight airports, and Subotica.[34]

Human rights

Further information: Human rights in Serbia

In 2005, several international organizations including the European Parliament and Human Rights Watch have expressed concern about rising levels of ethnic tension and related violent incidents in Vojvodina.[35] Of particular concern, according to the reports, is a frequently lax response on the part of the police.

Gallery

Nature

Cities

Culture and tradition

Religion

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 "Autonomous Province of Vojvodina". vojvodina.gov.rs.
  2. ↑ David Dalby, Linguasphere (1999/2000, Linguasphere Observatory), pg. 445, 53-AAA-g, "Srpski+Hrvatski, Serbo-Croatian".
  3. ↑ Benjamin W. Fortson IV, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (2010, Blackwell), pg. 431, "Because of their mutual intelligibility, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting one language called Serbo-Croatian."
  4. ↑ Václav Blažek. "On the Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey" (PDF). pp. 15–16. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  5. ↑ "Покрајинска влада". vojvodina.gov.rs.
  6. ↑ "Serbian Government - Official Presentation". serbia.gov.rs.
  7. ↑ "Error". vip.org.rs.
  8. ↑ "Beogradski centar za ljudska prava - Belgrade Centre for Human Rights". bgcentar.org.rs. 29 March 2015.
  9. ↑ "Blic Online | Slovenski grobovi uz reku Galadsku". Blic.rs. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
  10. ↑ "Obicaji i Verovanja Slovena Na Tlu Danasnje Vojvodine". Scribd.com. 2010-05-22. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
  11. ↑ http://www.memo.fr/Media/Salves-X-XIIe.jpg
  12. ↑ "Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin". google.rs.
  13. ↑ "Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin". google.com.
  14. ↑ "Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin". google.rs.
  15. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110126231635/http://hungarian-history.hu/lib/hmcb/Tab21.htm
  16. ↑ Dr Dušan Popov, Vojvodina, Enciklopedija Novog Sada, sveska 5, Novi Sad, 1996, page 196.
  17. ↑ Dragomir Jankov, Vojvodina - propadanje jednog regiona, Novi Sad, 2004, page 76.
  18. ↑ Nenad Stefanović, Jedan svet na Dunavu, Beograd, 2003, page 133.
  19. ↑ de Zayas.
  20. ↑ Zoran Janjetovic, Between Hitler and Tito, 2005.
  21. ↑ "Commemoration Held On 70th Anniversary Of Vojvodina Hungarian Massacre In Szeged". Hungary Today.
  22. ↑ Dragomir Jankov, Vojvodina – propadanje jednog regiona, Novi Sad, 2004, page 78.
  23. 1 2 "[sim] Srbe podjednako ubijali okupator i i "oslobodioci"". mail-archive.com. 14 January 2009. horizontal tab character in |title= at position 39 (help)
  24. ↑ Đorđe Tomić: ""Phantomgrenzen" in Zeiten des Umbruchs – die Autonomieidee in der Vojvodina der 1990er Jahre" (PDF). Dissertation. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2015
  25. ↑ "Vojvodina". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  26. ↑ Johnstone, Sarah (2007). Europe on a shoestring. Lonely Planet. p. 981. ISBN 978-1-74104-591-8.
  27. 1 2 "Statistical office of the Republic of Serbia Final results of the 2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwelings Book 1 : Ethnicity". http://www.stat.gov.rs. 2012-11-29. Retrieved 2012-11-30. External link in |publisher= (help)
  28. ↑ "REPUBLICKI ZAVOD ZA STATISTIKU - Republike Srbije". Webrzs.stat.gov.rs. 2002-12-24. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
  29. ↑ "Vlada Autonomne Pokrajine Vojvodine - Upoznajte Autonomnu Pokrajinu Vojvodinu". Vojvodina.gov.rs. 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
  30. ↑ "Government of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina". vojvodina.gov.rs.
  31. ↑ Two communities in Banat, Hidden Europe magazine #13 (March 2007) by Laurence Mitchell
  32. ↑ http://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/about-us
  33. ↑ "Vojvodina online - Tourism Organisation of Vojvodina". vojvodinaonline.com.
  34. ↑ http://www.uprava.vojvodina.gov.rs/SEKRETARIJATI-V/web-APV-cinjenice/SAOBRACAJ.htm
  35. ↑ "Dangerous Indifference: Violence against Minorities in Serbia: Assaults on Minorities in Vojvodina". hrw.org.

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