Verbrennungskommando Warschau

Verbrennungskommando
Warschau

A Polish prisoner of the Verbrennungskommando disposing of corpses after the Nazi German Wola Massacre in Warsaw, photographed by an unknown German SS officer, 1944
Date 1944
Location Warsaw, occupied Poland
Cause Wola Massacre
Participants Wehrmacht, Gestapo, SS, Trawnikis, Sonderdienst
Casualties

Approximately 40,000–50,000

Part of a series
World War II casualties of Poland
Nazi crimes against the Polish nation

Verbrennungskommando Warschau (German: Warsaw burning detachment)[1] was a slave labour unit formed by the SS following the Wola massacre of around 40,000 to 50,000 Polish civilians by the Germans in the early days of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944.

The purpose of the Verbrennungskommando was to remove evidence of the city-wide campaign of mass murder that took place during the Uprising,[2] by collecting corpses into large piles and burning them in open-air pyres on Elektoralna and Chłodna Streets among others.[3] The squad was directly subordinated to SS-Obersturmführer Neumann and was also earmarked for execution after the completion of their work.

Background

During the Warsaw Uprising, Polish civilians were indiscriminately killed by the Germans and their Ukrainian and Russian collaborators in punitive mass executions, the most notorious of which took place in the Wola district, the Ochota district and in Warsaw's Old Town, based on the explicit orders of Heinrich Himmler, who said: "Every inhabitant of Warsaw is to be shot. Prisoners will not be taken; the town is to be razed to the ground."[4]

Most of the atrocities were committed by troops under the command of SS-Oberführer Oskar Dirlewanger,[5] Gruppenführer Heinrich Reinefarth,[6] and the Russian Waffen-Brigadeführer der SS Bronislav Vladislavovich Kaminski.[4]

Between 8 and 23 August 1944, the Germans organised several dozen captured Poles into a cremation commando which they named Verbrennungskommando.[3] These men were forced to pick through the ruins and collect thousands of the victims' bodies under strict supervision of German overseers. In the first two weeks the Verbrennungskommando cremated an estimated 6,000 bodies.[7]

A Tchorek plaque in Sowinski Park commemorating the mass murder of 1500 people by the Germans during the Wola massacre. The bodies of 6000 victims of the massacre were also burned at this location.

Tadeusz Klimaszewski,[8] a prisoner who survived the cremation commando, and later wrote a memoir about the experience called Verbrennungskommando Warschau (published in 1959 in Warsaw), described his first day of corpse disposal at the Franaszek Factory in the following way:

As far as one could see, the courtyard square was filled with the dead bodies. They were lying in the full sun, some piled up in the centre, others strewn next to each other, or propped individually along the edges with hands reaching toward the brick wall as if they had tried to save themselves. They must have been herded there as a large crowd, and had grenades thrown at them, because their bodies were terribly mangled.[9]

The Verbrennungskommando members were not informed about Himmler's true intentions, but were promised a return to "normalcy", as soon as the "bandits" were punished. They were told that their "duty" to burn the dead bodies was therefore in their own interest. There was one Jewish prisoner among them.

After the war, most of the ashes dumped into bomb holes and ditches by the cremation commando were exhumed in 1947 and buried in Warsaw cemeteries.[8] They included 5,578 kilograms of human remains from Stalina avenue, 2,180 kilograms from the military prison at Zamenhofa, 1,029 kilograms from 60 Wolska Street, 1,120 kilograms from Sowinski Park, 600 kilograms from 47 Dzielna Street, 600 kilograms from the Franaszek Factory, 192 kilograms from 59 Okopowa Street, and 120 kilograms from "Dobrolin" Wolska Street, among several other locations. The full list of burial sites was then delivered to the Regional Commission for the Investigation of Nazi German Crimes in Poland.[8]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ↑ Joanna K. M. Hanson (2004). The Civilian Population and the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 (Google Books preview). Cambridge University Press. p. 86. ISBN 0521531195.
  2. ↑ Andreas Lawaty, Wiesław Mincer, Anna Domańska (2000). Deutsch-polnische Beziehungen in Geschichte und Gegenwart: Politik, Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft, Kultur in Epochen und Regionen (Google Books: Notes) (in German). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 901. ISBN 3447042435.
  3. 1 2 Timothy Snyder (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (Google Books preview). Basic Books. p. 305. ISBN 0465022901.
  4. 1 2 T. Ron Jasinski-Herbert, ed., (2006). "They Are Burning Warsaw". Warsaw Uprising of 1944. Polonia Today Online. Archived from the original (Chapter 5, Internet Archive) on January 28, 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  5. ↑ French L. MacLean , The Cruel Hunters: SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger Hitler's Most Notorious Anti-Partisan Unit (Atglen: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd.; 1998) page 175-199 .
  6. ↑ Catherine Epstein (March 22, 2012). "Model Nazi" (Google Books). Model Nazi: Arthur Greiser and the Occupation of Western Poland. Oxford University Press. p. 338. ISBN 0199646538.
  7. ↑ Tomasz Szarota (2007). Karuzela na placu Krasińskich: studia i szkice z lat wojny i okupacji [Carousel on Krasiński Street, studies and sketches from the years of war and occupation] (Google Books search inside) (in Polish). Oficyna Wydawnicza RYTM. p. 393. ISBN 8373993363.
  8. 1 2 3 Janina Mankowska, Jerzy Janowski, Maciej Janaszek-Seydlitz (2011). "The Wola massacre". transl. by Pawel Boruciak. Powstanie Warszawskie 1944 - Oficjalna strona Stowarzyszenia Pamięci Powstania Warszawskiego (Official Webpage of the Society for the Warsaw Uprising Remembrance). Retrieved 28 September 2013.
  9. ↑ Tadeusz Klimaszewski (1959). Verbrennungskommando Warschau (Google Books search inside). Czytelnik. pp. 50–51.
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